Skip to main content

Misinformation and Disinformation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Facebook Nation

Abstract

Information is power. Disinformation is abuse of power. Los Angeles Times playfully called the 2006 ‘‘lonelygirl15’’ YouTube mystery the ‘‘Web’s Watergate’’. The real Watergate scandal culminated in the resignation of President Richard Nixon in August 1974. Watergate has had a profound influence on American journalism and politics. In the new era of digital information with the proliferation of Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube, inquisitive citizens and accidental journalists will radically transform the landscape of journalism and politics in the years to come.

Information is power. Disinformation is abuse of power.

—Newton Lee (2012)

There’s an old economic principle, that bad money drives out good. One thing that worries me is that bad information is driving out good.

—Professor Frank Farley (2012)

The loudest voices should be particularly careful not to rush to conclusions.

—Former U.S. Secretary of Education William J. Bennett

(March 2012)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Long, Tony. (October 30, 2007). Oct. 30, 1938: The Martians Have Landed in New Jersey! Wired. http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/10/dayintech_1030

  2. Cantril, Hadley. (May 2, 2005). The Invasion from Mars: A Study in the Psychology of Panic. Transaction Publishers

    Google Scholar 

  3. Swan, Lisa. (October 30, 2008). ‘War of the Worlds’ terrified the nation 70 years ago. New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/television/war-worlds-terrified-nation-70-years-article-1.304998

  4. Hamilton, Gabrielle. (April 27, 2006). Good Enough to Fine. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/27/opinion/27hamilton.html

  5. Picket, Kerry. (April 3, 2012). PICKET: Media misses the boat on Spike Lee Twitter story. The Washington Times. http://www.washingtontimes.com/blog/watercooler/2012/apr/3/picket-media-misses-boat-spike-lee-twitter-story/

  6. Jacobson, Susan. (March 29, 2012). Elderly couple abandon their home after address is posted on Twitter as that of George Zimmerman. Orlando Sentinel. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2012-03-29/news/os-trayvon-martin-wrong-zimmerman-20120327_1_spike-lee-william-zimmerman-retweeted

  7. Bennett, William J. (March 30, 2012). Rush to judgment in Trayvon Martin case. CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2012/03/30/opinion/bennett-trayvon-martin/index.html

  8. St. Pierre, Nate. (May 8, 2012). Abraham Lincoln Filed a Patent for Facebook in 1845. Nate St. Pierre Blogs. http://natestpierre.me/2012/05/08/abraham-lincoln-patent-facebook/

  9. St. Pierre, Nate. (May 10, 2012). Anatomy of a Hoax: How Abraham Lincoln Invented Facebook. Nate St. Pierre Blogs. http://natestpierre.me/2012/05/10/hoax-abraham-lincoln-invented-facebook/

  10. Gross, Doug. (May 10, 2012). Abraham Lincoln didn’t invent Facebook (except on the Internet). CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/09/tech/web/abraham-lincoln-facebook/index.html

  11. Protalinski, Emil. (May 8, 2012). Abraham Lincoln tried to patent Facebook in 1845, but failed? ZDNet. http://www.zdnet.com/blog/facebook/abraham-lincoln-tried-to-patent-facebook-in-1845-but-failed/12728

  12. Sutter, John D. (November 5, 2010). Google Maps border becomes part of international dispute. CNN. http://articles.cnn.com/2010-11-05/tech/nicaragua.raid.google.maps_1_google-maps-google-spokeswoman-google-earth

  13. Levs, Josh. (May 17, 2012). Iran threatens to sue Google for not labeling Persian Gulf. CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/17/world/meast/iran-google-gulf/index.html

  14. Pepitone, Julianne. (March 13, 2012). Encyclopedia Britannica to stop printing books. CNN. http://money.cnn.com/2012/03/13/technology/encyclopedia-britannica-books/index.htm

  15. O’Rourke, James S., IV. (March 15, 2012). Why Encyclopedia Britannica mattered. CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2012/03/14/opinion/orourke-encyclopedia/index.html

  16. Wikipedia. (November 15, 2011). Newton Lee. Difference between revisions. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newton_Lee&diff=460810113&oldid=458830548

  17. Wikipedia. (October 20, 2010). User:ClueBot NG. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:ClueBot_NG#Vandalism_Detection_Algorithm

  18. Savage, Dan. (Retrieved April 5, 2012). Spreading Santorum. http://blog.spreadingsantorum.com/

  19. Sutter, John D. (September 21, 2011). Santorum asks Google to clean up search results for his name. CNN. http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-21/tech/tech_web_santorum-google-ranking_1_google-spokeswoman-google-ceo-eric-schmidt-google-places

  20. Burns, Alexander. (September 20, 2011). Rick Santorum contacted Google, says company spreads ‘filth.’ Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0911/63952.html

  21. Carr, Nicholas. (July/August 2008). Is Google Making Us Stupid? The Atlantic Magazine. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/07/is-google-making-us-stupid/6868/

  22. Grinberg, Emanuella. (March 11, 2012). Sex, lies and media: New wave of activists challenge notions of beauty. CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2012/03/09/living/beauty-media-miss-representation/

  23. Skarda, Erin. (February 3, 2012). Tough Standards: 8 ‘Misleading’ Ads Banned by U.K. Officials. Time Magazine. http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/02/06/tough-standards-8-misleading-ads-banned-by-u-k-standards-board/

  24. Bluhm, Julia. (July 3, 2012). Seventeen Magazine Gives Girls Images of Real Girls! change.og. http://www.change.org/petitions/seventeen-magazine-give-girls-images-of-real-girls

  25. Rushfield, Richard; Hoffman, Claire. (September 8, 2006). Mystery fuels huge popularity of web’s Lonelygirl15. Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-lonelygirl15,0,241799.story

  26. Podvey, Heather. (2009). Do you really KNOW your Facebook friends? Applywise. http://www.applywise.com/sep09_facebook.aspx

  27. Indiana University Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research. (2010). About Truthy. Indiana University. http://truthy.indiana.edu/about

  28. Kleiner, Kurt. (November 2, 2010). Bogus Grass-Roots Politics on Twitter. MIT Technology Review. http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/26666/

  29. Repard, Pauline. (April 8, 2012). RB High threats on Facebook a hoax; teen arrested. UT San Diego. http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/oct/15/rb-high-threats-facebook-hoax-teen-arrested/

  30. Taylor, Chris. (August 2, 2011). Newt Gingrich’s Twitter Followers Are 8 % Human [INFOGRAPHIC]. Mashable. http://mashable.com/2011/08/02/newt-gingrich-twitter-followers/

  31. Gross, Doug. (January 3, 2012). Twitter newbie Rupert Murdoch following fake account. CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/02/tech/social-media/murdoch-twitter-larry-page/index.html

  32. Forbes, Paula. (February 24, 2012). Rich Jerk Tips 1 % and Advises Server to ‘Get a Real Job’. Eater. http://eater.com/archives/2012/02/24/rich-jerk-tips-1-advises-server-to-get-a-real-job.php

  33. Forbes, Paula. (February 28, 2012). The ‘Get a Real Job’ Receipt With a 1 % Tip Was a Hoax. Eater. http://eater.com/archives/2012/02/28/that-get-a-real-job-receipt-with-a-1-tip-was-a-hoax.php

  34. Facebook. (March 7, 2012). Amendment No. 2 to Form S-1 Registration Statement. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. http://sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000119312512101422/d287954ds1a.htm

  35. Foremski, Tom. (February 14, 2012). The hollow emptiness in social media numbers - most accounts are fake or empty. ZdNet. http://www.zdnet.com/blog/foremski/the-hollow-emptiness-in-social-media-numbers-most-accounts-are-fake-or-empty/2175

  36. Facebook. (Retrieved April 8, 2012). Verifying Your Account. Facebook. http://www.facebook.com/help/verify

  37. Facebook. (Retrieved April 8, 2012). Confirm Your Phone. Facebook. http://www.facebook.com/confirmphone.php

  38. Facebook. (Retrieved April 8, 2012). General Information. Usernames. Facebook. http://www.facebook.com/help/usernames/general

  39. Gross, Doug. (February 17, 2012). Facebook rolls out ‘verified accounts,’ celeb nicknames. CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/16/tech/social-media/facebook-verified-accounts/index.html

  40. Twitter. (Retrieved April 8, 2012). FAQs about Verified Accounts. Twitter help center. http://support.twitter.com/groups/31-twitter-basics/topics/111-features/articles/119135-about-verified-accounts

  41. Delo, Cotton. (January 10, 2012). One Way to Get a Twitter ‘Verified Account’: Buy Ads. Advertising Age. http://adage.com/article/digital/a-twitter-verified-account-buy-ads/231984/

  42. Cheney, Alexandra. (March 7, 2011).How Does Twitter Verify Celebrity Accounts? The Wall Street Journal. http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2011/03/07/how-does-twitter-verify-celebrity-accounts/

  43. Adegoke, Yinka. (January 4, 2012). Twitter embarrassed by fake Wendi Murdoch account. Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/04/us-wendimurdoch-twitter-idUSTRE80305620120104

  44. Swisher, Kara. (January 4, 2012). The Case of the Unfortunate Underscore: How Twitter Verified the Fake Wendi Over the Real Wendi. All Things D. http://allthingsd.com/20120104/the-case-of-the-unfortunate-underscore-how-twitter-verified-fake-wendi-over-real-wendi/

  45. Leopold, Todd. (March 6, 2012). In today’s warp-speed world, online missteps spread faster than ever. CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2012/03/06/tech/social-media/misinformation-social-media/index.html

  46. Leopold, Todd. Ibid.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Rushfield, Richard. (September 4, 2006). On the Trail of lonelygirl15 Daily. Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-lonelygirl5sep05,0,3933739.htmlstory

  48. The Washington Post Special Reports. (Retrieved April 9, 2012). The Watergate Story. The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Newton Lee .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lee, N. (2013). Misinformation and Disinformation. In: Facebook Nation. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5308-6_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5308-6_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-5307-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-5308-6

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics