Abstract
Abiotic stress tolerance in plants is gaining importance day by day. Different techniques are being employed to develop salt tolerant plants that directly or indirectly combat global food problems. Advanced comprehension of stress signal perception and transduction of associated molecular networks is now possible with the development in functional genomics and high throughput sequencing. In plant stress tolerance various genes, proteins, transcription factors, DNA histone-modifying enzymes, and several metabolites are playing very important role in stress tolerance. Determination of genomes of Arabidopsis, Oryza sativa spp. japonica cv. Nipponbare and integration of omics approach has augmented our knowledge pertaining to salt tolerance mechanisms of plants in natural environments. Application of transcriptomics, metabolomics, bioinformatics, and high-through-put DNA sequencing has enabled active analyses of regulatory networks that control abiotic stress responses. To unravel and exploit the function of genes is a major challenge of the post genomic era. This chapter therefore reviews the effect of salt stress on plants and the mechanism of salinity tolerance along with contributory roles of QTL, microRNA, microarray and proteomics.
Keywords
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abbasi F, Komatsu S (2004) A proteomic approach to analyze salt responsive proteins in rice leaf sheath. Proteomics 4:2072–2081
Ahmad P, Sharma S (2008) Salt stress and phyto-biochemical responses of plants. Plant Soil Environ 54(3):89–99
Ahmad P, Jhon R, Sarwat M, Umar S (2008) Responses of proline, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzymes in two varieties of Pisum sativum L. under salt stress. Int J Plant Production 2(4):353–366
Ahmad P, Jaleel CA, Salem MA, Nabi G, Sharma S (2010) Roles of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in plants during abiotic stress. Crit Rev Biotechnol 30(3):161–175
Ahmad P, Nabi G, Jeleel CA, Umar S (2011) Free radical production, oxidative damage and antioxidant defense mechanisms in plants under abiotic stress. In: Ahmad P, Umar S (eds) Oxidative stress: role of antioxidats in plants. Studium Press, New Delhi, pp 19–53
Ahmad P, Bhardwaj R, Tuteja N (2012a) Plant signaling under abiotic stress environment. In: Ahmad P, Prasad MNV (eds) Environmental adaptations and stress tolerance of plants in the era of climate change. 10.1007/978-1-4614-0815-4_12, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Ahmad P, Kumar A, Gupta A, Hu X, Hakeem KR, Azooz MM, Sharma S (2012b) Polyamines: role in plants under abiotic stress. In: Ashraf M, Ozturk M, Ahmad MSA, Aksoy A (eds) Crop production for agricultural improvement. pp 490–512, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Amaya I, Rotella MA, Calle M, Medina MI, Heredia A, Bressan RA et al (1999) Improved germination under osmotic stress of tobacco plants over-expressing a cell wall peroxidase. FEBS Lett 457:80–84
Ashraf M (1994) Breeding for salinity tolerance in plants. Crit Rev Plant Sci 13:17–42
Ashraf M (2009) Biotechnological approach of improving plant salt tolerance using antioxidants as markers. Biotechnol Adv 27:84–93
Bartels D, Sunkar R (2005) Drought and salt tolerance in plants. Crit Rev Plant Sci 24:23–58
Bohnert HJ, Jensen RG (1996) Strategies for engineering water-stress tolerance in plants. Trends Biotechnol 14:89–97
Bohnert HJ, Gong Q, Li P, Ma S (2006) Unraveling abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms – getting genomics going. Curr Opin Plant Biol 9:180–188
Braam J, Sistrunk ML, Polisensky DH, Xu W, Purugganan MM, Antosiewicz DM et al (1997) Plant responses to environmental stress: regulation and functions of the Arabidopsis TCH genes. Planta 203:35–41
Chen X (2004) A microRNA as translational repressor of APETALA2 in Arabidopsis flower development. Science 303:2022–2025
Chinnusamy V, Gong Z, Zhu JK (2008) Abscisic acid-mediated epigenetic processes in plant development and stress responses. J Integr Plant Biol 50(10):1187–1195
Claes B, Dekeyser R, Villarroel R, Bulcke VM, Bauw G, Montagu MV (1990) Characterization of rice gene showing organ specific expression in response to salt stress and drought. Plant Cell 2:19–27
Cramer GR, Urano K, Delrot S, Pezzotti M, Shinozaki K (2011) Effects of abiotic stress on plants: a systems biology perspective. BMC Plant Biol 11:163
Cui S, Huang F, Wang J, Ma X, Cheng Y, Liu J (2005) A proteomic analysis of cold stress responses in rice seedlings. Proteomics 5:3162–3172
Dubey H, Grover A (2000) Current initiatives in proteomic research: the plant perspective. Curr Sci 80:262–269
Flowers TJ, Colmer TD (2008) Salinity tolerance in halophytes. New Phytol 179:945–963
Fowler S, Thomashow MF (2002) Arabidopsis transcriptome profiling indicates that multiple regulatory pathways are activated during cold acclimation in addition to the CBF cold response pathway. Plant Cell 14:1675–1690
Frary A, Nesbitt TC, Frary A, Grandillo S, Van der Knaap E, Cong B, Liu J, Meller J, Elber R, Alpert KB, Tanksley SD (2000) fw-2.2: a quantitative trait locus key to the evolution of tomato fruit size. Science 289:85–88
Gill SS, Tuteja N (2010) Polyamines and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Plant Signal Behav 5(1):26–33
Gong Q, Li P, Ma S, Indu Rupassara S, Bohnert HJ (2005) Salinity stress adaptation competence in the extremophile Thellungiella halophila in comparison with its relative Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 44:826–839
Grant MR, Jones JDG (2009) Hormone (dis)harmony moulds plant health and disease. Science 324:750–752
Guleria P, Goswami D, Mahajan M, Kumar V, Bhardwaj J, Kumar SY (2012) MicroRNAs and their role in plants during abiotic stresses. In: Ahmad P, Prasad MNV (eds) Environmental adaptations and stress tolerance of plants in the era of climate change. 10.1007/978-1-4614-0815-4_12, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Gygi SP, Rist B, Aebersold R (2000) Measuring gene expression by quantitative proteome analysis. Curr Opin Biotechnol 11:396–401
Hanson AD, Burnet M (1994) Evolution and metabolic engineering of osmoprotectant accumulation in higher plants. In: Cherry JH (ed) Cell biology: biochemical and cellular mechanisms of stress tolerance in plants, NATO ASI series H. Springer, Berlin, pp 291–302
Hirayama T, Shinozaki K (2010) Research on plant abiotic stress responses in the post-genome era: past, present and future. Plant J 61:1041–1052
Hong Z, Lakhineni K, Zhang Z, Verma DPS (2000) Removal of feedback inhibition of Ä1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase results in increased proline accumulation and protection of plants from osmotic stress. Plant Physiol 122:1129–1136
Hubbard KE, Nishimura N, Hitomi K, Getzoff ED, Schroeder JI (2010) Early abscisic acid signal transduction mechanisms: newly discovered components and newly emerging questions. Genes Dev 24(16):1695–1708
Huh G-H, Damsz B, Matsumoto TK, Reddy MP, Rus AM, Ibeas JI, Narasimhan ML, Bressan RA, Hasegawa PM (2002) Salt causes ion disequilibrium-induced programmed cell death in yeast and plants. Plant J 29:649–659
Inan G, Zhang Q, Li P et al (2004) Salt cress. A halophyte and cryophyte Arabidopsis relative model system and its applicability to molecular genetic analyses of growth and development of extremophiles. Plant Physiol 135:1718–1737
Jamil A, Riaz S, Ashraf M, Foolad MR (2011) Gene expression profiling of plants under salt stress. Crit Rev Plant Sci 30:435–458
Khan MR, Mohiddin FA, Khan MM (2007) Effect of low levels of SO2 on the growth and yield of indigenous germplasm of black mustard. Environ Biol Conservat 12:53–57
Kim TH, Bohmer M, Hu H, Nishimura N, Schroeder JI (2010) Guard cell signal transduction network: advances in understanding abscisic acid, CO2, and Ca2+ signaling. Annu Rev Plant Biol 61:561–591
Koiwa H, Bressan RA, Hasegawa PM (2006) Identification of plant stress-responsive determinants in Arabidopsis by large scale forward genetic screens. J Exp Bot 57:1119–1128
Kovtun Y, Chiu WL, Tena G, Sheen J (2000) Functional analysis of oxidative stress activated mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:2940–2945
Koyro HW, Ahmad P, Geissler N (2012) Abiotic stress responses in plants: an overview. In: Ahmad P, Prasad MNV (eds) Environmental adaptations and stress tolerance of plants in the era of climate change. Springer, Science + business media, New York, pp 1–28
Lilley KS, Dupree P (2007) Plant organelle proteomics. Curr Opin Plant Biol 10:594–599
Lin HX, Zhu MZ, Yano M, Gao JP, Liang ZW, Su WA et al (2004) QTLs for Na + and K + uptake of the shoots and roots controlling rice salt tolerance. Theor Appl Genet 108:253–260
Majoul T, Bancel E, Triboi E, Hamida B, Branlard G (2003) Proteomic analysis of the effect of heat stress on hexaploid wheat grain: characterization of heat-responsive proteins from total endosperm. Proteomics 3:175–183
Mann M, Hendrickson RC, Pandey A (2001) Analysis of proteins and proteomes by mass spectrometry. Annu Rev Biol Chem 70:437–473
Mansour MMF (1998) Protection of plasma membrane of onion epidermal cells by glycine betain and proline against NaCl stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 36:767–772
Mantri N, Patade V, Penna S, Ford R, Pang E (2012) Abiotic stress responses in plants: present and future. In: Ahmad P, Prasad MNV (eds) Abiotic stress responses in plants: metabolism, productivity and sustainability. 10.1007/978-1-4614-0634-1, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Maruyama K, Sakuma Y, Kasuga M, Ito Y, Seki M, Goda H, Shimada Y, Yoshida S, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K (2004) Identification of cold inducible downstream genes of the arabidopsis DREB1A/CBF3 transcriptional factor using two microarray systems. Plant J 38(6):982–993
Mazzucotelli E, Mastrangelo AM, Crosatti C, Guerra D, Stanca AM, Cattivelli L (2008) Abiotic stress response in plants: when post-transcriptional and post-translational regulations control transcription. Plant Sci 174:420–431
Mestichelli LJJ, Gupta RN, Spenser ID (1979) The biosynthetic route from ornithine to proline. J Biol Chem 254:640–647
Mittler R (2002) Oxidative stress, antioxidants, and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 9:405–410
Mittler R (2006) Abiotic stress, the field environment and stress combination. Trends Plant Sci 11:15–19
Moons A, Bauw G, Prinsen E, Montagu MV, Van der Straeten D (1995) Molecular and physiological responses to abscisic acid and salts in roots of salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant indica rice varieties. Plant Physiol 107:177–186
Nakashima K, Ito Y, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K (2009) Transcriptional regulatory networks in response to abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis and grasses. Plant Physiol 149:88–95
Nenova V (2008) Growth and mineral concentrations of pea plants under different salinity levels and iron supply. Gen Appl Plant Physiol 34(3–4):189–202
Palatnik JF, Allen E, Wu X, Schommer C, Schwab R, Carrington JC, Weigel D (2003) Control of leaf morphogenesis by microRNAs. Nature 425:257–263
Pardo JM (2010) Biotechnology of water and salinity stress tolerance. Curr Opin Biotechnol 21:185–196
Pastori GM, Foyer CH (2002) Common components, networks, and pathways of cross tolerance to stress. The central role of ‘redox’ and abscisic acid-mediated controls. Plant Physiol 129:460–468
Patade VY, Suprasanna P (2010) Short-term salt and PEG stresses regulate expression of MicroRNA, miR159 in sugarcane leaves. J Crop Sci Biotechnol 13(3):177–182
Pieterse CMJ, Leon-Reyes A, Van der Ent S, Van Wees SCM (2009) Networking by small-molecules hormones in plant immunity. Nat Chem Biol 5:308–316
Rakwal R, Agarawal GK (2003) Rice proteomics: current status and future perspectives. Electrophoresis 24:3378–3389
Ren ZH, Gao JP, Li LG, Cai XL, Huang W, Chao DY, Zhu MZ, Wang ZY, Luan S, Lin HX (2005) A rice quantitative trait locus for salt tolerance encodes a sodium transporter. Nat Genet 37:1141–1146
Rhodes D, Rich PJ, Brunk DG, Ju GC, Rhodes JC, Pauly MH, Hansen LA (1989) Development of two isogenic sweet corn hybrids differing for glycine betaine content. Plant Physiol 9:1112–1121
Rose JKC, Bashir S, Giovannoni JJ, Jahn MM, Saravanan RS (2004) Tackling the plant proteome: practical approaches, hurdles and experimental tools. Plant J 39:715–733
Roy SJ, Tucker EJ, Tester M (2011) Genetic analysis of abiotic stress tolerance in crops. Curr Opin Plant Biol 14:232–239
Sakuma Y, Maruyama K, Osakabe Y, Qin F, Seki M, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K (2006) Functional analysis of an Arabidopsis transcription factor, DREB2A, involved in drought-responsive gene expression. Plant Cell 18(5):1292–1309
Salekdeh GH, Siopongco J, Wade LJ, Ghareyazie B, Bennett J (2002) Proteomic analysis of rice leaves during drought stress and recovery. Proteomics 2:1131–1145
Serraj R, Sinclair TR (2002) Osmolyte accumulation: can it really help increase in crop yield under drought conditions. Plant Cell Environ 25:333–341
Sheveleva E, Chmara W, Bohnert HJ, Jensen RG (1997) Increased salt and drought tolerance by D-ononitol production in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum L. Plant Physiol 115:1211–1219
Shukla LI, Chinnusamy V, Sunkar R (2008) The role of microRNAs and other endogenous small RNAs in plant stress responses. Biochim Biophys Acta 1779:743–748
Streeter JG, Lohnes DG, Fioritto RJ (2001) Patterns of pinitol accumulation in soybean plants and relationships to drought tolerance. Plant Cell Environ 24:429–438
Sunkar R, Zhu JK (2004) Novel and stress-regulated microRNAs and other small RNA from Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 16:2001–2019
Tester M, Langridge P (2010) Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changing world. Science 327:818–822
The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative (2000) Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature 408:796–815
Tseng MJ, Liu CW, Yiu JC (2007) Enhanced tolerance to sulfur dioxide and salt stress of transgenic Chinese cabbage plants expressing both superoxide dismutase and catalase in chloroplasts. Plant Physiol Biochem 45:822–833
Türkan I, Demiral T (2008) Salinity tolerance mechanisms of higher plants. In: Khan NA, Singh S (eds) Abiotic stress and plant responses. I.K. International, New Delhi, pp 106–123
Tuteja N, Sopory SK (2008) Chemical signaling under abiotic stress environment in plants. Plant Signal Behav 3:525–536
Ushimaru T, Nakagawa T, Fujioka Y, Daicho K, Naito M, Yamauchi Y, Nonaka H, Amako K, Yamawaki K, Murata N (2006) Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the rice dehydroascorbate reductase gene are resistant to salt stress. J Plant Physiol 163:1179–1184
Varshney RK, Bansal KC, Aggarwal PK, Datta S, Craufurd PQ (2011) Agricultural biotechnology for crop improvement in a variable climate: hope or hype? Trends Plant Sci 1 6(7):363–371
Wang J, Zuo K, Wu W, Song J, Sun X, Lin J et al (2004) Expression of a novel antiporter gene from Brassica napus resulted in enhanced salt tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants. Biol Plantarum 48:509–515
Wang B, Davenport RJ, Volkov V, Amtmann A (2006) Low unidirectional sodium influx into root cells restricts net sodium accumulation in Thellungiella halophila, a salt-tolerant relative of Arabidopsis thaliana. J Exp Bot 57:1161–1170
Weigel D, Ahn JH, Blazquez MA, Borevitz JO, Christensen SK, Fankhauser C, Ferrandiz C, Kardailsky I, Malancharuvil EJ, Neff MM, Nguyen JT, Sato S, Wang ZY, Xia Y, Dixon RA, Harrison MJ, Lamb CJ, Yanofsky MF, Chory J (2000) Activation tagging in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 122:1003–1013
Wilkins MR, Sanchez JC, Gooley AA, Appel RD, Humphry-Smith I, Hochstrasser DF, Williams KL (1996) Progress with proteome projects: why all proteins expressed by a genome should be identified and how to do it. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 13:19–50
Xin H, Qin F, Tran Lam-Son P (2012) Transcription factors involved in environmental stress responses in plants. In: Ahmad P, Prasad MNV (eds) Environmental adaptations and stress tolerance 297 of plants in the era of climate change. 10.1007/978-1-4614-0815-4_12, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Yamada K, Lim J, Dale JM, Chen HM, Shinn P, Palm CJ, Southwick AM, Wu AC, Kim C, Nguyen M et al (2003) Empirical analysis of transcriptional activity in the arabidopsis genome. Science 302:842–846
Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K (2006) Transcriptional regulatory networks in cellular responses and tolerance to dehydration and cold stresses. Annu Rev Plant Biol 57:781–803
Yamamoto A, Bhuiyan MN, Waditee R, Tanaka Y, Esaka M, Oba K, Jagendorf AT, Takabe T (2005) Suppressed expression of the apoplastic ascorbate oxidase gene increases salt tolerance in tobacco and Arabidopsis plants. J Exp Bot 56:1785–1796
Yan S, Tang Z, Su W, Sun W (2005) Proteomic analysis of salt stress-responsive proteins in rice roots. Proteomics 5:235–244
Yan SP, Zhang QY, Tang ZC, Su WA, Sun WN (2006) Comparative proteomic analysis provides new insights into chilling stress responses in rice. Mol Cell Proteomics 5:484–496
Yancey PH, Clark ME, Hand SC, Bowlus RD, Somero GC (1982) Living with water stress: evolution of osmolyte systems. Science 217:1214–1222
Zhao BT, Liang RQ, Ge LF, Li W, Xiao HS, Lin HX, Ruan KC, Jin YX (2007) Identification of drought induced microRNAs in rice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 354:585–590
Acknowledgments
Ashwani Kumar acknowledges the Claude Leon Foundation and National Research Foundation (NRF), South Africa for providing Postdoctoral support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kumar, A., Gupta, A., Azooz, M.M., Sharma, S., Ahmad, P., Dames, J. (2013). Genetic Approaches to Improve Salinity Tolerance in Plants. In: Ahmad, P., Azooz, M.M., Prasad, M.N.V. (eds) Salt Stress in Plants. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6108-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6108-1_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-6107-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-6108-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)