Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

Assessment of Anxiety Symptoms Using the MMPI-2, MMPI-2-RF, and MMPI-A

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Assessing Variants and Complications in Anxiety Disorders

Abstract

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is one of the most well validated and extensively researched psychological instruments. In recent years there have been modified versions for adolescents and a restructured form with improved validation of the original eight clinical scales.“In this chapter, guidelines for optimally using this collection of measures for anxiety disorder treatment planning are provided. Special consideration is given to the use of MMPI scales within empirically supported frameworks of anxiety symptoms.”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Although there are ten basic clinical scales, Scale 5 (Masculinity/Femininity) and 0 (Social Introversion) were added at later stages, and are not considered part of the eight original scales.

  2. 2.

    The PSY-5 domain Introversion/Low Positive Emotionality could also be useful in this assessment, but it measures both the broad introversion domain and low positive emotionality with the same scale. As argued later, it is important to break these measurements into more specific component in assessing social anxiety on the MMPI-2. The same argument can be made for assessment of social anxiety with the MMPI-2-RF, which is discussed in the next major section.

  3. 3.

    Note the MMPI-2 version of the Neuroticism/Negative Emotionality scale is referred to as NEGE, while NEGE-r refers to the version scored on the MMPI-2-RF.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arbisi, P. A., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & McNulty, J. (2002). A comparison of MMPI-2 validity in African American and Caucasian psychiatric inpatients. Psychological Assessment, 14, 3–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arbisi, P. A., Sellbom, M., & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2008). Empirical correlates of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales in psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 122–128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Archer, R. P. (1987). Using the MMPI with adolescents. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archer, R. P. (2005). MMPI-A: Assessing adolescent psychopathology (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archer, R. P., Gordon, R. A., Anderson, G. L., & Giannetti, R. (1989). MMPI special scale clinical correlates for adolescent inpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 53, 654–664.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Archer, R. P., & Krishnamurthy, R. (2002). Essentials of MMPI-A assessment. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archer, R. P., Maruish, M., Imhof, E. A., & Piotrowski, C. (1991). Psychological test usage with adolescent clients: 1990 survey findings. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 22, 247–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Archer, R. P., & Newsom, C. R. (2000). Psychological test usage with adolescent clients: Survey update. Assessment, 7, 227–235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Archer, R. P., Buffington-Vollum, J. K., Stendy, R. V., & Handel, R. W. (2006). A survey of psychological test use patterns among forensic psychologists. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87, 84–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arita, A. A., & Baer, R. A. (1998). Validity of selected MMPI-A content scales. Psychological Assessment, 10, 59–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagby, R. M., Sellbom, M., Costa, P. T., & Widiger, T. A. (2008). Predicting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV personality disorders with the five-factor model of personality and the personality psychopathology five. Personality and Mental Health, 2, 55–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baum, L. J., Archer, R. P., Forbey, J., & Handel R. W. (2009). An Evaluation of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory – Adolescent (MMPI-A)Literature with a Comparison to the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI). Assessment, 16, 384–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barthlow, D. L., Graham, J. R., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & McNulty, J. L. (1999). Incremental validity of the MMPI-2 content scales in an outpatient mental health setting. Psychological Assessment, 11, 39–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Porath, Y. S., Hostetler, K., Butcher, J. N. & Graham, J. R. (1995). New subscales for the MMPI-2 Social Introversion (Si) scale. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1, 169 –174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2006). Differentiating normal and abnormal personality with the MMPI-2. In S. Strack (Ed.), Differentiating normal and abnormal personality (2nd ed., pp. 337–381). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Forbey, J. D. (2003). Non-gendered norms for the MMPI-2. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Porath, Y. S., Graham, J. R., Archer, R. P., Tellegen, A., & Kaemmer, B. (2006). Supplement to the MMPI-A Manual for Administration, Scoring, and Interpretation: The Content Component Scales; the Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) Scales, and the Critical Items. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Porath, Y. S., Hostetler, K., Butcher, J. N., & Graham, J. R. (1989). New subscales for the MMPI-2 Social Introversion (Si) scale. Psychological Assessment, 1, 169–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Porath, Y. S., McCully, E., & Almagor, M. (1993). Incremental validity of the MMPI-2 content scales in the assessment of personality and psychopathology by self-report. Journal of Personality Assessment, 61, 557–575.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Sherwood, N. E. (1993). The MMPI-2 content component scales: Development, psychometric characteristics, and clinical application. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Tellegen, A. (2008). MMPI-2-RF (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2): Manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briere, J. (2001). DAPS: Detailed Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress. Odessa, Florida: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. A. (2007). Temporal course and structural relationships among dimensions of temperament and DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorder constructs. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 313–328.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. Journal or Abnormal Psychology, 107, 179–192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, J. N., Dahlstrom, W. G., Graham, J. R., Tellegen, A., & Kaemmer, B. K. (1989). MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2): Manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, J. N., Graham, J. R., Ben-Porath, Y. S., Tellegen, A., Dahlstrom, W. G., & Kaemmer, B. (2001). MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2): Manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation, revised edition. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, J. N., Graham, J. R., Williams, C. L., & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (1990). Development and use of the MMPI-2 content scales. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, J. N., & Rouse, S. V. (1996). Personality: Individual differences and clinical assessment. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 87–111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, J. N., Williams, C. L., Graham, J. R., Archer, R. P., Tellegen, A., Ben-Porath, Y. S., et al. (1992). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-A (MMPI-A): Manual for administration, scoring and interpretation. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camara, W. J., Nathan, J. S., & Puente, A. E. (2000). Psychological test usage: Implications in professional psychology. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 31, 141–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cashel, L., Rogers, R., Sewell, K. W., & Holliman, N. B. (1998). Preliminary validation of the MMPI-A for a male delinquent sample: An investigation of clinical correlates and discriminative validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 71, 49–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlstrom, W. G., Welsh, G. S., & Dahlstrom, L. E. (1972). An MMPI handbook: Vol. I. Clinical interpretation. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drake, L. E. (1946). A social I.E. scale for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 30, 51–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egger, J. I. M., De May, H. R. A., Derksen, J. J. L., & van der Staak, C. P. F. (2003). Cross-cultural replication of the five-factor model and comparison of the NEO PI-R and MMPI-2 PSY-5 scales in a Dutch psychiatric sample. Psychological Assessment, 15, 81–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forbey, J. D., & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2007). Computerized adaptive personality testing: A review and illustration with the MMPI-2 Computerized Adaptive Version (MMPI-2- CA). Psychological Assessment, 19, 14–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forbey, J. D., & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2008). Empirical correlates of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales in a non-clinical setting. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 136–141.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forbey, J. D., Lee, T. T. C., & Handel, R. W. (2010). Correlates of the MMPI-2 Restructured Form (RF) scales in a non-clinical setting. Psychological Assessment, 22, 737–744.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbey, J. D., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Davis, D. (2000). A comparison of sexually abused and non-sexually abused adolescents in a clinical treatment facility using the MMPI-A. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 557–568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallucci, N. T. (1994). Criteria associated with clinical scales of Harris-Lingoes subscales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory with adolescent inpatients. Psychological Assessment, 6, 179–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J. R. (2011). MMPI-2: Assessing personality and psychopathology. (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J. R., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & McNulty, J. L. (1999). MMPI-2 correlates for outpatient community mental health settings. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, R., & Lingoes, J. (1955) Subscales for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Mimeographed materials, The Langley Porter Clinic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harkness, A. R., McNulty, J. L., & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (1995). The Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5): Constructs and MMPI-2 scales. Psychological Assessment, 7, 104–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harkness, A. R., McNulty, J. L., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Graham, J. R. (2002). MMPI-2 personality psychopathology five (PSY-5) scales. Gaining and overview for case conceptualization and treatment planning. MMPI-2/MMPI-A test reports. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harkness, A. R., & McNulty, J. L. (2007, August). Restructured versions of the MMPI-2 Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) Scales. Paper presented at the 115th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hathaway, S. R. (1960). Forword. In W. G. Dahlstrom, G. S. Welsh, & L. E. Dahlstrom (Eds.), An MMPI handbook: Vol. I. Clinical interpretation. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hathaway, S.R., & McKinley, J.C. (1942). A multiphasic personality schedule (Minnesota): III. The measure of symptomatic depression. Journal of Psychology, 14, 73–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hathaway, S. R., & McKinley, J. C. (1943). The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Revth ed.). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keane, T. M., Malloy, P. F., & Fairbank, J. A. (1984). Empirical development of an MMPI subscale for the assessment of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 888–891.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendler, K. S. (1996). Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder: Same genes, (partly) different environments—revisited. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168(Suppl. 30), 68–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendler, K. S., Prescott, C. A., Myers, J., & Neale, M. C. (2003). The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for common psychiatric and substance use disorders in men and women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 929–937.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirz, J. L., Drescher, K. D., Klein, J. L., Gusman, F. D., & Schwartz, M. F. (2001). MMPI-2 assessment of differential posttraumatic stress disorder patterns in combat veterans and sexual assault victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 619–639.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotov, R., Gamez, W., Schmidt, F., & Watson, D. (2010). Linking “big” personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 768–821.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, R. F., & Markon, K. E. (2006). Reinterpreting comorbidity: A model-based approach to understanding the classifying psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2, 111–133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, T. T. C., & Sellbom, M. (2011). Assessing unipolar mood and anxiety disorders with the MMPI-2-RF. Manuscript submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Litz, B. T., Penk, W., Walsh, S., Hyer, L., Blake, D. D., Marx, B., et al. (1991). Similarities and differences between Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and MMPI-2 applications to the assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57, 238–254.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lubin, B., Larsen, R. M., & Matarazzo, J. D. (1984). Patterns of psychological test usage in the United States: 1935-1982. American Psychologist, 39, 451–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, J. A., & Wheeler-Cox, T. (1999). MMPI, MMPI-2 and PTSD: Overview of scores, scales, and profiles. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 175–183.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, I. M., & Matthews, A. M. (1979). Brief standard rating for phobic patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 17, 263–267.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., Weathers, F. W., Flood, A. M., Eakin, D. E., & Benson, T. A. (2007). The utility of the PAI and the MMPI-2 for discriminating PTSD, depression, and social phobia in trauma-exposed college students. Assessment, 14, 181–195.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKinley, J. C., & Hathaway, S. R. (1942). A multiphasic personality schedule (Minnesota): IV. Psychasthenia. Journal of Applied Psychology, 26, 614–624.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNulty, J. L., Harkness, A. R., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Williams, C. L. (1997). Assessing the personality psychopathology five (PSY-5) in adolescents: New MMPI-A scales. Psychological Assessment, 9, 250–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meehl, P. E. (1945). The dynamics of “structured” personality test. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1, 296–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meehl, P. E. (1954). Clinical versus statistical prediction: A theoretical analysis and a review of the evidence. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Meehl, P. E. (1956). Wanted – A good cookbook. American Psychologist, 11, 263–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. W., Kaloupek, D. G., Dillon, A. L., & Keane, T. M. (2004). Externalizing and internalizing subtypes of combat-related PTSD: A replication and extension using the PSY-5 scales. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 636–645.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. W., Wolf, E. J., Harrington, K. M., Brown, T. A., Kaloupek, D. G., & Keane, T. A. (2010). An evaluation of competing models for the structure of PTSD symptoms using external measures of comorbidity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23, 631–638.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munley, P. H., Bains, D. S., Bloem, W. D., & Busby, R. M. (1995). Post-traumatic stress disorder and the MMPI-2. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 171–178.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, M. G., Zuellig, A. R., Kachin, K. E., Constantino, M. J., Przeworski, A., Erickson, T., et al. (2002). Preliminary reliability and validity of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire-IV: A revised self-report diagnostic measure of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 33, 215–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmieri, P. A., Marshall, G. N., & Schell, T. L. (2007). Confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms of Cambodian refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 207–216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penk, W., Keane, T., Rabinowitz, R., Fowler, D., Bell, W., & Finkelstein, A. (1988). Post-traumatic stress disorder. In R. Greene (Ed.), The MMPI: Use with specific populations. Philadelphia, PA: Grune & Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piotrowski, C., & Keller, J. W. (1989). Psychological testing in outpatient mental health facilities: A national study. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20, 423–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M., & Sundberg, N. D. (1976). Recent research trends in testing. Journal of Personality Assessment, 40, 228–233.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rinaldo, J. C. B., & Baer, R. A. (2003). Incremental validity of the MMPI-A content scales in the prediction of self-reported symptoms. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80, 309–318.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rouse, S. V., Greene, R. L., Butcher, J. N., Nicholas, D. S., & Williams, C. L. (2008). What do the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical Scales reliably measure? Answers from multiple research settings. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 435–442.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheibe, S., Bagby, R. M., Miller, L. S., & Dorian, B. J. (2001). Assessing posttraumatic disorder with the MMPI-2 in a sample of workplace accident victims. Psychological Assessment, 13, 369–374.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schinka, J. A., Elkins, D. E., & Archer, R. P. (1998). Effects of psychopathology and demographic characteristics on MMPI-A scale scores. Journal of Personality Assessment, 71, 295–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sellbom, M., & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2005). Mapping the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales onto normal personality traits: Evidence of construct validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 85, 179–187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sellbom, M., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Bagby, R. M. (2008a). On the hierarchical structure of mood and anxiety disorders: Confirmatory evidence and elaboration of a model of temperament markers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 576–590.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sellbom, M., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Bagby, R. M. (2008b). Personality and psychopathology: Mapping the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales onto the Five Factor Model of Personality. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22, 291–312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sellbom, M., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Graham, J. R. (2006). Correlates of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales in a college counseling setting. Journal of Personality Assessment, 86, 89–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellbom, M., & Gervais, R. O. (2010, August). Differentiating distress disorder symptomatology with the MMPI-2-RF internalizing scales. In Y. S. Ben-Porath (Chair), Reinforcing the link between practice and research with the MMPI-2-RF. Symposium presented at the 115th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, San Diego, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellbom, M., Graham, J. R., & Schenk, P. W. (2005). Symptom correlates of MMPI-2 scales and code types in a private practice setting. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84, 163–171.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sellbom, M., Lee, T. T. C., Ben-Porath, Y. S., Arbisi, P. A., & Gervais, R. O. (2012). Differentiating PTSD symptomatology with the MMPI-2-RF (Restructured Form) in a forensic disability sample. Psychiatry Research, 197(1–2), 172–179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sherwood, N. E., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Williams, C. L. (1997). The MMPI-A content component scales. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sieber, K. O., & Meyers, L. S. (1992). Validation of the MMPI-2 Social Introversion Subscales. Psychological Assessment, 4, 185–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simms, L. J., Casillas, A., Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Doebbeling, B. I. (2005). Psychometric evaluation of the Restructured Clinical Scales of the MMPI-2. Psychological Assessment, 17, 345–358.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simms, L. J., Watson, D., & Doebbeling, B. N. (2002). Confirmatory factor analyses of posttraumatic stress symptoms in deployed and nondeployed veterans of the Gulf War. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 637–647.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slade, T., & Watson, D. (2006). The structure of common DSM-IV and ICD-10 mental disorders in the Australian general population. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1593–1600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strassberg, D. S. (1997). A cross-national validity study of four MMPI-2 content scales. Journal of Personality Assessment, 69(3), 596–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tellegen, A. (1985). Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp. 681–706). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tellegen, A. & Waller, N.G. (1992). Exploring personality through test construction: Development of the Multi-dimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ). Unpublished manuscript. Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tellegen, A., & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2008). MMPI-2-RF (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2): Technical manual. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tellegen, A., Ben-Porath, Y. S., McNulty, J. L., Arbisi, P. A., Graham, J. R., & Kaemmer, B. (2003). MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales: Development, validation, and interpretation. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tellegen, A., Ben-Porath, Y. S., Sellbom, M., Arbisi, P. A., McNulty, J. L., & Graham, J. R. (2006). Further evidence on the validity of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales: Addressing questions raised by Rogers et al and Nichols. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87, 148–171.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trull, T. J., Useda, J. D., Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1995). Comparison of the MMPI-2 personality psychopathology five (PSY-5) and the NEO-PI and NEO-PI-R. Psychological Assessment, 7, 508–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veltri, C. O., Graham, J. R., Sellbom, M., Ben-Porath, Y. S., Forbey, J. D., O’Connell, C., et al. (2009). Correlates of MMPI-A scales in acute psychiatric and forensic samples. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 288–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vollebergh, W. A. M., Iedema, J., Bijl, R. V., de Graaf, R., Smit, F., & Ormel, J. (2001). The structure and stability of common mental disorders: The NEMESIS Study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 597–603.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, L. C., & Perry, M. S. (1998). Measurement of social introversion by the MMPI-2. Journal of Personality Assessment, 70, 171–182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D. (2005). Rethinking the mood and anxiety disorders: A quantitative hierarchical model for DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 522–536.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, C. G., Kucala, T., & Manifold, V. (1986). A cross-validation of the Keane and Penk MMPI scales as measures of post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 727–732.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, G. S. (1965). MMPI profiles and factor scales A and R. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 21, 43–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, G. S., & Dahlstrom, W. G. (1956). Basic readings on the MMPI in psychology and medicine. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiggins, J.S. (1969). Content dimensions in the MMPI. In J.N. Butcher (Ed.), MMPI: Research developments and clinical applications (pp. 127–180). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, C. L. (1986). MMPI profiles from adolescents: Interpretive strategies and treatment considerations. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 3, 179–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, C. L., & Butcher, J. N. (1989). An MMPI study of adolescents: I Empirical validity of the standard scales. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1, 251–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, C. L., Butcher, J. N., Ben Porath, Y. S., & Graham, J. R. (1992). MMPI A content scales: Assessing psychopathology in adolescents. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wise, E. A. (1996). Diagnosing posttraumatic stress disorder with the MMPI clinical scales: A review of the literature. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioural Assessment, 18, 71–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Orazem, R. J., Weierich, M. R., Castillo, D. T., Milford, J., et al. (2008). The MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical Scales in the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid disorders. Psychological Assessment, 20, 327–340.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wrobel, N. H., & Lachar, D. (1992). Refining adolescent MMPI interpretations: Moderating effects of gender in prediction of descriptions from parents. Psychological Assessment, 4, 375–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zinbarg, R. E., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Structure of anxiety and anxiety disorders: A hierarchical model. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 181–193.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, 348 Gordon Palmer Hall, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0348, USA

    Martin Sellbom Ph.D.

  2. Department of Psychology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA

    Tayla T. C. Lee M.A.

Authors
  1. Martin Sellbom Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tayla T. C. Lee M.A.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Martin Sellbom Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Department of Psychology, Fordham University, East Fordham Road 441, Bronx, 10458, New York, USA

    Dean McKay

  2. , Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry, a, University of South Florida, Tampa, 33612, Florida, USA

    Eric A. Storch

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sellbom, M., Lee, T.T.C. (2013). Assessment of Anxiety Symptoms Using the MMPI-2, MMPI-2-RF, and MMPI-A. In: McKay, D., Storch, E. (eds) Handbook of Assessing Variants and Complications in Anxiety Disorders. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6452-5_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation