Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

Electrochemical Glucose Sensors and Their Application in Diabetes Management

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Applications of Electrochemistry in Medicine

Part of the book series: Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry ((MAOE,volume 56))

Abstract

Over 7,000 peer reviewed articles have been published on electrochemical glucose assays and sensors over recent years. Their number makes a full review of the literature, or even of the most recent advances, impossible. Nevertheless, this chapter should acquaint the reader with the fundamentals of the electrochemistry of glucose and provide a perspective of the evolution of the electrochemical glucose assays and monitors helping diabetic people, who constitute about 5 % of the world’s population. Because of the large number of diabetic people, no assay is performed more frequently than that of glucose. Most of these assays are electrochemical. The reader interested also in nonelectrochemical assays used in, or proposed for, the management of diabetes is referred to a 2007 excellent review of Kondepati and Heise [1].

The present chapter is a slightly revised version of an article by the authors in Chem Rev 2008, 108 2482–2508. Permission was granted by the Authors, the American Chemical Society, and the Publishers which are greatfully acknowledged.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Kondepati VR, Heise HM. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2007;388:545.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Appleby AJ, Ng DYC, Weinstein H. J Appl Electrochem. 1971;1:79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Giner, J.; Holleck, G. L.; Turchan, M.; Fragala, R. Intersociety Energy ConVersion Eng. Conference Proc. 1971, 256.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Rao JR, Richter G. Naturwissenschaften. 1974;61:200.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Rao JR, Richter G, Von Sturm F, Weidlich E, Wenzel M. Biomed Eng. 1974;9:98.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Weidlich E, Richter G, Von Sturm F, Rao JR, Thoren A, Lagergren H. Biomater Med Devices Artif Organs. 1976;4:277.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Turner APF, Aston WJ, Higgins IJ, Davis G, Hill HAO. Biotechnol Bioeng Symp. 1982;12:401.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bennetto, H. P.; Delaney, G. M.; Mason, J. R.; Roller, S. D.; Stirling, J. L.; Thurston, C. F. Resour. Appl. Biotechnol. 1989, 363.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Chaudhuri SK, Lovley DR. Nat Biotechnol. 2003;21:1229.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Skotheim TA, Lee HS, Hale PD, Karan HI, Okamoto Y, Samuelson L, et al. Synth Met. 1991;42:1433.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Di Fabrizio E, Gentili M, Morales P, Pilloton R, Mela J, Santucci S, et al. Appl Phys Lett. 1996;69:3280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Willner I, Katz E, Willner B, Blonder R, Heleg-Shabtai V, Buckmann AF. Biosens Bioelectron. 1997;12:337.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Willner I. Science. 2002;298:2407.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Muguruma H, Kase Y, Uehara H. Anal Chem. 2005;77:6557.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Willner I, Baron R, Willner B. Biosens Bioelectron. 1841;2007:22.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Willner I, Willner B, Katz E. Bioelectrochemistry. 2007;70:2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Loeb W. Biochem Z. 1909;17:132.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Taylor RL. Chem Met Eng. 1937;44:588.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Casella IG, Destradis A, Desimoni E. Analyst. 1996;121:249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Fei S, Chen J, Yao S, Deng G, Nie L, Kuang YJ. Solid State Electrochem. 2005;9:498.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Arzoumanidis GG, O’Connell JJJ. Phys Chem. 1969;73:3508.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Rao MLB, Drake RFJ. Electrochem Soc. 1969;116:334.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Franke W, Deffner M. Ann. 1939;541:117.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hodgkins M, Mead D, Ballance DJ, Goodey A, Sudbery P. Yeast. 1993;9:625.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Zhu Z, Wang M, Gautam A, Nazor J, Morneu C, Prodanovic R, et al. Biotechnol J. 2007;2:241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Whittington H, Kerry-Williams S, Bidgood K, Dodsworth N, Peberdy J, Dobson M, et al. Curr Gen. 1990;18:531.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Park EH, Shin YM, Lim YY, Kwon TH, Kim DH, Yang MSJ. Biotechnology. 2000;81:35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Pulci V, D’Ovidio R, Petruccioli M, Federici F. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2004;38:233.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Persson M, Buelow L, Mosbach K. FEBS Lett. 1990;270:41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Sode K, Witarto AB, Watanabe K, Noda K, Ito S, Tsugawa W. Biotechnol Lett. 1994;16:1265.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Olsthoorn AJJ, Duine JA. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1996;336:42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Dewanti AR, Duine JA. Biochemistry. 1998;37:6810.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Iswantini D, Kano K, Ikeda T. Biochem J. 2000;350:917.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kojima K, Witarto AB, Sode K. Biotechnol Lett. 2000;22:1343.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Krishnaraj PU, Goldstein AH. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2001;205:215.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Stankovich MT, Schopfer LM, Massey VJ. Biol Chem. 1978;253:4971.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kulys J, Tetianec L, Ziemys AJ. Inorg Biochem. 2006;100:1614.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Sato A, Takagi K, Kano K, Kato N, Duine JA, Ikeda T. Biochem J. 2001;357:893.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Duine JA, Frank J, Jr, Van Zeeland JK, FEBS Lett. 1979;108:443–6.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Boguslavsky LI, Geng L, Kovalev IP, Sahni SK, Xu Z, Skotheim TA, et al. Biosens Bioelectron. 1995;10:693.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Tsujimura S, Kojima S, Kano K, Ikeda T, Sato M, Sanada H, et al. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006;70:654.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Theorell H. Biochem Z. 1936;288:317.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Malmstadt HV, Pardue HL. Anal Chem. 1961;33:1040.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Pardue HL, Simon RK, Malmstadt HV. Anal Chem. 1964;36:735.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kajihara T, Hagihara B. Rinsho Byori. 1966;14:322.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Makino Y, Konno K. Rinsho Byori. 1967;15:391.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Updike SJ, Hicks GP. Nature. 1967;214:986.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Updike SJ, Hicks GP. Science. 1967;158:270.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Clark Jr LC, Sachs G. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1968;148:133.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Clark, L. C., Jr.; Clark, E. W. Int. Anesthesiol. Clinics 1987, 25 (1), 29.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Hecht HJ, Kalisz HM, Hendle J, Schmid RD, Schomburg DJ. Mol Biol. 1993;229:153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Warburg O, Christian W. Biochem Z. 1932;254:438.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Silverman, H. P.; Brake, J. M. U.S. Patent 3,506,544, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Ikeda T, Hamada H, Miki K, Senda M. Agric Biol Chem. 1985;49:541.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Ikeda T, Katasho I, Senda M. Anal Sci. 1985;1:455.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Ikeda T, Hamada H, Senda M. Agric Biol Chem. 1986;50:883.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Miki K, Ikeda T, Todoriki S, Senda M. Anal Sci. 1989;5:269.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Gorton L, Karan HI, Hale PD, Inagaki T, Okamoto Y, Skotheim TA. Anal Chim Acta. 1990;228:23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Amine A, Kauffmann JM, Patriarche GJ. Talanta. 1991;38:107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Amine A, Kauffmann JM, Patriarche GJ, Kaifer AE. Anal Lett. 1991;24:1293.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Xie Y, Huber CO. Anal Chem. 1991;63:1714.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Wang J, Naser N, Angnes L, Wu H, Chen L. Anal Chem. 1992;64:1285.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Andrieux CP, Audebert P, Divisia-Blohorn B, Linquette-Maillet SJ. Electroanal Chem. 1993;353:289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kulys J, Hansen HE, Buch-Rasmussen T, Wang J, Ozsoz M. Anal Chim Acta. 1994;288:193.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Taliene VR, Ruzgas T, Razumas V, Kulys JJ. Electroanal Chem. 1994;372:85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Andrieux CP, Audebert P, Bacchi P, Divisia-Blohorn BJ. Electroanal Chem. 1995;394:141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Csoeregi E, Laurell T, Katakis I, Heller A, Gorton L. Mikrochim Acta. 1995;121:31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kulys J, Hansen HE. Anal Chim Acta. 1995;303:285–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Kulys J, Krikstopaitis K, Ruzgas T, Razumas V. Mater Sci Eng C. 1995;C3:51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Kulys J, Wang L, Hansen HE, Buch-Rasmussen T, Wang J, Ozsoz M. Electroanalysis. 1995;7:92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Saby C, Mizutani F, Yabuki S. Anal Chim Acta. 1995;304:33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Jezkova J, Iwuoha EI, Smyth MR, Vytras K. Electroanalysis. 1997;9:978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Wang J, Liu J, Cepra G. Anal Chem. 1997;69:3124.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Compagnone D, Schweicher P, Kauffman JM, Guilbault GG. Anal Lett. 1998;31:1107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Fernandez JJ, Lopez JR, Correig X, Katakis I. Sens Actuators B. 1998;B47:13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Huang T, Warsinke A, Koroljova-Skorobogat’ko OV, Makower A, Kuwana T, Scheller FW. Electroanalysis. 1999;11:295.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Wang J, Chen L, Jiang M, Lu F. Anal Chem. 1999;71:5009.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Moscone D, D’Ottavi D, Compagnone D, Palleschi G, Amine A. Anal Chem. 2001;73:2529–35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Rodriguez MC, Rivas GA. Electroanalysis. 2001;13:1179–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Wang J, Mo JW, Li S, Porter J. Anal Chim Acta. 2001;441:183.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Evans RG, Banks CE, Compton RG. Analyst. 2004;129:428.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Lawrence NS, Deo RP, Wang J. Anal Chem. 2004;76:3735.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Ojani R, Raoof J-B, Salmany-Afagh PJ. Electroanal Chem. 2004;571:1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Laurinavicius V, Razumiene J, Ramanavicius A, Ryabov AD. Biosens Bioelectron. 2004;20:1217.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Luque GL, Rodriguez MC, Rivas GA. Talanta. 2005;66:467.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Anicet N, Anne A, Moiroux J, Saveant J-MJ. Am Chem Soc. 1998;120:7115.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Anicet N, Anne A, Bourdillon C, Demaille C, Moiroux J, Saveant J-M. Faraday Discuss. 2000;116:269.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Zhang S, Yang W, Niu Y, Sun C. Anal Chim Acta. 2004;523:209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Ben-Ali S, Cook DA, Bartlett PN, Kuhn AJ. Electroanal Chem. 2005;579:181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Sun Y, Yan F, Yang W, Sun C. Biomaterials. 2006;27:4042.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Bourdillon C, Demaille C, Moiroux J, Saveant JMJ. Am Chem Soc. 1993;115:2.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Bartlett PN, Pratt KFEJ. Electroanal Chem. 1995;397:61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Kulys J, Cenas NK. Biochim Biophys Acta. Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology. 1983;744:57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Kulys J, Palaima A, Urbelis G. Anal Lett. 1998;31:569.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Kulys J, Razumas V, Kazlauskaite J, Marcinkeviciene J, Buch- Rasmussen T, Hansen HE, et al. Electroanalysis. 1994;6:740.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Kulys JJ. Biosensors. 1986;2:3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Kulys JJ, Samalius AS, Svirmickas GJS. FEBS Lett. 1980;114:7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Williams DL, Doig Jr AR, Korosi A. Anal Chem. 1970;42:118.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Ikeda T, Katasho I, Kamei M, Senda M. Agric Biol Chem. 1984;48:1969.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Bourdillon C, Laval JM, Thomas DJ. Electrochem Soc. 1986;133:706.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Talbott J, Jordan J. Microchem J. 1988;37:5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Arai G, Shoji K, Yasumori IJ. Electroanal Chem. 2006;591:1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Stankovich MT. Anal Biochem. 1980;109:295.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Hale PD, Boguslavsky LI, Karan HI, Lan HL, Lee HS, Okamoto Y, et al. Anal Chim Acta. 1991;248:155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Albers WM, Lekkala JO, Jeuken L, Canters GW, Turner APF. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg. 1997;42:25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Liu X, Neoh KG, Cen L, Kang ET. Biosens Bioelectron. 2004;19:823.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Ghica ME, Brett CMA. Anal Chim Acta. 2005;532:145.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Cenas NK, Pocius AK, Kulys JJ. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg. 1983;11:61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Kajiya Y, Sugai H, Iwakura C, Yoneyama H. Anal Chem. 1991;63:49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Battaglini F, Koutroumanis M, English AM, Mikkelsen SR. Bioconjug Chem. 1994;5:430.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Arai G, Yasumori I. Recent Res Dev Pure Appl Chem. 1998;2:179.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Cosnier S, Lepellec A, Guidetti B, Rico-Lattes IJ. Electroanal Chem. 1998;449:165.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Kaku T, Karan HI, Okamoto Y. Anal Chem. 1994;66:1231.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Wang P, Amarasinghe S, Leddy J, Arnold M, Dordick JS. Polymer. 1997;39:123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Piro B, Do V-A, Le LA, Hedayatullah M, Pham MCJ. Electroanal Chem. 2000;486:133.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Tatsuma T, Sato TJ. Electroanal Chem. 2004;572:15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Tatsuma T, Sato T. Chem Sensors. 2004;20:782.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Gruendig B, Strehlitz B, Krabisch C, Thielemann H, Kotte H, Gomoll M, et al. GBF Monogr. 1992;17:275.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Karyakin AA, Strakhova AK, Karyakina EE, Varfolomeyev SD, Yatsimirsky AK. Synth Met. 1993;60:289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Kuhn, R.; Beinert, H. Ber. - Dtsch. Chem. Ges. [Abteilung] B: Abhandlungen 1944, 77B, 606.

    Google Scholar 

  121. McDonald TA, Waidyanatha S, Rappaport S. M Carcinogenesis. 1993;14:1927.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Crescenzi O, Prota G, Schultz T, Wolfram LJ. Tetrahedron. 1988;44:6447.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Marcus RA, Sutin N. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Bioenerg. 1985;811:265.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Kulys J, Buch-Rasmussen T, Bechgaard K, Razumas V, Kazlauskaite J, Marcinkeviciene J, et al. J Mol Catal. 1994;91:407.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Gorton L, Bremle G, Csoeregi E, Joensson-Pettersson G, Persson B. Anal Chim Acta. 1991;249:43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Hedenmo M, Narvaez A, Dominguez E, Katakis I. Analyst. 1996;121:1891.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Gen L, Boguslavsky LI, Kovalev IP, Sahni SK, Kalash H, Skotheim TA, et al. Biosens Bioelectron. 1996;11:1267.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Huan Z, Persson B, Gorton L, Sahni S, Skotheim T, Barlett P. Electroanalysis. 1996;8:575.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Kojima S, Tsujimura S, Kano K, Ikeda T, Sato M, Sanada H, et al. Chem Sensors. 2004;20:768.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Forrow NJ, Sanghera GS, Watkin JL, Walters S. US Patent. 2004;6:736,957.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Mahenc J, Aussaresses H. C R Chim. 1979;289:357.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Jaffari SA, Turner APF. Biosens Bioelectron. 1996;12:1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Crumbliss AL, Hill HA, Page DJJ. Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem. 1986;206:327.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Lee S-H, Fang H-Y, Chen W-C, Lin H-M, Chang CA. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2005;383:532.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Cecchet F, Marcaccio M, Margotti M, Paolucci F, Rapino S, Rudolf P. J Phys Chem B. 2006;110:2241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Degani Y, Heller AJ. Am Chem Soc. 1989;111:2357.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Pishko MV, Katakis I, Lindquist SE, Ye L, Gregg BA, Heller A. Angew Chem Int Ed. 1990;102:109.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Zakeeruddin SM, Fraser DM, Nazeeruddin MK, Graetzel MJ. Electroanal Chem. 1992;337:253.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Matthews DR, Holman RR, Bown E, Steemson J, Watson A, Hughes S, et al. Lancet. 1987;1:778.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Frew JE, Hill HA. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1987;316:95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Liaudet E, Battaglini F, Calvo EJJ. Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem. 1990;293:55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Schuhmann W, Wohlschlaeger H, Lammert R, Schmidt HL, Loeffler U, Wiemhoefer HD, et al. Sens Actuators B. 1990;B1:571.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Nien P-C, Tung T-S, Ho K-C. Electroanalysis. 2006;18:1408.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Ballarin B, Cassani MC, Mazzoni R, Scavetta E, Tonelli D. Biosens Bioelectron. 2007;22:1317.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Cass AEG, Davis G, Francis GD, Hill HAO, Aston WJ, Higgins IJ, et al. Anal Chem. 1984;56:667.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Green MJ, Hill HAO. J Chem Soc, Faraday Trans 1. 1986;82:1237.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Alvarez-Icaza M, Kalisz HM, Hecht HJ, Aumann KD, Schomburg D, Schmid RD. Biosens Bioelectron. 1995;10:735.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Forrow, N. J.; Sanghera, G. S.; Walters, S. J. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2002, 3187.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Jonsson G, Gorton L, Pettersson L. Electroanalysis. 1989;1:49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Bourdillon C, Demaille C, Moiroux J, Saveant J-MJ. Am Chem Soc. 1995;117:11499.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Anicet N, Bourdillon C, Demaille C, Moiroux J-M, Saveant JMJ. Electroanal Chem. 1996;410:199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. Piro B, Dang LA, Pham MC, Fabiano S, Tran-Minh CJ. Electroanal Chem. 2001;512:101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Yang X, Hall SB, Tan SN. Electroanalysis. 2003;15:885.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Ferreyra N, Coche-Guerente L, Labbe P. Electrochim Acta. 2004;49:477.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Zhao C, Wittstock G. Anal Chem. 2004;76:3145.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Setti L, Fraleoni-Morgera A, Ballarin B, Filippini A, Frascaro D, Piana C. Biosens Bioelectron. 2019;2005:20.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Zhang S, Wang N, Niu Y, Sun C. Sens Actuators B. 2005;B109:367.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Zhang S, Wang N, Yu H, Niu Y, Sun C. Bioelectrochemistry. 2005;67:15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Zhao C, Wittstock G. Biosens Bioelectron. 2005;20:1277.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Zhang S, Yang W, Niu Y, Li Y, Zhang M, Sun C. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2006;384:736.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Zhu Z, Wang M, Gautam A, Nazor J, Momeu C, Prodanovic R, et al. Biotechnol J. 2007;2:241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Chen L-Q, Zhang X-E, Xie W-H, Zhou Y-F, Zhang Z-P, Cass Anthony EG. Biosens Bioelectron. 2002;17:851.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Tian F, Zhu G. Anal Chim Acta. 2002;451:251–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Kohma T, Hasegawa H, Oyamatsu D, Kuwabata S. Bull Chem Soc Jpn. 2007;80:158.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Green MJ, Hilditch PI. Anal Proc. 1991;28:374.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Hilditch PI, Green MJ. Analyst. 1991;116:1217.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Forrow NJ, Walters SJ. Biosens Bioelectron. 2004;19:763.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Atanasov P, Kaisheva A, Iliev I, Razumas V, Kulys J. Biosens Bioelectron. 1992;7:361.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Zhang C, Haruyama T, Kobatake E, Aizawa M. Anal Chim Acta. 2000;408:225.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Kurova VS, Ershov AY, Ryabov AD. Russ Chem Bull. 2001;50:1849.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Ryabov AD, Sukharev VS, Alexandrova L, Le Lagadec R, Pfeffer M. Inorg Chem. 2001;40:6529.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Degani Y, Heller AJ. Phys Chem. 1987;91:1285.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Degani Y, Heller AJ. Am Chem Soc. 1988;110:2615.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Bartlett PN, Bradford VQ, Whitaker RG. Talanta. 1991;38:57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Schuhmann W, Ohara TJ, Schmidt HL, Heller AJ. Am Chem Soc. 1991;113:1394.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Heller A. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2006;10:664.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Ye L, Haemmerle M, Olsthoorn AJJ, Schuhmann W, Schmidt HL, Duine JA, et al. Anal Chem. 1993;65:238.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Mao F, Mano N, Heller AJ. Am Chem Soc. 2003;125:4951.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Mano, N.; Mao, F.; Heller, A. Chem. Commun. 2004, 2116.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Mano N, Mao F, Heller AJ. Electroanal Chem. 2005;574:347.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Aoki A, Heller AJ. Phys Chem. 1993;97:11014.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Blauch DN, Saveant JMJ. Am Chem Soc. 1992;114:3323.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Aoki A, Rajagopalan R, Heller AJ. Phys Chem. 1995;99:5102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Andrieux CP, Saveant JMJ. Phys Chem. 1988;92:6761.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Surridge NA, Sosnoff CS, Schmehl R, Facci JS, Murray RWJ. Phys Chem. 1994;98:917.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Rajagopalan R, Aoki A, Heller AJ. Phys Chem. 1996;100:3719.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Mano N, Yoo JE, Tarver J, Loo Y-L, Heller AJ. Am Chem Soc. 2007;129:7006.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Forster RJ, Kelly AJ, Vos JG, Lyons MEGJ. Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem. 1989;270:365.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Forster RJ, Vos JG. Macromolecules. 1990;23:4372.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Forster RJ, Vos JGJ. Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem. 1991;314:135.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Forster RJ, Vos JG, Lyons MEGJ. Chem Soc, Faraday Trans. 1991;87:3769.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Forster RJ, Vos JG, Lyons MEGJ. Chem Soc, Faraday Trans. 1991;87:3761.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Forster RJ, Vos JG. Electrochim Acta. 1992;37:159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Soukharev V, Mano N, Heller AJ. Am Chem Soc. 2004;126:8368.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Binyamin G, Heller AJ. Electrochem Soc. 1999;146:2965.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Gao Z, Binyamin G, Kim H-H, Barton SC, Zhang Y, Heller A. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2002;41:810.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Fei J, Wu Y, Ji X, Wang J, Hu S, Gao Z. Anal Sci. 2003;19:1259.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Xie H, Tan XL, Gao Z. Frontiers Biosci. 2005;10:1797.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Lever ABP. Inorg Chem. 1990;29:1271.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Mano N, Soukharev V, Heller AJ. Phys Chem B. 2006;110:11180.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Katakis I, Ye L, Heller AJ. Am Chem Soc. 1994;116:3617.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Heller A. Ann ReV Biomed Eng. 1999;1:153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Heller A. AIChE J. 2005;51:1054.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Clarke WL, Anderson S, Farhy L, Breton M, Gonder-Frederick L, Cox D, et al. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2412.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Weinstein RL, Schwartz SL, Brazg RL, Bugler JR, Peyser TA, McGarraugh GV. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1125.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Wilson DM, Beck RW, Tamborlane WV, Dontchev MJ, Kollman C, Chase P, et al. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Dassau E, Bequette BW, Buckingham BA, Doyle 3rd FJ. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:295.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Weinzimer S, Xing D, Tansey M, Fiallo-Scharer R, Mauras N, Wysocki T, et al. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  209. Wilson DM, Kollman C, Xing D, Fiallo-Scharer R, Weinzimer S, Steffes M, et al. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:381.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Xiao Y, Patolsky F, Katz E, Hainfeld James F, Willner I. Science. 2003;299:1877.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Dagan-Moscovich H, Cohen-Hadar N, Porat C, Rishpon J, Shacham-Diamand Y, Freeman AJ. Phys Chem C. 2007;111:5766.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Lee CW, Chang HN. Chem Eng Sci. 1985;40:873.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Gooding JJ, Hall EAH. Electroanalysis. 1996;8:407.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Suzuki H, Tamiya E, Karube I. Proc Electrochem Soc. 1987;87–9:393.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Suzuki H, Tamiya E, Karube I. Anal Chem. 1988;60:1078.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Suzuki H. Fujitsu Sci Techn J. 1989;25:52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Suzuki H, Sugama A, Kojima N, Takei F, Ikegami K. Biosens Bioelectron. 1991;6:395.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Suzuki H. Sens Actuators B. 1994;21:17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Suzuki H, Arakawa H, Karube I. Biosens Bioelectron. 2001;16:725.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Mitsubayashi K, Wakabayashi Y, Tanimoto S, Murotomi D, Endo T. Biosens Bioelectron. 2003;19:67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Wang J, Li S, Mo J-W, Porter J, Musameh MM, Dasgupta PK. Biosens Bioelectron. 2002;17:999.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Silber A, Braeuchle C, Hampp NJ. Electroanal Chem. 1995;390:83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  223. Yacynych AM, Sasso SV, Reynolds ER, Geise RJ. GBF Monogr Ser. 1987;10:69.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Armstrong RD, Newton HVJ. Electroanal Chem. 1994;364:87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Gorton L, Joensson GJ. Mol Catal. 1986;38:157.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Taniguchi I, Matsushita K, Okamoto M, Collin JP, Sauvage JPJ. Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem. 1990;280:221.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Gamburzev S, Atanasov P, Ghindilis AL, Wilkins E, Kaisheva A, Iliev I. Sens Actuators B. 1997;B43:70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Liu J, Lu F, Wang J. Electrochem Commun. 1999;1:341.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Mailley P, Cosnier S, Coche-Guerente L. Anal Lett. 2000;33:1733.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Elzanowska H, Abu-Irhayem E, Skrzynecka B, Birss VI. Electroanalysis. 2004;16:478.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Wang J, Myung NV, Yun M, Monbouquette HGJ. Electroanal Chem. 2005;575:139.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Kurusu F, Tsunoda H, Saito A, Tomita A, Kadota A, Kayahara N, et al. Analyst. 2006;131:1292.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Tsai Y-C, Li S-C, Liao S-W. Biosens Bioelectron. 2006;22:495.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Lee C-H, Wang S-C, Yuan C-J, Wen M-F, Chang K-S. Biosens Bioelectron. 2007;22:877.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Yao Y, Shiu K-K. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2007;387:303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Elekes O, Moscone D, Venema K, Korf J. Clin Chim Acta. 1995;239:153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Bharathi S, Nogami M. Analyst. 2001;126:1919.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Gu T, Hasebe Y, Uchiyama S. Chem Sensors. 2002;18:52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Prieto-Simon B, Armatas GS, Pomonis PJ, Nanos CG, Prodromidis MI. Chem Mater. 2004;16:1026.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Dodevska T, Horozova E, Dimcheva N. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2006;386:1413.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. De Lara Gonzalez GL, Kahlert H, Scholz F. Electrochim Acta. 2006;52:1968.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Wu S, Zhao H, Ju H, Shi C, Zhao J. Electrochem Commun. 2006;8:1197.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Yang M, Jiang J, Yang Y, Chen X, Shen G, Yu R. Biosens Bioelectron. 2006;21:1791.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Qu F, Yang M, Shen G, Yu R. Biosens Bioelectron. 2007;22:1749.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Albers J, Grunwald T, Nebling E, Piechotta G, Hintsche R. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2003;377:521.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Piechotta G, Albers J, Hintsche R. Biosens Bioelectron. 2005;21:802.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Wang J, Chatrathi MP, Collins GE. Anal Chim Acta. 2007;585:11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Nagy L, Kalman N, Nagy GJ. Biochem Biophys Methods. 2006;69:133.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Kulys J. GBF Monogr Ser. 1987;10:51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Gorton L, Bardheim M, Bremle G, Csoeregi E, Persson B, Pettersson G. GBF Monogr. 1991;14:305.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Ohara TJ, Vreeke MS, Battaglini F, Heller A. Electroanalysis. 1993;5:825.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Tatsuma T, Watanabe T, Watanabe TJ. Electroanal Chem. 1993;356:245.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. De Benedetto GE, Palmisanto F, Zambonin PG. Biosens Bioelectron. 1996;11:1001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  254. Liu H, Ying T, Sun K, Li H, Qi D. Anal Chim Acta. 1997;344:187.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Mulchandani A, Pan S. Anal Biochem. 1999;267:141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Patolsky F, Zayats M, Katz E, Willner I. Anal Chem. 1999;71:3171.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Kuznetsova LN, Tarasevich MR, Bogdanovskaya VA. Russ J Electrochem. 2000;36:716.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Su X, O’Shea SJ. Anal Biochem. 2001;299:241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Castillo J, Gaspar S, Sakharov I, Csoregi E. Biosens Bioelectron. 2003;18:705.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Shan D, Cosnier S, Mousty C. Anal Lett. 2003;36:909.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Dzantiev BB, Yazynina EV, Zherdev AV, Plekhanova YV, Reshetilov AN, Chang SC, et al. Sens Actuators B. 2004;B98:254.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Pizzariello A, Stred’ansky M, Miertus S. Bioelectrochem. 2002;56:99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Asberg P, Inganas O. Biosens Bioelectron. 2003;19:199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Kenausis G, Chen Q, Heller A. Anal Chem. 1997;69:1054.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Calvo EJ, Battaglini F, Danilowicz C, Wolosiuk A, Otero M. Faraday Disc. 2000;116:47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Solna R, Dock E, Christenson A, Winther-Nielsen M, Carlsson C, Emneus J, et al. Anal Chim Acta. 2005;528:9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Janata J. Diabetes Care. 1982;5:271.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Miyahara Y, Matsu F, Moriizumi T, Matsuoka H, Karube I, Suzuki S. Anal Chem Symp Ser. 1983;17:501.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Caras SD, Petelenz D, Janata J. Anal Chem. 1920;1985:57.

    Google Scholar 

  270. Murakami T, Nakamoto S, Kimura J, Kuriyama T, Karube I. Anal Lett. 1986;19:1973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Gotoh M, Seki A, Tamiya E, Karube I. Proc Electrochem Soc. 1987;87–9:285.

    Google Scholar 

  272. Caras S, Janata J. Methods Enzymol. 1988;137:247.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Karube I. GBF Monogr Ser. 1987;10:155.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Kimura J, Murakami T, Kuriyama T, Karube I. Sens Actuators. 1988;15:435.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Gotoh M, Tamiya E, Seki A, Shimizu I, Karube I. Anal Lett. 1989;22:309.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Lee HL, Yang ST, Jung DS, Kim CS, Sohn BK. Anal Sci Technol. 1992;5:177.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Shul’ga AA, Sandrovsky AC, Strikha VI, Soldatkin AP, Starodub NF, El’skaya AV. Sens Actuators B. 1992;B10:41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  278. Soldatkin AP, El’skaya AV, Shul’ga AA, Netchiporouk LI, Hendji AMN, Jaffrezic-Renault N, et al. Anal Chim Acta. 1993;283:695.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Vering T, Schubmann W, Schmidt H-L, Mikolajick T, Falter T, Ryssel H, et al. Electroanalysis. 1994;6:953.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Shul’ga AA, Koudelka-Hep M, de Rooij NF, Netchiporouk LI. Sens Actuators B. 1995;B24:117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  281. Luo X-L, Xu J-J, Zhao W, Chen H-Y. Sens Actuators B. 2004;B97:249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Kadish AH, Hall DA. Clin Chem. 1965;11:869.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Kadish AH, Litle RL, Sternberg JC. Clin Chemist. 1968;14:116.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Clark, L. C., Jr. U.S. Patent 2,913,386, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  285. Ann. Intern. Med. 2007, 146, ITC1-15.

    Google Scholar 

  286. Rosenthal NR, Barrett EJJ. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;60:607.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Am J Med. 2006;119:S10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Nelson JD, Woelk MA, Sheps S. Diabetes Care. 1983;6:262.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Petranyi G, Kyne DA, Alberti KG. Diabetic Med: J Brit Diabetic Assoc. 1986;3:187.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Higgins IJ, Hill HAO, Plotkin EV. E V US Patent. 1985;4:545,382.

    Google Scholar 

  291. Higgins IJ, Hill HAO. US Patent. 1987;4:711,245.

    Google Scholar 

  292. D’Costa EJ, Higgins IJ, Turner APF. Biosensors. 1986;2:71–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  293. Kyvik KO, Traulsen J, Reinholdt B, Froland A. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1990;10:85–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Ross D, Heinemann L, Chantelau EA. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1990;10:281–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Feldman B, McGarraugh G, Heller A, Bohannon N, Skyler J, DeLeeuw E, et al. Diabetes Technol Therap. 2000;2:221–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Feldman, B. J.; Heller, A.; E., H.; Mao, F.; Vivolo, J. A.; Funderburk, J. V.; Colman, F. C.; Krishnan, R. U.S. Patent 6,299,757 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  297. Feldman, B. J.; Heller, A.; E., H.; Mao, F.; Vivolo, J. A.; Funderburk, J. V.; Colman, F. C.; Krishnan, R. U.S. Patent 6,338,790 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  298. Feldman, B. J.; Heller, A.; E., H.; Mao, F.; Vivolo, J. A.; Funderburk, J. V.; Colman, F. C.; Krishnan, R. U.S. Patent 6,592,745 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  299. Feldman, B. J.; Heller, A.; E., H.; Mao, F.; Vivolo, J. A.; Funderburk, J. V.; Colman, F. C.; Krishnan, R. U.S. Patent 6,618,934, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  300. Washburn EW. Phys Rev. 1921;17:374.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Bierer DW, Quebbemann AJ. Clin Chem. 1981;27:756.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Wens R, Taminne M, Devriendt J, Collart F, Broeders N, Mestrez F, et al. Peritonial Dialysis Int. 1998;18:603.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Jungheim K, Koschinsky T. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. McGarraugh G, Price D, Schwartz S, Weinstein R. Diabetes Technol Therap. 2001;3:367.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Armour JC, Lucisano JY, McKean BD, Gough DA. Diabetes. 1990;39:1519.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. Clemens AH, Chang PH, Myers RW. Horm Metabol Res Suppl Ser. 1977;7:23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. Fogt EJ, Dodd LM, Jenning EM, Clemens AH. Clin Chem. 1978;24:1366.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Clemens AH. Med Prog Technol. 1979;6:91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. Fogt EJ, Dodd LM, Eddy AR, Jenning E, Clemens AH. Horm Metab Res, Suppl Ser. 1979;8:18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Lucisano JY, Edelman SV, Quinto BD, Wong DK. Polym Mater Sci Eng. 1997;76:564.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  311. Wong, D. K.; Lucisano, J. Y. U.S. Patent 5,804,048, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  312. Updike SJ, Shults MC, Rhodes RK, Gilligan BJ, Luebow JO, von Heimburg D. ASAIO J. 1994;40:157.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. Ward WK, Troupe JE. ASAIO J. 1999;45:555.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. Updike SJ, Shults MC, Gilligan BJ, Rhodes RK. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:208.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. Gilligan BC, Shults M, Rhodes RK, Jacobs PG, Brauker JH, Pintar TJ, et al. Diabetes Technol Therap. 2004;6:378.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  316. Ahmed S, Dack C, Farace G, Rigby G, Vadgama P. Anal Chim Acta. 2005;537:153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. Yu B, Long N, Moussy Y, Moussy F. Biosens Bioelectron. 2006;21:2275.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. Yu B, Ju Y, West L, Moussy Y, Moussy F. Diabetes Technol Therap. 2007;9:265.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Janle-Swain E, Van Vleet JF, Ash SR. ASAIO Trans. 1987;33:336.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  320. Ash SR, Baker K, Blake DE, Carr DJ, Echard TG, Sweeney KD, et al. ASAIO Trans. 1987;33:524.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  321. Ash SR, Poulos JT, Rainier JB, Zopp WE, Janle E, Kissinger PT. ASAIO J. 1992;38:M416.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  322. Janle EM, Ash SR, Zopp WE, Kissinger PT. Curr Sep. 1993;12:14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Ash SR, Rainier JB, Zopp WE, Truitt RB, Janle EM, Kissinger PT, et al. ASAIO J. 1993;39:M699.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. Ash SR, Zopp WE, Truitt RB, Janle EM, Kissinger PT. Adv Filtration Separation Technol. 1993;7:316.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. Schmidt FJ, Sluiter WJ, Schoonen AJ. Diabetes Care. 1993;16:695.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. Moscone D, Venema K, Korf J. Med Biol Eng Comput. 1996;34:290.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  327. Tiessen RG, Kaptein WA, Venema K, Korf J. Anal Chim Acta. 1999;379:327.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  328. Savenije B, Venema K, Gerritzen MA, Lambooij E, Korf J. Anal Chem. 2003;75:4397.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  329. Schmidt FJ, Aalders AL, Schoonen AJ, Doorenbos H. Int J Artif Organs. 1992;15:55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  330. Mascini M, Moscone D, Bernardi L. Sens Actuators B. 1992;B6:143.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  331. Moscone, D.; Mascini, M. Ann Biol Chem. 1992;50:323.

    Google Scholar 

  332. Moscone D, Pasini M, Mascini M. Talanta. 1992;39:1039.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  333. Meyerhoff C, Bischof F, Mennel FJ, Sternberg F, Pfeiffer EF. Int J Artif Organs. 1993;16:268.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  334. Moscone D, Mascini M. Analysis. 1993;21:M40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  335. Palmisano F, Centonze D, Guerrieri A, Zambonin PG. Biosens Bioelectron. 1993;8:393.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  336. Hashiguchi Y, Sakakida M, Nishida K, Uemura T, Kajiwara K, Shichiri M. Diabetes Care. 1994;17:387.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  337. Mascini M, Moscone D, Anichini M. Rev Anal Chem Euroanalysis VIII. 1994;154:298.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  338. Osborne PG, Niwa O, Kato T, Yamamoto K. Curr Sep. 1996;15:19.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  339. Towe BC, Pizziconi VB. Biosens Bioelectron. 1997;12:893.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  340. Vering T, Adam S, Drewer H, Dumschat C, Steinkuhl R, Schulze A, et al. Analyst. 1998;123:1605.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  341. Summers LK, Clark ML, Humphreys SM, Bugler J, Frayn KN. Horm Metab Res. 1999;31:424.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  342. Lutgers HL, Hullegie LM, Hoogenberg K, Sluiter WJ, Dullaart RP, Wientjes KJ, et al. Neth J Med. 2000;57:7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  343. Hoss U, Kalatz B, Gessler R, Pfleiderer HJ, Andreis E, Rutschmann M, et al. Diabetes Technol Therap. 2001;3:237.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  344. Wisniewski N, Klitzman B, Miller B, Reichert WMJ. Biomed Mater Res. 2001;57:513.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  345. Maran A, Crepaldi C, Tiengo A, Grassi G, Vitali E, Pagano G, et al. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:347.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  346. Poscia A, Mascini M, Moscone D, Luzzana M, Caramenti G, Cremonesi P, et al. Biosens Bioelectron. 2003;18:891.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  347. Wientjes KJ, Grob U, Hattemer A, Hoogenberg K, Jungheim K, Kapitza C, et al. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2003;5:615.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  348. Ricci F, Moscone D, Tuta CS, Palleschi G, Amine A, Poscia A, et al. Biosens Bioelectron. 1993;2005:20.

    Google Scholar 

  349. Wentholt IM, Vollebregt MA, Hart AA, Hoekstra JB, DeVries JH. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2871.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  350. Fayolle C, Brun JF, Bringer J, Mercier J, Renard E. Diabetes Metab. 2006;32:313.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  351. Kubiak T, Worle B, Kuhr B, Nied I, Glasner G, Hermanns N, et al. Diabetes Technol Therap. 2006;8:570.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  352. Rossetti P, Porcellati F, Fanelli CG, Bolli GB. Diabetes Technol Therap. 2006;8:326.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  353. Ricci F, Caprio F, Poscia A, Valgimigli F, Messeri D, Lepori E, et al. Biosens Bioelectron. 2007;22:2032.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  354. Schoemaker M, Andreis E, Roeper J, Kotulla R, Lodwig V, Obermaier K, et al. Diabetes Technol Therap. 2003;5:599.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  355. Sparacino G, Zanderigo F, Corazza S, Maran A, Facchinetti A, Cobelli C. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2007;54:931.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  356. Wang X. Diabetes Technol Therap. 2004;6:883.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  357. Kurnik RT, Berner B, Tamada J, Potts ROJ. Electrochem Soc. 1998; 145:4119.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  358. Tierney MJ, Tamada JA, Potts RO, Jovanovic L, Garg S. Biosens Bioelectron. 2001;16:621.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  359. The Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group. Diabetes Technol. Therap. 2003, 5, 791.

    Google Scholar 

  360. The Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group. Diabetes Technol. Therap. 2003, 5, 781.

    Google Scholar 

  361. Chase HP, Beck R, Tamborlane W, Buckingham B, Mauras N, Tsalikian E, et al. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  362. Wilson GS, Hu Y. Chem Rev. 2000;100:2693.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  363. Wilson GS, Gifford R. Biosens Bioelectron. 2005;20:2388.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  364. McIvor KC, Cabernoch JL, Branch KD, Van Antwerp NM, Halili EC, Mastrototaro JJ. U.S. Patent 6,360,888; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  365. Csoeregi E, Quinn CP, Schmidtke DW, Lindquist S-E, Pishko MV, Ye L, et al. A; Anal Chem. 1994;66:3131.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  366. Csoeregi E, Schmidtke DW, Heller A. Anal Chem. 1995;67:1240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  367. Quinn CP, Pathak CP, Heller A, Hubbell JA. Biomaterials. 1995;16:389.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  368. Rowinski P, Rowinska M, Heller A. Anal Chem. 2008;80:1746.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  369. Mao, F.; Cho, H. U.S. Patent 6,932,894, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  370. Van Antwerp, W. P.; C D. C.; J., M. J. U.S. Patent 6,784,274, 2004..

    Google Scholar 

  371. Clark Jr LC, Duggan C. A Diabetes Care. 1982;5:174.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  372. Abel P, Fischer U, Brunstein E, Ertle R. Horm Metab Res, Suppl Ser. 1988;20:26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  373. Clark Jr LC, Noyes LK, Spokane RB, Sudan R, Miller ML. Methods Enzymol. 1988;137:68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  374. Gough DA. Horm Metab Res Suppl Ser. 1988;20:30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  375. Shaw GW, Claremont DJ, Pickup JC. Biosens Bioelectron. 1991;6:401.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  376. Wilson GS, Zhang Y, Reach G, Moatti-Sirat D, Poitout V, Thevenot DR, et al. Clin Chem. 1992;38:1613.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  377. Shin JJ, Holtzclaw KR, Dangui ND, Kanderian JS, Mastrototaro JJ, Hong PI. U.S. Patent 7,029,444; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  378. Feldman B, Brazg R, Schwartz S, Weinstein R. Diabetes Technol Therap. 2003;5:769.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  379. Ishikawa M, Schmidtke DW, Raskin P, Quinn CAJ. Diabetes Complications. 1998;12:295.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  380. Schmidtke DW, Freeland AC, Heller A, Bonnecaze RT. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:294.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  381. Freeland AC, Bonnecaze RT. Ann Biomed Eng. 1999;27:525.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  382. Bonnecaze, R. T.; Freeland, A. C. U.S. Patent Application 20030100040, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  383. Wagner JG, Schmidtke DW, Quinn CP, Fleming TF, Bernacky B, Heller A. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:6379.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  384. Boyne MS, Silver DM, Kaplan J, Saudek CD. Diabetes. 2003;52:2790.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  385. Kulcu E, Tamada JA, Reach G, Potts RO, Lesho MJ. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2405.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  386. Doniger, K.; Budiman, E.; Hayter, G.; M., T.; Rebrin, K. 6th Diabetes Technology Meeting, Atlanta, GA, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  387. Kovatchev B, Anderson S, Heinemann L, Clarke W. Diabetes Care. 2008. doi:10.2337/dc07-2401; epub March 13.

  388. Heller A. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2004;6:209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  389. Heller A. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2006;385:469.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  390. Shin W, Lee J, Kim Y, Steinfink H, Heller AJ. Am Chem Soc. 2005;127:14590.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  391. Mano N, Fernandez JL, Kim Y, Shin W, Bard AJ, Heller AJ. Am Chem Soc. 2003;125:15290.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  392. Mano N, Kim H-H, Heller AJ. Phys Chem B. 2002;106:8842.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  393. Mano N, Kim H-H, Zhang Y, Heller AJ. Am Chem Soc. 2002;124:6480.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  394. Mano N, Heller AJ. Electrochem Soc. 2003;150:A1136.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  395. Mano N, Mao F, Heller AJ. Am Chem Soc. 2003;125:6588.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  396. Rowinski P, Kang C, Shin H, Heller A. Anal Chem. 2007;79:1173.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  397. Mano N, Mao F, Heller AJ. Am Chem Soc. 2002;124:12962.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  398. Mano N, Mao F, Heller A. Chembiochem. 2004;5:1703.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA

    Adam Heller

  2. Abbott Diabetes Care, 1360 South Loop Road, Alameda, CA, 94502, USA

    Ben Feldman

Authors
  1. Adam Heller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ben Feldman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Adam Heller .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Dept. of Physics, University of Windsor, Sunset Avenue, Windsor, N9B 3P4, Canada

    Mordechay Schlesinger

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Heller, A., Feldman, B. (2013). Electrochemical Glucose Sensors and Their Application in Diabetes Management. In: Schlesinger, M. (eds) Applications of Electrochemistry in Medicine. Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, vol 56. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6148-7_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation