Abstract
Through a study of the construction and political evolution of the American nation, recent historical works have given a new focus to measures taken in relation to the expulsion of foreigners. The part played by the distinction between citizens and foreigners also appears in numerous works on the political history of European nations. Generally speaking, studies concentrating on deportation measures aim to establish a link between the political history and political construction of nation states, and the emergence and diffusion of discriminatory measures against foreigners. If these studies raise the question of the relationship between citizenship and the exclusion of foreigners from social and political rights, they also show the room for negotiation, the different types of mobilization, and the opposition that have been formed within western nations to counter such measures. The expulsion of foreigners thus seems to be one of the principal sources of division, dissension, and polemic at the heart of liberal democracies, and it fosters not only political debate, but also community and humanitarian commitment as well as academic critique. While expulsion may be the engine of internal debate for liberal societies, its impact on the social and political life of the countries from which the expelled migrants originally come, or through which they pass, remains an area that has attracted relatively little attention.
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Notes
- 1.
This fieldwork was carried out for my PhD thesis, entitled “The moving tide of expelled migrants. Centres of displacement, collective mobilization and the risks experienced by expelled migrants in Mali.” and was based on a multisite ethnographic approach. Its aim was to offer a general description of places, networks, and associations formed by expelled migrants after deportation. This analysis is grounded in three major locations, where deportations, either by air or by road, are taking place:
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the capital city Bamako where expelled migrants are flying back mostly from Europe and America but are also returning after having been expelled from neighboring countries like Mauritania, Libya, and Algeria,
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the border zone between Mauritania and Mali and especially the border town of Gogui and the city of Nioro du Sahel, where expelled migrants from Mauritania are passing through,
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the border zone between Algeria and Mali, in the area of Tinzawaten where the ghettos described in this chapter are settled, but also, more generally, in the cities of Kidal and Gao, in Northern Mali, where expelled migrants from Algeria are passing through, and in some cases, settling for long periods.
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- 2.
Quotation from an interview with Steve Ninza, a Liberian expelled from Algeria, January 2010, Gao.
- 3.
ECOWAS is a multinational African force created on 28th May 1975 at the signing of the Lagos Treaty, which provided for the advancement and economic cooperation of its member states. These states signed a number of non-aggression treaties in 1978, 1981, and 1990, as well as a mutual support and defence agreement on 29th May 1981 in Freetown (Sierra Leone) which led to the creation of an allied armed force.
- 4.
“Violence sexuelle et migration. La réalité cachée des femmes subsahariennes arrêtées au Maroc sur la route de l’Europe. ”, March 2010.
- 5.
In the occupation of the Bourse du travail (Trade Unions Centre) in Paris in the course of 2008 by a collective of illegal migrants asking for mass legal regularization, protesters expressed their desire to be a socially and politically autonomous force.
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Lecadet, C. (2012). From Migrant Destitution to Self-organization into Transitory National Communities: The Revival of Citizenship in Post-deportation Experience in Mali. In: Anderson, B., Gibney, M., Paoletti, E. (eds) The Social, Political and Historical Contours of Deportation. Immigrants and Minorities, Politics and Policy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5864-7_9
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