Abstract
As background for later developments, this chapter will describe some of the reigning views from the latter 1930s concerning cells, membranes, proteins, and metabolic systems. A brief account of some of the methods then available is also included.
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Notes to Chapter 2
For relevant historical accounts see Baker (1948, 1949, 1952); Dayson (1989); Jacobs (1962); Kleinzeller (1995); and Smith (1962).
Smith (1962).
Gorter and Grendel (1925).
Bar et al. (1966) concluded that sufficient lipid is in red blood cell membranes to form a bilayer, but that Gorter and Grendel both extracted the lipid incompletely and underestimated the surface area.
Danielli (1962) reported that he “did not encounter the work of Gorter and Grendel until 1939” (p. 1165) but later recalled seeing the Gorter and Grendel paper in 1935 (Danielli, 1982).
Although the model appears in Danielli and Dayson (1935), it is in one of four sections stated in a footnote to be the work “of JFD alone.”
Danielli and Harvey (1935).
Bernal and Crowfoot (1934).
Danielli and Harvey (1935). Nevertheless, the interfacial tension of the lipid/ protein system increased over time (see their Fig. 1).
Danielli and Dayson (1935); Harvey and Danielli (1938).
Höber (1936), p. 367. Collander (1937) proposed a sieve mechanism in lipoidal membranes.
Danielli (1936).
Ibid., p. 402.
Danielli (1938).
Schmitt et al. (1936).
Parpart and Dziemian (1940), p. 22.
Harvey and Danielli (1938), p. 335.
For relevant historical accounts see Fruton (1972); Leicester (1974); Srinivasan et al. (1979); and Teich (1992).
Bernal and Crowfoot (1934), p. 795.
Mirsky and Pauling (1936), p. 442.
Bodansky (1938), p. 101.
Ibid., p. 83.
Ibid., pp. 83–84.
Kerr (1937).
Manery and Hastings (1939).
Krogh (1946), p. 163.
Peters and Van Slyke (1931), pp. 758–759.
For relevant historical accounts see Florkin (1972); Fruton (1972); Kohler (1973); Leicester (1974); and Teich (1992).
Bodansky (1938), p. 126.
Kohler (1973).
F. Hofmeister (1901), quoted in Kohler (1973), p. 185.
Best and Taylor (1939), p. 989.
Fruton (1972), p. 373.
See Chapter 1 for a description of redox reactions in terms of electron gain and loss. Redox reactions of organic molecules often involve gain and loss of a hydrogen atom,i.e., an electron plus H. Thus, oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate involves loss of two electrons plus two H+, with the incorporation of two electrons plus one H+ into NAD+ to form NADH (with one H+ left over).
Translated in Kalckar (1969), p. 225. The implication is that redox reactions along the respiratory chain, as well as the initial dehydrogenation, are coupled to ATP formation.
Engelhardt and Ljubimowa (1939).
For example, measuring Na+ by the procedure of Ball and Sadusk (1936) involved the following procedures: 1. Heat the sample with sulfuric acid overnight at 600°; 2. Add to the ash one drop of 2 N sulfuric acid and transfer that residue to a new tube with two 0.5 mL portions of water; 3. Add 10 mL of uranyl zinc acetate reagent and stir vigorously for 10 minutes; 4. Centrifuge this mixture and then decant the supernatant fluid, allowing the inverted tube to drain for 5 minutes; 5. Add to the residue 10 mL of glacial acetic acid and then stir; 6. Centrifuge and then decant again; 7. Dissolve the residue in 15 mL of 2 N sulfuric acid and transfer to a “Jones reductor” (a column filled with amalgamated zinc, which is prepared from mercury, nitric acid, and granulated zinc and then washed with sulfuric acid), drawing it through the reductor in 45 seconds; 8. Flush the reductor successively with four 20-mL portions of 2 N sulfuric acid at a rate of 40 mL/minute; 9. Draw air through the solution for 5 minutes; 10. Add 5 mL of a 5% ferric sulfate solution, then 5 mL of 85% phosphoric acid, and finally five drops of barium diphenylaminesulfonate indicator, swirling the flask after each addition; 11. Titrate with 0.025 N potassium dichromate until a violet color persists for at least 30 seconds.
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© 1997 American Physiological Society
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Robinson, J.D. (1997). Views in the 1930s. In: Moving Questions. People and Ideas Series. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7600-9_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7600-9_2
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