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Infectious Diseases pp 309–351Cite as

Tropical Health and Sustainability

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Abstract

Tropical health may be considered relevant to the range of human maladies that occur either predominantly in the tropics or become exacerbated by poorly resourced healthcare delivery systems typical of many nations in the tropics. More often, it is both of those factors, as with malaria. Sustainability implies the introduction of novel interventions aimed at mitigating the burdens and risks of such maladies by improving or replacing existing instruments that may be inadequate or suboptimal. Sustainability further implies a design of those instruments amenable to the capacities of those left to use them, following the inevitable retreat of sponsors and their fiscal and technical resources. Further, the instrument must prove effective in mitigating the problem at which it aims. The research and development (R&D) of sustainable technologies against tropical infections represents a relentlessly urgent task, often linked to preventable deaths in very substantial numbers.

This chapter, which has been modified slightly for the purposes of this volume, was originally published as part of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology edited by Robert A. Meyers. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3

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Abbreviations

ACT:

Artemisinin-combined therapies, a large class of paired drugs that represent the front-line treatments for malaria globally.

BCMS:

Board for the Coordination of Malaria Studies, a US government entity established during World War II and later dissolved to coordinate management of the development of new antimalarial therapies.

BMGF:

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

CFR:

Case fatality rate, the percentage of patients with a given clinical condition not surviving.

DDT:

Pesticide ((1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-di(4-chlorophenyl)ethane)), once often used in IRS applications.

G6PD:

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, an inherited deficiency of which causes patients to be vulnerable to mild to severe drug-induced acute intravascular hemolysis.

GFATM:

Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, a consortium of International donors committing resources to those health issues.

GMEC:

Global Malaria Eradication Campaign of the 1950s and 1960s.

GMP:

Good manufacturing practice, a high standard of manufacturing certified by experts.

IRS:

Indoor residual spraying, in malaria control the practice of spraying the interior walls of homes with insecticide in order to attack mosquitoes that feed on humans.

ITN:

Insecticide-treated net, or a net that covers a bed at night to protect sleeping people from mosquito bites and malaria infection.

Malaria:

Infection by protozoan parasites (Plasmodium species) carried by mosquitoes, often serious and fatal.

MMV:

Medicines for Malaria Venture, a public-private partnership committed to developing and licensing new antimalarials therapies.

North/south:

Generally characterizes global geographic divide between so-called developed and developing nations.

R&D:

Research and development, deliberate, systematic application of S&T in striving toward specific understanding or objectives.

RDT:

Rapid diagnostic test, an immunochromatographic, point-of-care kit used at village level to diagnose pathogens (malaria) at low cost.

S&T:

Science and technology, techniques for expanding understanding of the physical universe.

Sustainability:

Technologies or systems that operate effectively in the absence of long-term external financial or technical assistance.

Tropical health:

Health issues specific to the tropical zones, especially endemic infectious diseases and underdeveloped healthcare delivery.

WHO:

World Health Organization.

WRAIR:

The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Washington, DC, where development of antimalarials by the US government has been supported.

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Acknowledgments

JKB is supported by the Wellcome Trust grant #B9RJIXO. Prof. Jeremy Farrar, Dr. Simon Hay, and Dr. Trevor Jones provided helpful reviews of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Eijkman–Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jalan Diponegoro, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia

    J. Kevin Baird

  2. Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    J. Kevin Baird

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  1. J. Kevin Baird
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Correspondence to J. Kevin Baird .

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  1. , Department of Immunology and Infectious, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue 651, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Phyllis Kanki

  2. , Department of Coastal Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, East Beach Drive 703, Ocean Springs, 39564, Mississippi, USA

    Darrell Jay Grimes

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Baird, J.K. (2013). Tropical Health and Sustainability. In: Kanki, P., Grimes, D. (eds) Infectious Diseases. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5719-0_11

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