Abstract
Volcanoes are critical geologic hazards that challenge our ability to make long-term forecasts of their eruptive behaviors. They also have direct and indirect impacts on human lives and society. As is the case with many geologic phenomena, the time scales over which volcanoes evolve greatly exceed that of a human lifetime. On the other hand, the time scale over which a volcano can move from inactivity to eruption can be rather short: months, weeks, days, and even hours. Thus, scientific study and monitoring of volcanoes is essential to mitigate risk. There are thousands of volcanoes on Earth, and it is impractical to study and implement ground-based monitoring at them all. Fortunately, there are other effective means for volcano monitoring, including increasing capabilities for satellite-based technologies.
This chapter was originally published as part of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology edited by Robert A. Meyers. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3
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- Caldera:
-
Large crater formed by collapse of an overlying structure when an eruption empties a magma reservoir.
- Effusive:
-
Eruption of fluid molten material that later solidifies.
- Fumarole:
-
A volcanic vent that emits hot gas.
- Infrasound:
-
Sound waves at frequencies below the range of human hearing (<20 Hz).
- Interferogram:
-
A pattern of satellite radar wave “fringes” formed by interference, analogous to the colorful pattern from light reflected by a thin film of oil or gas, that can indicate ground deformation.
- Lahar:
-
Heavy flow of mud, water, and debris triggered by interactions of hot material with ice of water or when heavy rain falls on recently erupted unconsolidated material.
- Phreatic:
-
Explosion caused by heating and expansion of ground water.
- Pyroclastic:
-
Composed of rock fragments ejected explosively from an erupting volcano.
- Tremor:
-
Continuous vibration of the ground related to magma movement.
- Volatiles:
-
Dissolved gases contained in magma.
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Thurber, C., Prejean, S. (2013). Volcanoes, Observations and Impact. In: Orcutt, J. (eds) Earth System Monitoring. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5684-1_19
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