Abstract
The first stage of lung development, which encompasses the first half of intrauterine life, consists of elaboration of a system of branching tubules derived from a bud arising from the endodermal tube, the branches being widely separated by the mesenchyme that proliferates simultaneously with the endodermal derivatives. The second stage begins at about midpregnancy and continues until after birth. It consists of vascularization of the tubular framework accompanied by progressive reduction in the intervening mesenchyme. Two types of cells are recognized among those covering the alveolar surfaces. Type I cells have greatly attenuated cytoplasm that covers the greater part of all capillaries. Type II cells have a prominent endoplasmic reticulum. They contain large numbers of mitochondria, lipid bodies, and myelin figures and are the source of the lipoprotein complex surfactant, which acts to lower surface tension and is required for lung stability. The two types of cells are intermixed over the alveolar surfaces.
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Appendix 1: Lung Weights, Left and Right, Male and Female, from 1 Day to 19 Years of Age
Appendix 1: Lung Weights, Left and Right, Male and Female, from 1 Day to 19 Years of Age
| Â | Right lung | Left lung | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | n | Mean and confidence limits p  ≥  0.95 | n | Mean and confidence limits p  ≥  0.95 | ||||
Females | ||||||||
1 day | 200 | 14.5 | 15.8 | 17.1 | 203 | 12.3 | 13.5 | 14.7 |
2–30 days | 29 | 23.4 | 39.6 | 55.7 | 29 | 20.1 | 34.3 | 48.5 |
31–60 days | 31 | 32.7 | 37.9 | 43.0 | 32 | 29.2 | 34.5 | 39.7 |
61–90 days | 27 | 36.1 | 40.8 | 45.5 | 27 | 30.9 | 35.2 | 39.5 |
91–120 days | 17 | 35.2 | 43.5 | 51.8 | 17 | 31.6 | 39.8 | 48.0 |
121–150 days | 19 | 34.8 | 44.2 | 53.6 | 19 | 30.6 | 38.2 | 45.7 |
151–180 days | 17 | 40.9 | 48.4 | 56.0 | 17 | 37.1 | 43.8 | 50.4 |
1 year | 13 | 38.3 | 54.9 | 71.5 | 13 | 32.5 | 49.9 | 67.3 |
2 years | 13 | 88.5 | 116.4 | 144.4 | 13 | 83.1 | 103.0 | 122.9 |
3 years | 13 | 107.9 | 121.9 | 135.9 | 13 | 86.5 | 104.3 | 122.0 |
4 years | 10 | 111.3 | 132.4 | 153.4 | 10 | 100.1 | 115.7 | 131.2 |
5 years | 6 | 106.1 | 156.1 | 200.1 | 6 | 101.9 | 142.0 | 182.0 |
6 years | 20 | 151.0 | 178.7 | 206.4 | 20 | 140.5 | 169.7 | 198.9 |
7 years | 10 | 145.0 | 211.0 | 276.9 | 10 | 124.4 | 159.8 | 195.1 |
8 years | 14 | 156.3 | 232.7 | 309.1 | 14 | 155.9 | 204.2 | 252.6 |
9 years | 9 | 165.3 | 212.2 | 259.0 | 9 | 136.4 | 175.5 | 214.6 |
10 years | 5 | 82.8 | 251.0 | 419.1 | 5 | 65.0 | 218.0 | 370.9 |
11 years | 6 | 214.6 | 247.5 | 280.3 | 6 | 196.7 | 232.5 | 268.2 |
12 years | 6 | 121.0 | 205.0 | 288.9 | 6 | 110.4 | 182.5 | 254.5 |
13 years | 12 | 286.3 | 345.8 | 405.2 | 12 | 253.1 | 297.0 | 340.9 |
14 years | 7 | 178.1 | 263.5 | 348.9 | 7 | 151.0 | 237.1 | 323.1 |
15 years | 11 | 299.9 | 363.1 | 426.3 | 11 | 237.4 | 282.7 | 327.9 |
16 years | 6 | 233.2 | 464.1 | 695.0 | 6 | 193.8 | 430.8 | 667.7 |
17 years | 14 | 360.3 | 475.0 | 589.6 | 14 | 305.2 | 391.4 | 477.6 |
18 years | 8 | 287.6 | 415.0 | 542.3 | 8 | 227.2 | 326.2 | 425.2 |
19 years | 13 | 327.7 | 456.1 | 584.5 | 13 | 290.7 | 377.3 | 463.9 |
Males | ||||||||
1 day | 238 | 16.0 | 17.4 | 18.7 | 237 | 13.7 | 14.8 | 15.9 |
2–30 days | 40 | 31.8 | 35.9 | 39.9 | 41 | 26.9 | 31.0 | 35.0 |
31–60 days | 39 | 34.4 | 44.1 | 53.8 | 39 | 28.4 | 34.6 | 40.8 |
61–90 days | 25 | 40.7 | 46.4 | 52.0 | 25 | 33.0 | 37.8 | 42.5 |
91–120 days | 31 | 38.1 | 43.6 | 49.0 | 31 | 33.2 | 38.5 | 43.8 |
121–150 days | 28 | 42.0 | 58.9 | 75.8 | 28 | 36.6 | 55.0 | 73.3 |
151–180 days | 17 | 49.5 | 61.0 | 72.5 | 17 | 44.9 | 52.8 | 60.8 |
1 year | 16 | 54.4 | 73.1 | 91.7 | 16 | 44.7 | 60.2 | 75.7 |
2 years | 28 | 92.9 | 107.6 | 122.4 | 27 | 78.1 | 90.5 | 103.0 |
3 years | 20 | 100.1 | 128.5 | 156.8 | 20 | 88.4 | 118.4 | 148.3 |
4 years | 12 | 90.9 | 150.5 | 210.0 | 12 | 86.1 | 125.0 | 163.8 |
5 years | 14 | 125.8 | 160.6 | 195.3 | 14 | 106.8 | 141.5 | 176.1 |
6 years | 13 | 120.5 | 159.3 | 198.2 | 13 | 108.6 | 141.4 | 174.2 |
7 years | 12 | 174.6 | 203.1 | 231.7 | 12 | 160.7 | 189.6 | 218.5 |
8 years | 9 | 155.8 | 187.7 | 219.7 | 9 | 154.8 | 187.2 | 219.5 |
9 years | 8 | 162.5 | 253.7 | 344.9 | 8 | 129.6 | 228.1 | 326.5 |
10 years | 17 | 202.2 | 250.4 | 298.6 | 17 | 179.0 | 213.2 | 247.5 |
11 years | 7 | 238.6 | 270.8 | 303.0 | 7 | 177.9 | 257.2 | 336.6 |
12 years | 15 | 263.5 | 349.6 | 435.7 | 15 | 212.3 | 286.0 | 359.6 |
13 years | 9 | 272.3 | 375.5 | 478.7 | 9 | 244.8 | 328.8 | 412.8 |
14 years | 12 | 285.1 | 375.8 | 466.5 | 12 | 287.9 | 361.2 | 434.5 |
15 years | 15 | 347.9 | 448.0 | 548.0 | 15 | 309.8 | 420.0 | 530.1 |
16 years | 15 | 316.9 | 406.6 | 496.3 | 15 | 291.8 | 365.6 | 439.4 |
17 years | 18 | 450.7 | 527.5 | 604.3 | 18 | 411.3 | 487.7 | 564.2 |
18 years | 10 | 370.0 | 460.0 | 549.9 | 10 | 323.1 | 403.2 | 483.2 |
19 years | 18 | 498.3 | 593.8 | 689.3 | 17 | 435.7 | 497.0 | 558.3 |
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Gilbert-Barness, E., Spicer, D.E., Steffensen, T.S. (2014). Respiratory System. In: Handbook of Pediatric Autopsy Pathology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6711-3_9
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