Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Callous-Unemotional Traits and Developmental Pathways to the Disruptive Behavior Disorders

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Disruptive Behavior Disorders

Abstract

Research on the development of antisocial and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents has consistently shown that such behaviors are heterogeneous and may result from a number of different causal mechanisms (Dodge & Pettit, 2003; Frick & Viding, 2009; Moffitt, 2006). This research has important implications for both research and practice related to the disruptive behavior disorders. First, the various subgroups of youth within conduct problems often show distinct social, biological, cognitive, and emotional correlates to their problem behavior that need to be integrated into causal models (Blair, 2005; Frick & White, 2008). Second, these subgroups of youths may also differ in the severity of their behavior and their long-term outcomes (Frick & Dickens, 2006; Moffitt, 2006). Third, these subgroups may require different approaches to treatment in order to address their disruptive behaviors (Frick, 2006, 2009). Based on this research, there have been a large number of attempts to define more homogenous subgroups of youths with disruptive behavior disorders who differ on their behavioral manifestations, developmental course and outcome, etiology, and response to treatment. In this chapter, we first provide a summary of some recent attempts to define distinct developmental pathways through which children may develop severe patterns of antisocial and aggressive behavior. After this, we focus on one approach that we feel has particular promise for both integrating past approaches and for guiding future research in this area. This approach focuses on the presence or absence of callous-unemotional (CU) traits (i.e., a lack of guilt and empathy; deficits in emotional responding) in children and adolescents with conduct problems. We summarize some key issues in the research using these traits for understanding distinct developmental pathways to disruptive behavior disorders and we highlight several critical steps that would advance this area of work for both theory and practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abikoff, H., & Klein, R. G. (1992). Attention-deficit hyperactivity and conduct disorder: Co-morbidity and implications for treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 881–889.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Achard, S., & Bullmore, E. (2007). Efficiency and cost of economical brain functional networks. PLoS Computational Biology, 3, e17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adolphs, R. (2002). Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 12(2), 169–177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adolphs, R., Gosselin, F., Buchanan, T. W., Tranel, D., Schyns, P., & Damasio, A. R. (2005). A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature, 433(7021), 68–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilar, B., Sroufe, A., Egeland, B., & Carlson, E. (2000). Distinguishing the early-onset/persistent and adolescence-onset antisocial behavior types: From birth to 16 years. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 109–132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, J. F., & Parsons, B. V. (1982). Functional Family Therapy: Principles and procedures. Carmel, CA: Brooks/Cole.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed. text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andershed, H., Gustafson, S. B., Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2002). The usefulness of self-reported psychopathy-like traits in the study of antisocial behaviour among non-referred adolescents. European Journal of Personality, 16, 383–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babinski, L. M., Hartsough, C. S., & Lambert, N. M. (1999). Childhood conduct problems, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and inattention as predictors of adult criminal activity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 347–355.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, A., Bullmore, E. T., & Suckling, J. (2009). Endogenous human brain dynamics recover slowly following cognitive effort. PLoS One, 4, e6626.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barry, C. T., Frick, P. J., Grooms, T., McCoy, M. G., Ellis, M. L., & Loney, B. R. (2000). The importance of callous-unemotional traits for extending the concept of psychopathy to children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 335–340.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (2000). Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 295–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biswal, B. B., Mennes, M., Zuo, X. N., Gohel, S., Kelly, C., Smith, S. M., et al. (2010). Toward discovery science of human brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 4734–4739.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, R. J. R. (1995). A cognitive developmental approach to morality: Investigating the psychopath. Cognition, 57, 1–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, R. J. R. (1997). Moral reasoning in the child with psychopathic tendencies. Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 731–739.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, R. J. R. (1999). Responsiveness to distress cues in the child with psychopathic tendencies. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 135–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, R. J. R. (2003). Facial expressions, their communicatory functions and neuro-cognitive substrates. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 358(1431), 561–572.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, R. J. R. (2005). Applying a cognitive neuroscience perspective to the disorder of psychopathy. Development and Psychopathology, 17(3), 865–891.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, R. J. R. (2007). The amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in morality and psychopathy. Trends in Cognitive Science, 11(9), 387–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, R. J. R., Budhani, S., Colledge, E., & Scott, S. (2005). Deafness to fear in boys with psychopathic tendencies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(3), 327–336.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, R. J. R., Colledge, E., & Mitchell, D. G. (2001). Somatic markers and response reversal: Is there orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in boys with psychopathic tendencies? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(6), 499–511.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, R. J. R., Colledge, E., Murray, L., & Mitchell, D. G. (2001). A selective impairment in the processing of sad and fearful expressions in children with psychopathic tendencies. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(6), 491–498.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, R. J. R., Jones, L., Clark, F., & Smith, M. (1997). The psychopathic individual: A lack of responsiveness to distress cues? Psychophysiology, 34(2), 192–198.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, R. J. R., Mitchell, D., & Blair, K. (2005). The psychopath: Emotion and the brain. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair, R. J. R., Peschart, K. S., Budhani, S., Mitchell, D. G. V., & Pine, D. S. (2006). The development of psychopathy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 262–275.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blonigen, D. M., Hicks, B. M., Kruger, R. F., Patrick, C. P., & Iacono, W. G. (2006). Continuity and change in psychopathic traits as measured via normal-range personality: A longitudinal-biometric study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 85–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Botvinick, M. M., Cohen, J. D., & Carter, C. S. (2004). Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: An update. Trends in Cognitive Science, 8(12), 539–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Budhani, S., & Blair, R. J. R. (2005). Response reversal and children with psychopathic tendencies: Success is a function of salience of contingency change. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(9), 972–981.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, J. D., Loeber, R., & Lahey, B. B. (2007). Adolescent conduct disorder and interpersonal callousness as predictors of psychopathy in adults. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 334–346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Is it time to pull the plug on the hostile versus instrumental aggression dichotomy? Psychological Review, 108, 273–279.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, M., Skeem, J., Salekin, R., & Van Rybroek, G. (2006). Treatment response of adolescent offenders with psychopathy features: A 2-year follow-up. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33, 571–596.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caputo, A. A., Frick, P. J., & Brodsky, S. L. (1999). Family violence and juvenile sex offending: The potential mediating role of psychopathic traits and negative attitudes towards women. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 26, 338–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Card, N. A., & Little, T. D. (2006). Proactive and reactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis of differential relations with psychosocial adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30, 466–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christian, R. E., Frick, P. J., Hill, N. L., Tyler, L., & Frazer, D. (1997). Psychopathy and conduct problems in children: II. Implications for subtyping children with conduct problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 233–241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cleckley, H. (1976). The mask of sanity (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornell, A. H., & Frick, P. J. (2007). The moderating effects of parenting styles in the association between behavioral inhibition and parent-reported guilt and empathy in preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 305–318.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corrado, R. R., Vincent, G. M., Hart, S. D., & Cohen, I. M. (2004). Predictive validity of the psychopathy checklist: Youth version for general and violent recidivism. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 22, 5–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1996). Social information-processing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression. Child Development, 67, 993–1002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dadds, M. R., El Masry, Y., Wimalaweera, S., & Guastella, A. J. (2008). Reduced eye gaze explains “fear blindness” in childhood psychopathic traits. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 455–463.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dadds, M. R., Fraser, J., Frost, A., & Hawes, D. (2005). Disentangling the underlying dimensions of psychopathy and conduct problems in childhood: A community study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 400–410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dadds, M. R., Perry, Y., Hawes, D. J., Merz, S., Riddell, A. C., Haines, D. J., et al. (2006). Attention to the eyes and fear-recognition deficits in child psychopathy. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 280–281.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dadds, M. R., & Salmon, K. (2003). Punishment insensitivity and parenting: Temperament and learning as interacting risks for antisocial behavior. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6, 69–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dandreaux, D. M., & Frick, P. J. (2009). Developmental pathways to conduct problems: A further test of the childhood and adolescent-onset distinction. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 375–385.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Martino, A., Scheres, A., Margulies, D. S., Kelly, A. M. C., Uddin, L. Q., Shehzad, Z., et al. (2008). Functional connectivity of human striatum: A resting state fMRI study. Cerebral Cortex, 18, 2735–2747.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Martino, A., Shehzad, Z., Kelly, A. M. C., Roy, A. K., Gee, D. G., Uddin, L. Q., et al. (2009). Autistic traits in neurotypical adults are related to cingulo-insular functional connectivity. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 891–899.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., & Pettit, G. S. (2003). A biopsychosocial model of the development of chronic conduct problems in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 39, 349–371.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edens, J. F., Campbell, J. S., & Weir, J. M. (2007). Youth psychopathy and criminal recidivism: A meta-analysis of the psychopathy checklist measures. Law and Human Behavior, 31, 53–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edens, J. F., Skopp, N. A., & Cahill, M. A. (2008). Psychopathic features moderate the relationship between harsh and inconsistent parental discipline and adolescent antisocial behavior. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 472–476.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Enebrink, P., Anderson, H., & Langstrom, N. (2005). Callous-unemotional traits are associated with clinical severity in referred boys with conduct problems. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 59, 431–440.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Essau, C. A., Sasagawa, S., & Frick, P. J. (2006). Callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of adolescents. Assessment, 13, 454–469.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Etkin, A., Prater, K. E., Schatzberg, A. F., Menon, V., & Greicius, M. D. (2009). Disrupted amygdalar subregion functional connectivity and evidence of a compensatory network in generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 1361–1372.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Everitt, B. J., Cardinal, R. N., Parkinson, J. A., & Robbins, T. W. (2003). Appetitive behavior: Impact of amygdala-dependent mechanisms of emotional learning. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 985, 233–250.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fair, D. A., Cohen, A. L., Dosenbach, N. U., Church, J. A., Miezin, F. M., Barch, D. M., et al. (2008). The maturing architecture of the brain’s default network. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 4028–4032.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fair, D. A., Cohen, A. L., Power, J. D., Dosenbach, N. U., Church, J. A., Miezin, F. M., et al. (2009). Functional brain networks develop from a “local to distributed” organization. PLoS Computational Biology, 5, e1000381.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fair, D. A., Dosenbach, N. U., Church, J. A., Cohen, A. L., Brahmbhatt, S., Miezin, F. M., et al. (2007). Development of distinct control networks through segregation and integration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 13507–13512.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fanti, K. A., Frick, P. J., & Georgiou, S. (2009). Linking callous-unemotional traits to instrumental and non-instrumental forms of aggression. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31, 285–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fergusson, D. M., Lynsky, M. T., & Horwood, L. J. (1996). Factors associated with continuity and changes in disruptive behavior patterns between childhood and adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 533–553.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finger, E. C., Marsh, A. A., Blair, K. S., Reid, M. E., Sims, C., Ng, P., et al. (2011). Disrupted reinforcement signaling in the orbitofrontal cortex and caudate in youths with conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder and a high level of psychopathic traits. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 152–162.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finger, E. C., Marsh, A. A., Mitchell, D. G. V., Reid, M. E., Sims, C., Budhani, S., et al. (2008). Abnormal ventromedial prefrontal cortex function in children with psychopathic traits during reversal learning. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(5), 586–594.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, L., & Blair, R. J. R. (1998). Cognitive impairment and its relationship to psychopathic tendencies in children with emotional and behavioural difficulties. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 511–519.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flight, J. I., & Forth, A. E. (2007). Instrumentally violent youths: The roles of psychopathic traits, empathy, and attachment. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 739–751.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forsman, M., Lichtenstein, P., Andershed, H., & Larsson, H. (2008). Genetic effects explain the stability of psychopathic personality from mid- to late adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 606–617.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forth, A. E., Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. D. (1990). Assessment of psychopathy in male young offenders. Psychological Assessment, 2, 342–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forth, A. E., Kosson, D. S., & Hare, R. D. (2003). The psychopathy checklist: Youth version. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowles, D. C., & Kochanska, G. (2000). Temperament as a moderator of pathways to conscience in children: The contribution of electrodermal activity. Psychophysiology, 37, 788–795.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M. D., Corbetta, M., Snyder, A. Z., Vincent, J. L., & Raichle, M. E. (2006). Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 10046–10051.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M. D., & Raichle, M. E. (2007). Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8, 700–711.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M. D., Snyder, A. Z., Vincent, J. L., Corbetta, M., Van Essen, D. C., & Raichle, M. E. (2005). The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 9673–9678.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J. (2006). Developmental pathways to conduct disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15, 311–331.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J. (2009). Extending the construct of psychopathy to youths: Implications for understanding, diagnosing, and treating antisocial children and adolescents. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 12, 803–812.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J., Bodin, S. D., & Barry, C. T. (2000). Psychopathic traits and conduct problems in community and clinic-referred samples of children: Further development of the psychopathy screening device. Psychological Assessment, 12, 382–393.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J., Cornell, A. H., Barry, C. T., Bodin, S. D., & Dane, H. E. (2003). Callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in the prediction of conduct problem severity, aggression, and self-report of delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 457–470.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J., Cornell, A. H., Bodin, S. D., Dane, H. A., Barry, C. T., & Loney, B. R. (2003). Callous-unemotional traits and developmental pathways to severe conduct problems. Developmental Psychology, 39, 246–260.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J., & Dickens, C. (2006). Current perspectives on conduct disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 8, 59–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J., & Hare, R. D. (2001). The antisocial process screening device. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J., Kimonis, E. R., Dandreaux, D. M., & Farrell, J. M. (2003). The 4-year stability of psychopathic traits in non-referred youth. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 21, 713–736.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Tannenbaum, L. E., Van Horn, Y., Christ, M. A. G., et al. (1993). Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: A meta-analytic review of factor analyses and cross-validation in a clinic sample. Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 319–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., Ellis, M., Loney, B., & Silverthorn, P. (1999). The association between anxiety and psychopathy dimensions in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 383–392.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J., & Loney, B. R. (1999). Outcomes of children and adolescents with conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. In H. C. Quay & A. Hogan (Eds.), Handbook of disruptive behavior disorders (pp. 507–524). New York: Plenum.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J., & Morris, A. S. (2004). Temperament and developmental pathways to conduct problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 54–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J., Stickle, T. R., Dandreaux, D. M., Farrell, J. M., & Kimonis, E. R. (2005). Callous-unemotional traits in predicting the severity and stability of conduct problems and delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 471–487.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J., & Viding, E. M. (2009). Antisocial behavior from a developmental psychopathology perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 1111–1131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J., & White, S. F. (2008). Research review: The importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 359–375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, D. A., Graves, K., & Arbuthnot, J. (1995). The effect of functional family therapy for delinquents on adult criminal behavior. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 22(1), 60–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gretton, H. M., Hare, R. D., & Catchpole, R. E. H. (2004). Psychopathy and offending from adolescence to adulthood: A 10-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 636–645.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hare, R. D. (1993). Without a conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. New York: Pocket.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2008). Psychopath as a clinical and empirical construct. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 217–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haruno, M., & Kawato, M. (2006). Different neural correlates of reward expectation and reward expectation error in the putament and caudate nucleus during stimulus-action-reward association learning. Journal of Neurophysiology, 95(2), 948–959.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawes, D. J., & Dadds, M. R. (2005). The treatment of conduct problems in children with callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 737–741.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henggeler, S. W., & Lee, T. (2003). Multisystemic treatment of serious clinical problems. In A. E. Kazdin & J. R. Weisz (Eds.), Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (pp. 301–322). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henggeler, S. W., Pickrel, S. G., & Brondino, M. J. (1999). Multisystemic treatment of substance-abusing and -dependent delinquents: Outcomes, treatment fidelity, and transportability. Mental Health Services Research, 1, 171–184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hipwell, A. E., Pardini, D. A., Loeber, R., Sembower, M., Keenan, K., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2007). Callous-unemotional behaviors in young girls: Shared and unique effects relative to conduct problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 293–304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hornak, J., O’Doherty, J., Bramham, J., Rolls, E. T., Morris, R. G., Bullock, P. R., et al. (2004). Reward-related reversal learning after surgical excisions in orbito-frontal or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 463–478.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, J. A., Dodge, K. A., Cillessen, A. H. N., Coie, J. D., & Schwartz, D. (2001). The dyadic nature of social information processing in boys’ reactive and proactive aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 268–280.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, J. A., Smithmyer, C. M., Ramsden, S. R., Parker, E. H., Flanagan, K. D., Dearing, K. F., et al. (2002). Observational, physiological, and self-report measures of children’s anger: Relations to reactive versus proactive aggression. Child Development, 73, 1101–1118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, A. P., Laurens, K. R., Herba, C. M., Barker, G. J., & Viding, E. (2009). Amygdala hypoactivity to fearful faces in boys with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 95–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J., & Snidman, N. (1991). Temperamental factors in human development. American Psychologist, 46, 856–862.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, A. M. C., de Zubicaray, G. I., Di Martino, A., Copland, D. A., Reiss, P. T., Klein, D. F., et al. (2009). L-dopa modulates functional connectivity in striatal cognitive and motor networks: A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 7364–7378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, A. M. C., Di Martino, A., Uddin, L. Q., Shehzad, Z., Gee, D. G., Reiss, P. T., et al. (2009). Development of anterior cingulate functional connectivity from late childhood to early adulthood. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 640–657.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiehl, K. A. (2006). A cognitive neuroscience perspective on psychopathy: Evidence for paralimbic system dysfunction. Psychiatry Research, 142, 107–128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimonis, E. R., Frick, P. J., Boris, N. W., Smyke, A. T., Zeanah, C. H., Cornell, A. H., et al. (2006). Callous-unemotional traits, behavioral inhibition, and parenting: Independent predictors of aggression in a high risk pre-school sample. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15, 745–756.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimonis, E. R., Frick, P. J., Fazekas, H., & Loney, B. R. (2006). Psychopathy, aggression, and the processing of emotional stimuli in non-referred girls and boys. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 24(1), 21–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimonis, E. R., Frick, P. J., Munoz, L. C., & Aucoin, K. J. (2007). Can a laboratory measure of emotional processing enhance the statistical prediction of aggression and delinquency in detained adolescents with callous-unemotional traits? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 773–785.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimonis, E. R., Frick, P. J., Skeem, J. L., Marsee, M. A., Cruise, K., & Munoz, L. C. (2008). Assessing callous-unemotional traits in adolescent offenders: Validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 31, 241–252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kochanska, G. (1993). Toward a synthesis of parental socialization and child temperament in early development of conscience. Child Development, 64, 325–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kochanska, G. (1995). Children’s temperament, mother’s discipline, and security of attachment: Multiple pathways to emerging internalization. Child Development, 66, 597–615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kochanska, G. (1997). Multiple pathways to conscience for children with different temperaments: From toddlerhood to age 5. Developmental Psychology, 33, 228–240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kochanska, G., Gross, J. N., Lin, M., & Nichols, K. E. (2002). Guilt in young children: Development, determinants, and relations with a broader system of standards. Child Development, 73, 461–482.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kochanska, G., & Murray, K. (2000). Mother-child mutually responsive orientation and conscience development: From toddler to early school age. Child Development, 71, 417–431.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krienen, F. M., & Buckner, R. L. (2009). Segregated fronto-cerebellar circuits revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 2485–2497.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kruh, I. P., Frick, P. J., & Clements, C. B. (2005). Historical and personality correlates to the violence patterns of juveniles tried as adults. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32, 69–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lahey, B. B., Applegate, G., Chronis, A. M., Jones, H. A., Williams, S. H., Loney, J., et al. (2008). Psychometric characteristics of a measure of emotional dispositions developed to test a developmental propensity model of conduct disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 794–807.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lahey, B. B., Hart, E. L., Pliszka, S., Applegate, B., & McBurnett, K. (1993). Neurophysiological correlates of conduct disorder: A rationale and a review of research. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 141–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, H., Andershed, H., & Lichtenstein, P. (2006). A genetic factor explains most of the variation in the psychopathic personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 221–230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, H., Tuvblad, C., Rijsdijk, F. V., Andershed, H., Grann, M., & Lichtenstein, P. (2007). A common genetic factor explains the association between the psychopathic personality and antisocial behavior. Psychological Medicine, 37, 15–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawing, K., Frick, P. J., & Cruise, K. R. (2010). Differences in offending patterns between adolescent sex offenders high or low in callous-unemotional traits. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 298–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LeDoux, J. E. (2007). The amygdala. Current Biology, 17(20), R868–R874.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leistico, A. R., Salekin, R. T., DeCoster, J., & Rogers, R. (2008). A large-scale meta-analysis related the Hare measures of psychopathy to antisocial conduct. Law and Human Behavior, 32, 28–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lilienfeld, S. O., & Waldman, I. D. (1990). The relation between childhood attention-deficit disorder and adult antisocial behavior reexamined: The problem of heterogeneity. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 699–725.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R., Brinthaupt, V. P., & Green, S. M. (1990). Attention deficits, impulsivity, and hyperactivity with or without conduct problems: Relationships to delinquency and unique contextual factors. In R. J. McMahon & R. D. Peters (Eds.), Behavior disorders of adolescence: Research, intervention, and policy in clinical and school settings (pp. 39–61). New York, NY: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R., Pardini, D., Homish, D. L., Wei, E. H., Crawford, A. M., Farrington, D. P., et al. (2005). The prediction of violence and homicide in men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 1074–1088.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loney, B. R., Frick, P. J., Ellis, M., & McCoy, M. G. (1998). Intelligence, psychopathy, and antisocial behavior. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 20, 231–247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loney, B. R., Frick, P. J., Clements, C. B., Ellis, M. L., & Kerlin, K. (2003). Callous-unemotional traits, impulsivity, and emotional processing in adolescents with antisocial behavior problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 66–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loney, B. R., Taylor, J., Butler, M. A., & Iacono, W. G. (2007). Adolescent psychopathy features: 6-year stability and the prediction of externalizing symptoms during the transition to adulthood. Aggressive Behavior, 33, 242–252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lykken, D. T. (1995). The antisocial personalities. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynam, D. R. (1996). The early identification of chronic offenders: Who is the fledgling psychopath? Psychological Bulletin, 120, 209–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynam, D. R. (1997). Pursuing the psychopath: Capturing the fledgling psychopath in a nomological net. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 425–438.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynam, D. R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2007). Longitudinal evidence that psychopathy scores in early adolescence predict adult psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 155–165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynam, D. R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Raine, A., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2005). Adolescent psychopathy and the big five: Results from two samples. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 431–443.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynam, D. R., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2008). The stability of psychopathy from adolescence into adulthood: The search for moderators. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(2), 228–243.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Margulies, D. S., Kelly, A. M. C., Uddin, L. Q., Biswal, B. B., Castellanos, F. X., & Milham, M. P. (2007). Mapping the functional connectivity of anterior cingulate cortex. NeuroImage, 37, 579–588.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Margulies, D. S., Vincent, J. L., Kelly, C., Lohmann, G., Uddin, L. Q., Biswal, B. B., et al. (2009). Precuneus shares intrinsic functional architecture in humans and monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 20069–20074.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsee, M. A., & Frick, P. J. (2007). Exploring the cognitive and emotional correlates to proactive and reactive aggression in a sample of detained girls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 969–981.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, A. A., Finger, E. C., Mitchell, D. G. V., Reid, M. E., Sims, C., Kosson, D. S., et al. (2008). Reduced amygdala response to fearful expressions in children and adolescents with callous-unemotional traits and disruptive behavior disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(6), 712–720.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCabe, K. M., Hough, R., Wood, P. A., & Yeh, M. (2001). Childhood and adolescent onset conduct disorder: A test of the developmental taxonomy. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 305–316.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCord, W., & McCord, J. (1964). The psychopath: An essay on the criminal mind. Princeton, NJ: Van Nosrand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. E. (2006). Life-course persistent versus adolescence-limited antisocial behavior. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology (Risk, disorder, and adaptation 2nd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 570–598). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2001). Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways in males and females. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 355–376.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Dickson, N., Silva, P., & Stanton, W. (1996). Childhood-onset versus adolescent-onset antisocial conduct problems in males: Natural history from ages 3 to 18 years. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 399–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Harrington, H., & Milne, B. J. (2002). Males on the life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways: Follow-up at age 26 years. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 179–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munoz, L. C., & Frick, P. J. (2007). The reliability, stability, and predictive utility of the self-report version of the Antisocial Process Screening Device. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48, 299–312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munoz, L. C., Frick, P. J., Kimonis, E. R., & Aucoin, K. J. (2008). Types of aggression, responsiveness to provocation, and callous-unemotional traits in detained adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 15–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, J. P., & Lorenz, A. R. (2003). Response modulation and emotion processing: Implications for psychopathy and other dysregulatory psychopathology. In R. J. Davidson, K. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 1043–1067). London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, B. S., & Frick, P. J. (1996). Reward dominance: Associations with anxiety, conduct problems, and psychopathy in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 223–240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Doherty, J. P., Buchanan, T. W., Seymour, B., & Dolan, R. J. (2006). Predictive neural coding of reward preference involves dissociable responses in human ventral midbrain and ventral striatum. Neuron, 49(1), 157–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Doherty, J. P., Dayan, P., Friston, K., Critchley, H., & Dolan, R. J. (2003). Temporal difference models and reward-related learning in the human brain. Neuron, 38(2), 329–337.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Obradović, J., Pardini, D., Long, J. D., & Loeber, R. (2007). Measuring interpersonal callousness in boys from childhood to adolescence: An examination of longitudinal invariance and temporal stability. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 276–292.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oxford, M., Cavell, T. A., & Hughes, J. N. (2003). Callous/unemotional traits moderate the relation between ineffective parenting and child externalizing problems: A partial replication and extension. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 577–585.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pardini, D. A. (2006). The callousness pathway to severe violent delinquency. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pardini, D. A., Lochman, J. E., & Frick, P. J. (2003). Callous/unemotional traits and social-cognitive processes in adjudicated youths. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 364–371.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pardini, D. A., Lochman, J. E., & Powell, N. (2007). The development of callous-unemotional traits and antisocial behavior in children: Are there shared and/or unique predictors? Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 319–333.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, C. J. (2007). Getting to the heart of psychopathy. In H. Herves & J. C. Yuille (Eds.), The psychopathy: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 207–252). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R. (1996). Performance models for antisocial boys. American Psychologist, 41, 432–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R., & Yoerger, K. (1997). A developmental model for late-onset delinquency. In D. W. Osgood (Ed.), Motivation and delinquency (pp. 119–177). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitts, T. B. (1997). Reduced heart rate levels in aggressive children. In A. Raine, P. A. Brennan, D. P. Farrington, & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Biosocial bases of violence (pp. 317–320). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polman, H., Orobio de Castro, B., Koops, W., van Boxtel, H. W., & Merk, W. W. (2007). A meta-analysis of the distinction between reactive and proactive aggression in children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 522–535.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poulin, F., & Boivin, M. (2000). Reactive and proactive aggression: Evidence of a two-factor model. Psychological Assessment, 12, 115–122.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poythress, N. G., Douglas, K. S., Falkenbach, D., Cruise, K., Lee, Z., Murrie, D. C., et al. (2006). Internal consistency reliability of the self-report Antisocial Process Screening Device. Assessment, 13, 107–113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, J. M., & Dodge, K. A. (1989). Reactive and proactive aggression in childhood: Relations to peer status and social context dimensions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 17, 455–471.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pulkkinen, L. (1996). Proactive and reactive aggression in early adolescence as precursors to anti- and prosocial behavior in young adults. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 241–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quay, H. C. (1964). Dimensions of personality in delinquent boys as inferred from the factor analysis of case history data. Child Development, 35, 479–484.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quay, H. C. (1987). Patterns of delinquent behavior. In H. C. Quay (Ed.), Handbook of juvenile delinquency (pp. 118–138). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quay, H. C. (1993). The psychobiology of undersocialized aggressive conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 165–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A. (1993). The psychopathology of crime: Criminal behavior as a clinical disorder. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, A., Yaralian, P. S., Reynolds, C., Venables, P. H., & Mednick, S. A. (2002). Spatial but not verbal cognitive deficits at age 3 years in persistently antisocial individuals. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 25–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rescorla, R. A., & Wagner, A. R. (1972). A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In A. H. Black & W. F. Prokasy (Eds.), Classical conditioning II (pp. 64–99). Appleton: Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rijsdijk, F. V., Viding, E., De Brito, S. A., Forgiarini, M., Mechelli, A., Jones, A. P., et al. (2010). Heritable variations in gray matter concentrations as a potential endophenotype for psychopathic traits. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 406–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, B. W., & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000). The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 3–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robison, S. D., Frick, P. J., & Morris, A. S. (2005). Temperament and parenting: Implications for understanding developmental pathways to conduct disorder. Minerva Pediatrica, 57, 373–388.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rolls, E. T. (1997). The orbitofrontal cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 351, 1433–1443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roose, A., Bijttbier, P., Decoene, S., Claes, L., & Frick, P. J. (2010). Assessing the affective features of psychopathy in adolescence: A further validation of the Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits. Assessment, 17, 44–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothbart, M. K. (1981). Measurement of temperament in infancy. Child Development, 52(2), 569–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., & Hershey, K. L. (1994). Temperament and social behavior in childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 21–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, R., Maughan, B., Moran, P., Ford, T., Briskman, J., & Goodman, R. (2009). The role of callous and unemotional traits in the diagnosis of conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 688–695.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, A. K., Shehzad, Z., Margulies, D. S., Kelly, A. M. C., Uddin, L. Q., Gotimer, K., et al. (2009). Functional connectivity of the human amygdala using resting state fMRI. NeuroImage, 45, 614–626.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salmivalli, C., & Nieminen, E. (2002). Proactive and reactive aggression among school bullies, victims, and bully-victims. Aggressive Behavior, 28(1), 30–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., Coie, J. D., Hubbard, J. A., Cillessen, A. H. N., Lemerise, E. A., et al. (1998). Social-cognitive and behavioral correlates of aggression and victimization in boys’ play groups. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 431–440.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shehzad, Z., Kelly, A. M., Reiss, P. T., Gee, D. G., Gotimer, K., Uddin, L. Q., et al. (2009). The resting brain: Unconstrained yet reliable. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 2209–2229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silverthorn, P., Frick, P. J., & Reynolds, R. (2001). Timing of onset ad correlates of severe conduct problems in adjudicated girls and boys. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 171–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Somech, L. Y., & Elizur, Y. (2009). Adherence to honor code as a mediator of the associations between callousness, attachment style, and socioeconomic status and adolescent boys’ conduct problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38, 606–618.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, D., Charman, T., & Blair, R. J. R. (2001). Recognition of emotion in facial expressions and vocal tones in children with psychopathic tendencies. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 162(2), 201–211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Supekar, K., Musen, M., & Menon, V. (2009). Development of large-scale functional brain networks in children. PLoS Biology, 7, e1000157.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swainson, R., Rogers, R. D., Sahakian, B. J., Summers, B. A., Polkey, C. E., & Robbins, T. W. (2000). Probabilistic learning and reversal deficits in patients with Parkinson’s disease or frontal or temporal lobe lesions: Possible adverse effects of dopaminergic medication. Neuropsychologia, 38(5), 596–612.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J., Loney, B. R., Bobadilla, L., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2003). Genetic and environmental influences on psychopathy trait dimensions in a community sample of male twins. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 633–645.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tibbetts, S. G., & Piquero, A. R. (1999). The influence of gender, low birth weight, and disadvantaged environment in predicting early onset of offending: A test of Moffitt’s interactional hypothesis. Criminology, 37, 843–877.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomasi, D., & Volkow, N. D. (2010). Functional connectivity density mapping. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 9885–9890.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dijk, K. R., Hedden, T., Venkataraman, A., Evans, K. C., Lazar, S. W., & Buckner, R. L. (2009). Intrinsic functional connectivity as a tool for human connectomics: Theory, properties, and optimization. Journal of Neurophysiology, 103, 297–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verhulst, F. C., Koot, H. M., & Berden, G. F. (1990). Four-year follow-up of an epidemiological sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 440–448.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Viding, E., Blair, R. J. R., Moffitt, T. E., & Plomin, R. (2005). Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7-year-olds. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 592–597.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Viding, E., Jones, A. P., Frick, P. J., Moffitt, T. E., & Plomin, R. (2008). Heritability of antisocial behavior at 9: Do callous-unemotional traits matter? Developmental Science, 11, 17–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Viding, E., Simmonds, E., Petrides, K. V., & Federickson, N. (2009). The contribution of callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems to bullying in early adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 471–481.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, J. L., Kahn, I., Snyder, A. Z., Raichle, M. E., & Buckner, R. L. (2008). Evidence for a frontoparietal control system revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity. Journal of Neurophysiology, 100, 3328–3342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, J. L., Kahn, I., Van Essen, D. C., & Buckner, R. L. (2010). Functional connectivity of the macaque posterior parahippocampal cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 103, 793–800.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2002). Reactively and proactively aggressive children: Antecedent and subsequent characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 43, 495–506.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, G. D. (2005). Proactive and reactive aggression: A lifestyle view. In J. P. Morgan (Ed.), Psychology of aggression (pp. 29–43). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waschbusch, D. A. (2002). A meta-analytic examination of comorbid hyperactive-impulsive-attention problems and conduct problems. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 118–150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waschbusch, D. A., Carrey, N. J., Willoughby, M. T., King, S., & Andrade, B. F. (2007). Effects of methylphenidate and behavior modification on the social and academic behavior of children with disruptive behavior disorders: The moderating role of callous/unemotional traits. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 629–644.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waschbusch, D. A., Willoughby, M. T., & Pelham, W. E. (1998). Criterion validity and the utility of reactive and proactive aggression: Comparisons to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and other measures of functioning. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 369–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodward, L. J., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2002). Romantic relationships of young people with childhood and adolescent onset antisocial behavior problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 231–244.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wootton, J. M., Frick, P. J., Shelton, K. K., & Silverthorn, P. (1997). Ineffective parenting and childhood conduct problems: The moderating role of callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 301–308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zuo, X. N., Di Martino, A., Kelly, C., Shehzad, Z. E., Gee, D. G., Klein, D. F., et al. (2010). The oscillating brain: Complex and reliable. NeuroImage, 49, 1432–1445.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zuo, X. N., Kelly, C., Adelstein, J. S., Klein, D. F., Castellanos, F. X., & Milham, M. P. (2010). Reliable intrinsic connectivity networks: Test-retest evaluation using ICA and dual regression approach. NeuroImage, 49, 2163–2177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, 2001 Geology & Psychology Building, New Orleans, LA, 70148, USA

    Paul J. Frick Ph.D.

  2. Unit on Affective Cognitive Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

    R. James Blair

  3. New York University Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

    F. Xavier Castellanos

  4. Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA

    F. Xavier Castellanos

Authors
  1. Paul J. Frick Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. James Blair
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. F. Xavier Castellanos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paul J. Frick Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Youth-Nex Center, Dept. Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sci, University of Virginia, Emmet Street 405, Charlottesville, 22904, Virginia, USA

    Patrick H. Tolan

  2. Nathan Kline Institute, Old Orangeburg Road, Bldg 35 140, Orangeburg, 10962, New York, USA

    Bennett L. Leventhal

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Frick, P.J., Blair, R.J., Castellanos, F.X. (2013). Callous-Unemotional Traits and Developmental Pathways to the Disruptive Behavior Disorders. In: Tolan, P., Leventhal, B. (eds) Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Advances in Development and Psychopathology: Brain Research Foundation Symposium Series, vol 1. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7557-6_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation