Abstract
The chapter starts with the definitions for ultra wideband (UWB). A short history of the technology is presented and pioneers of the field are introduced. We then turn to UWB regulatory history and discuss Federal Communications Commission (FCC) first report and order. The dynamic spectrum access (DSA) is introduced and UWB is viewed as a way to implement DSA. Main attributes of UWB systems including transmit power, transmission capacity, link budget, resilience to multipath fading, and extremely large spreading factor are elaborated in the following sections. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the sweet spots for the UWB technology.
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- 1.
DARPA was established in 1958. Since then it has funded the development of many vital technologies such as GPS and the Internet.
- 2.
In US, FCC regulates the use of air waves for nongovernment users. On the other hand, National Telecommunication Information Agency (NTIA) is in charge of spectral issues for federal government entities.
- 3.
As per FCC Part 47 Sect. 15, the radiated emissions from an intentional radiator operating above 960 MHz must be limited to electric field strength of 500 μV/m at 3 m away from the radiator in every 1 MHz. The radiated power is given by
$$ P = \mathop E\nolimits_{o}^{2} 4\pi R^{2} /\eta $$where \( E_{o} \), R and \( \eta \) denote the electric field, the radius of the sphere at which field strength is measured and characteristic impedance of vacuum (~377 \( {{\Upomega}} \)), respectively. Upon substitution into the radiated power equation, we end up with an emitted power of roughly 75 nW or 10log(75e−9/0.001) = −41.3 dBm/MHz.
- 4.
An additional 10 dB compared to the indoor mask.
- 5.
Also known as opportunistic spectrum access.
- 6.
IDA stands for Infocomm Development Authority.
- 7.
MB-OFDM is the basis for WiMedia UWB technology as well as ECMA-368 and ISO/IEC 26907 standards.
- 8.
DS-UWB Physical Layer Submission to 802.15 Task Group 3a, IEEE 802.15.3a Working Group, P802.15.03/0137r0, 2004.
- 9.
IEEE 802.11g is a wireless protocol for wireless local area networks implemented using direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signaling methods in 2.4 GHz ISM band. In the United States IEEE 802.11g operates under FCC Part 15 regulations.
- 10.
This standard is covered in Chap. 3.
- 11.
- 12.
http://www.sigmadesigns.com/. It appears that UWB-based solutions are not offered any longer.
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Emami, S. (2013). UWB Preliminaries. In: UWB Communication Systems: Conventional and 60 GHz. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6753-3_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6753-3_1
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