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Climate Change Modeling Methodology pp 31–62Cite as

Cryosphere, Modeling of

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Abstract

The global cryosphere encompasses snow and ice in all its forms in the natural environment, including glaciers and ice sheets, sea ice, lake and river ice, permafrost, seasonal snow, and ice crystals in the atmosphere.

This chapter was originally published as part of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology edited by Robert A. Meyers. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4614-5767-1_3.

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Abbreviations

Ablation:

Snow and ice removed from an ice mass via meltwater runoff, sublimation, wind scour, or glacial calving (mechanical fracturing and separation).

Accretion:

Increase in ice mass by basal growth in the case of floating ice, the compression of snow into ice, or freezing of water that has pooled on the ice or percolated into snow from rain, meltwater, or flooding of sea/lake/river water.

Accumulation:

Snow and ice added to an ice mass via snowfall, frost deposition, rainfall that freezes on/in the ice mass, refrozen meltwater, wind-blown snow deposition, and avalanching.

Glacier:

A perennial terrestrial ice mass that shows evidence of motion/deformation under gravity.

Grounding line:

The transition zone between grounded and floating ice.

Ice sheet:

A large (i.e., continental-scale) dome of glacier ice that overwhelms the local bedrock topography, with the ice flow direction governed by the shape of the ice cap itself.

Ice shelf:

Glacier ice that has flowed into an ocean or lake and is floating, no longer supported by the bed.

Icefield:

A sheet of glacier ice in an alpine environment in which the ice is not thick enough to overwhelm the local bedrock topography, but is draped over and around it; glacier flow directions in an icefield are dictated by the bed topography.

Lake/river ice:

Floating ice on rivers or lakes, usually freshwater ice.

Mass balance:

The overall gain or loss of mass for a component of the cryosphere over a specified time interval, typically 1 year. This can be expressed as a rate of change of mass (kg year−1), ice volume (m3 year−1), or water-equivalent volume (m3 w.eq. year−1). It is also common to express this as the area-averaged rate of change or the specific mass balance rate, with units of kg m−2 year−1 or m w.eq. year−1.

Permafrost:

Perennially frozen ground, technically defined as ground that is at or below 0°C for at least 2 years.

Sea ice:

Floating ice from frozen seawater.

Snow:

Ice-crystal precipitation that accumulates on the surface.

Soil ice:

Ice in permafrost.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Washington, Atmospheric Sciences, 351640, Seattle, WA, 98195-1640, USA

    Dr. Cecilia M. Bitz

  2. Department of Geography, Earth Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada

    Dr. Shawn J. Marshall

Authors
  1. Dr. Cecilia M. Bitz
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  2. Dr. Shawn J. Marshall
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Correspondence to Cecilia M. Bitz .

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  1. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, 99352, Washington, USA

    Philip J. Rasch

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© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York

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Bitz, C.M., Marshall, S.J. (2012). Cryosphere, Modeling of. In: Rasch, P. (eds) Climate Change Modeling Methodology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5767-1_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5767-1_3

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