Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Midlife, Multigenerational Bonds, and Caregiving

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Caregiving Across the Lifespan

Part of the book series: Caregiving: Research • Practice • Policy ((CARE))

Abstract

The dramatic increases in life expectancy that have occurred throughout the twentieth century have had a profound impact on both individuals and families. In 1900, the average life expectancy was 47 years and people over 65 years of age accounted for approximately only 4 % of the U.S. population—or less than one in 25 persons. Today, life expectancy at birth has risen to 72.5 years for men and 79.3 years for women and people over the age of 65 represent 12.8 % of the total U.S. population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000). The democratization of the aging experience or the longevity revolution has led to a life course revolution (Skolnick, 1991). The changes in mortality have greatly influenced the concepts of young, middle, and older adulthood. Moreover, as a result of longer life expectancy, many of today’s families are multigenerational. Indeed, the modal family structure for American adults aged 50–54 is a three-generation family of adults who have one or more parents or parents-in-law and one or more children.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abel, E. K. (1991). Who cares for the elderly?: Public policy and the experiences of adult daughters. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Board of Family Practice. (1990). Perspectives on middle age: The vintage years. Princeton, NJ: New World Decisions.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angel, R. J., & Angel, J. L. (1997). Who will care for us? Aging and long-term care in a multicultural America. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonucci, T. (1990). Social supports and social relationships. In R. Binstock & L. George (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arean, P. A., Cook, B. L., Gallagher-Thompson, D., Hegel, M. T., Schulberg, H. C., & Schulz, R. (2003). Guidelines for conducting geropsychotherapy research. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11, 9–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469–480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Avis, N. E., & McKinley, S. M. (1991). A longitudinal analysis of women’s attitudes toward the menopause. Maturitas, 13, 65–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, R. C., & Baruch, G. (1985). Women’s involvement in multiple roles and psychological distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 139–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bengston, V. L. (2001). Beyond the nuclear family: The increasing importance of multigenerational bonds. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bengston, V., Rosenthal, C., & Burton, L. (1990). Families and aging: Diversity and heterogenity. In R. Binstock & L. George (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biegel, D., Sales, E., & Schulz, R. (1991). Family caregiving in chronic illnesses: Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, mental illness and stroke. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binney, E. A., Estes, C. L., & Humphers, S. E. (1993). Informalization and community care. In C. L. Estes & J. H. Swan (Eds.), Long-term care crisis: Elders trapped in the no-care zone (pp. 155–170). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite, V. (1992). Caregiver burden: Making the concept scientifically useful and policy relevant. Research on Aging, 14, 3–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brim, O. G. (1992). Theories of male mid-life crisis. The Counseling Psychologist, 6, 2–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brody, E. M. (1985). Parent care as a normative family stress. The Gerontologist, 25, 19–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bulger, M.W, Wandersman, A., Goldman, C.R. (1993). Burdens and gratifications of caregiving: Appraisal of parental care of adults with schizophrenia. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63, 255–265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgio, L., Stevens, A., Guy, D., Roth, D. L., & Haley, W. E. (2003). Impact of two psychosocial interventions on White and African American family caregivers of individuals with dementia. The Gerontologist, 43, 568–579.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, L. D., & Martin-Matthews, A. (2003). The gendered nature of men’s filial care. Journal of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58B, S350–S358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, B. D. (2001). Attachment bonds between adult daughters and their older mothers: Associations with contemporary caregiving. Journal of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56B, 57–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casper, L. M., & Bryson, K. R. (1998). Co-resident grandparents and their grandchildren: Grandparent maintained families (Working Paper No. 26). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, P. (1993). Public policy in the United States and Canada: Individualism, familial obligation and collective responsibility in the care of the elderly. In J. Hendricks & C. Rosenthal (Eds.), The remainder of their days: Domestic policy and older families in the United States and Canada (pp. 13–48). New York: Garland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clyburn, L., Stones, M., Hadjistavropoulos, T., & Tuokko, H. (2000). Predicting caregiver burden and depression in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55B, S2–S13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, C. A., Colantonio, A., & Vernich, L. (2002). Positive aspects of caregiving: Rounding out the caregiving experience. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 184–187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooney, T. M., & Uhlenberg, P. R. (1990). The role of divorce in men’s relations with their adult children after mid-life. Journal of Marriage and Family, 52, 619–625.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, C. (1999). Race and caregiving: Patterns of service use by African American and White caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 32, 5–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado, M., & Tennstedt, S. (1997). Making the case for culturally appropriate community services: Puerto Rican elders and their caregivers. Health and Social Work, 22, 246–255.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dillaway, H. E. (2005). Menopause is the “good old”—Women’s thoughts about reproductive aging. Gender and Society, 19, 398–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dilworth-Anderson, P., Williams, I. C., & Gibson, B. E. (2002). Issues of race, ethnicity, and culture in caregiving research: A 20-year review (1980–2000). The Gerontologist, 42, 237–272.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, J. W., Lee, G. R., & Jankowski, T. B. (1994). Reciprocity, elder satisfaction, and caregiver stress and burden: The exchange of aid in the family caregiving relationship (in between generations). Journal of Marriage and Family, 56, 35–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elder, G. (1992). The life course. In E. Borgatta & M. Borgatta (Eds.), Encyclopedia of sociology (3rd ed., pp. 1120–1130). New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farran, C. J., Miller, B., Kaufman, J. E., & Davis, L. (1997). Race, finding meaning, and caregiver distress. Journal of Aging and Health, 9, 316–333.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farran, C. J., Miller, B., Kaufman, J. E., Donner, E., & Fogg, L. (1999). Finding meaning through caregiving: Development of an instrument for family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 1107–1125.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, M. P., & Rosenberg, S. D. (1981). Men at midlife. Boston: Auburn House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fields, J., & Casper, L. M. (2001). America’s families and living arrangements. Current Population Reports. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, K., Hinton, W. L., & Levkoff, S. (1999). Take up the caregiver’s burden story: Stories of care for urban African American elders with dementia. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 23, 501–529.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher-Thompson, D., Coon, D. W., Solano, N., Ambler, C., Rabinowitz, Y., & Thompson, L. W. (2003). Chances in indices of distress among Latino and Anglo female caregivers of elderly relatives with dementia: Site specific results from the REACH national collaborative study. The Gerontologist, 43, 580–591.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • George, L. K., & Gwyther, L. P. (1986). Caregiver well-being: A multidimensional examination of family caregivers of demented adults. Gerontology, 26, 253–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glazer, N. (1990). The home as a workshop: Women as amateur nurses and medical care providers. Gender and Society, 4, 479–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldschieder, F. K., & Goldscheider, C. (1994). Leaving and returning home in 20th-century America. Population Bulletin, 48, 2–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldschieder, F. K., Thornton, A., & Yang, L.-S. (2001). Helping out the kids: Expectations about parental support in young adulthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 727–740.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gonyea, J. G. (1996). Finished at fifty: The politics of the menopause and hormone replacement therapy. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 12, 415–419.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonyea, J. G., O’Connor, M., Carruth, A., & Boyle, P. (2005). Subjective appraisal of Alzheimer’s disease caregiving: The role of self-efficacy and depressive symptoms in the experience of burden. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 20(5), 273–280.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagestad, G. O. (2000). Intergenerational relations. Paper prepared for the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Conference on Generations and Gender, Geneva, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haley, W. E., West, C. A., Wadley, V. G., Ford, G. R., White, F. A., Barrett, J. J., et al. (1995). Psychological, social and health impact of caregiving: A comparison of Black and White dementia caregivers and noncaregivers. Psychology and Aging, 10, 540–552.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han, S.-K., & Moen, P. (1999). Work and family over time: A life course approach. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 562, 98–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington Meyer, M., & Storbakken, M. K. (2000). Shifting the burden back to families? In M. Harrington Myer (Ed.), Carework: Gender, labor and the welfare state. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington Meyer, M. (2000). Carework: Gender, labor and the welfare state. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, P. B. (2002). The voices of husbands and sons caring for a family member with dementia. In B. J. Kramer & E. H. Thompson (Eds.), Men as caregivers—Theory, research and service implications (pp. 213–233). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinton, W. L., & Levkoff, S. (1999). Constructing Alzheimer’s: Narratives of lost identities, confusion, and loneliness in old age. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 23, 453–475.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoenig, J., & Hamilton, M. W. (1966). The schizophrenic patient in the community and his effect on the household. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 12, 165–176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollis-Sawyer, L. A. (2003). Mother–daughter eldercare and changing relationships: A path-analytic investigation of factors underlying positive-adaptive relationships. Journal of Adult Development, 10, 41–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hooker, K., Bowman, S., Coehlo, D., Lim, S., Kaye, J., Guariglia, R., et al. (2002). Behavioral change in persons with dementia: Relationships with mental and physical health of caregivers. Journal of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57B, 453–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hooyman, N. R., & Gonyea, J. G. (1995). Feminist perspectives on family care: Policies for gender justice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, R. B., & Gonyea, J. G. (2000). Time not yet money: The promise and politics of the Family and Medical Leave Act. Journal of Social Policy and Aging, 11, 189–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janevic, M. R., & Connell, C. M. (2001). Racial, ethnic, and cultural differences in the dementia caregiving experience: Recent findings. The Gerontologist, 41, 334–337.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Glaser, R., Shuttleworth, E. E., Dyer, C. S., Ogrocki, P., & Speicher, C. E. (1987). Chronic stress and immunity in family caregivers of Alzheimer’s disease patients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 49, 523–535.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, B. G., Lutzky, S.M. & Macofsky-Urban, F. (1993). A meta-analytic review of interventions for careqiver distress: Recommendations for Future Research. Gerontologist, 33, 43–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, B. G., & McCallum, T. J. (1998). Heart rate reactivity and depression in African American and White dementia caregivers: Reporting bias or positive coping? Aging and Mental Health, 2, 212–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, B. G., Silverstein, M., McCallum, T. J., & Fox, L. S. (2000). A sociocultural stress and coping model for mental health outcomes among African American caregivers in southern California. Journal of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 46, P181–P189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, B. J. (1997). Gain in the caregiving experience: Where are we? What next? The Gerontologist, 37, 218–232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lachman, M. E., Lewkowicz, C., Marcus, A., & Peng, Y. (1994). Images of midlife development among young, middle-aged, and older adults. Journal of Adult Development, 1, 201–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levkoff, S. E., Levey, B. R., & Weitzman, P. E. (1999). The role of religion and ethnicity in the help seeking of family caregivers of elders with Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 14, 335–356.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, K. S., Zarit, S. H., Sayer, A. G., & Whitlatch, C. J. (2002). Caregiving as a dyadic process: Perspectives from caregiver and receiver. Journal of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57B, P195–P204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, S. R. (1977). Multiple roles and role strain: Some notes on human energy, time and commitment. American Sociological Review, 41, 921–936.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, N. F. (1996). Caregiving across the lifespan: National prevalence and predictors. Family Relations, 45, 27–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, N. F. (1998). Does it hurt to care: Caregiving, work-family conflict, and midlife well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 60, 951–956.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, P. (1992a). Families and mental illness: New directions in professional practice. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, P. (1992b). Families and mental retardation: New directions in professional practice. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthew, L. J., Mattocks, H., & Slatt, L. M. (1990). Exploring the roles of men in caring for demented relatives. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 16, 20–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGraw, L. A., & Walker, A. J. (2004). Negotiating care: Ties between aging mothers and their caregiving daughters. Journal of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 59B, S324–S332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNally, S., Ben-Shlomo, Y., & Newman, S. (1999). The effect of respite care on informal cares’ well-being: A systematic review, Disability and Rehabilitation, 21, 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, B., & Cafasso, L. (1992). Gender differences in caregiving: Fact or artifact? The Gerontologist, 32, 498–507.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moen, P. (2001). The gendered life course. In R. H. Binstock & L. K. George (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (5th ed., pp. 179–196). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moen, P., Robison, J., & Fields, V. (1994). Women’s work and caregiving roles: A life course approach. Journal of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 49, S176–S186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, R., Gonyea, J. G., & Hooyman, N. R. (1985). Caregiving and the experience of objective and subjective burden. Family Relations, 34, 19–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, R., & Kosloski, K. (1994). Outcomes of family caregiving: Lessons from the past and challenges for the future. In M. Cantor (Ed.), Family caregiving: An agenda for the future. San Francisco, CA: American Society on Aging.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Alliance for Caregiving & AARP. (2005). Caregiving in the U.S. Bethesda, MD: National Alliance for Caregiving & AARP.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Council on Aging. (2000). Myths and realities 2000 survey results. Washington, DC: National Council on Aging.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noonan, A. E., & Tennstedt, S. L. (1997). Meaning in caregiving and its contribution to caregiver well-being. The Gerontologist, 37, 785–794.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noonan, A. E., Tennstedt, S. L., & Rebelsky, F. G. (1996). Making the best of it: Themes of meaning among informal caregivers to the elderly. Journal of Aging Studies, 10, 313–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Older Women’s League. (1989). Failing America’s caregivers: A status report on women who care. Washington, DC: Older Women’s League.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, L. K. (2001). Age through ethnic lenses: Caring for elderly in a multicultural society. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parks, H., & Pilisuk, M. (1991). Caregiver burden: Gender and the psychological costs of caregiving. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 6, 501–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L., Mullan, J., Semple, S., & Skaff, M. (1990). Caregiving and the stress process: An overview of concepts and their measures. The Gerontologist, 30, 583–594.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978). The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19, 2–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penning, M. J. (2002). Hydra revisited: Substituting formal for self- and informal in-home care among older adults with disabilities. The Gerontologist, 42, 4–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Picot, S. J. F., Youngblut, J., & Zeller, R. (1997). Development and testing of a measure of perceived caregiver rewards in adults. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 5, 32–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pot, A.M., Deeg, D.J., vanDyck, R., & Jonker, C. (1998). Psychological distress of caregivers: The mediator effect of caregiving appraisel. Patient Education and Counseling, 34, 43–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulshock, SW., & Deimling, G.T. (1984). Families caring for elders in residence: Issues in the measurement of burden. Journal of Gerontology, 39, 230–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi, H., & Walker, A. (1989). The caring relationship: Elderly people and their families. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raschick, M., & Ingersoll-Dayton, B. (2004). The costs and rewards of caregiving among aging spouses and adult children. Family Relations, 53, 317–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roff, L. L., Burgio, L. D., Gitlin, L., Nichols, L., Chaplin, W., & Hardin, J. M. (2004). Positive aspects of Alzheimer’s caregiving: The role of race. Journal of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 59B, P185–P190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, R. (2001). A qualitative study of elderly men who care for wives with dementia. Journal of Aging Studies, 15, 351.367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, R., Gallagher-Thompson, D., Haley, W. E., & Czaja, S. (2000). Understanding the interventions process: A theoretical conception framework for intervention approaches to caregiving. In R. Schulz (Ed.), Handbook on dementia caregiving: Evidence-based interventions for family caregivers (pp. 33–60). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, R., & Martire, L. M. (2004). Family caregiving of persons with dementia: Prevalence, health effects, and support strategies. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 240–249.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, R., O’Brien, A. T., Bookwalla, J., & Flesissner, K. (1995). Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of dementia caregiving: Prevalence, correlates and causes. The Gerontologist, 35, 771–791.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, R., O’Brien, A., Czaja, S., Ory, M., Norris, R., Martire, L. M., et al. (2002). Dementia caregiver intervention research: In search of clinical significance. The Gerontologist, 42, 589–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shanas, E. (1979). The family as a support system in old age. The Gerontologist, 19, 169–174.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein, M., & Marenco, A. (2001). How Americans enact the grandparent role across the family life course. Journal of Family Issues, 22, 493–522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skaff, M. M., & Pearlin, L. I. (1992). Caregiving: Role engulfment and loss of self. The Gerontologist, 32, 656–664.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skolnick, A. (1991). Embattled paradise. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorensen, S., Pinquart, M., & Duberstein, P. (2002). How effective are interventions with caregivers? An updated meta-analysis. The Gerontologist, 42, 356–372.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spillman, B. C., & Pezzin, L. E. (2000). Potential and active family caregivers: Changing networks and the “sandwich generation”. The Millbank Quarterly, 78, 347–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strawbridge, W. J., & Wallhagen, M. I. (1991). Impact of family conflict on adult child caregivers. The Gerontologist, 31, 770–771.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, E. H., & Doll, W. (1982). The burden of families coping with the mentally ill: An invisible crisis. Family Relations, 31, 379–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toseland, R. W., & Rossiter, C. M. (1989). Group interventions to support family caregivers: A review and analysis. The Gerontologist, 29, 465–471.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Traustadottir, R. (1991). Mothers who care: Gender, disability, and family life. Journal of Family Issues, 12, 211–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2005). Women in the labor force: A databook (Report 985). Retrieved February 2006 from www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-table7-2005.pdf

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2000). Population projections of the United States by age, sex, race, hispanic origin, and nativity: 1999 to 2000. Retrieved January 2001 from www.census.gov/projections/natproj.html.

  • U.S. Commission on Family and Medical Leave. (1996). A working balance: Report to congress on family and medical leave policy. Retrieved January 1997 from http://digitalcommons,ilr.­cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?ortical=1002&context=Key_workplace.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uhlenberg, P. (1996). Mutual attraction: Demography and life-course analysis. The Gerontologist, 36, 226–229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uhlenberg, P., & Cooney, T. M. (1990). Family size and mother–child relationships in later life. The Gerontologist, 30, 618–625.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uhlenberg, P., & Hammill, B. G. (1998). Frequency of grandparent contact with grandchild sets: Six factors that make a difference. The Gerontologist, 38, 276–285.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A. J., Martin, S. K., & Jones, L. L. (1992). The benefits and costs of caregiving and care receiving for daughters and mothers. Journal of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 47B, S130–S139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, R. A., & Spitze, G. (1998). Sandwiched marriages: The implications of child and parent relations for marital quality in midlife. Social Forces, 77, 647–666.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, T. M., Townsend, A. L., & Stephens, M. A. (2000). Comparisons of African American and White women in the parent care role. The Gerontologist, 40, 718–728.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yee, J. L., & Schulz, R. (2000). Gender differences in psychiatric morbidity among family caregivers: A review and analysis. The Gerontologist, 40, 147–164.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Social Work, Boston University, 264 Bay State Road, Boston, MA, 02215, USA

    Judith G. Gonyea Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Judith G. Gonyea Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Judith G. Gonyea Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Western Kentucky University, College Heights Boulevard 1906, Bowling Green, 42101, Kentucky, USA

    Ronda C. Talley

  2. , Dept. Social Work, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, East Hartford Avenue 2400, Milwaukee, 53211, Wisconsin, USA

    Rhonda J.V. Montgomery

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gonyea, J.G. (2013). Midlife, Multigenerational Bonds, and Caregiving. In: Talley, R., Montgomery, R. (eds) Caregiving Across the Lifespan. Caregiving: Research • Practice • Policy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5553-0_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation