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Hypoxia and Mechanical Factors Drive Coronary Vascular Development

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Cardiac Adaptations

Part of the book series: Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease ((ABHD,volume 4))

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Abstract

Coronary vascular development requires a variety of signaling molecules expressed spatially and temporally, which are activated by metabolic and mechanical factors. Hypoxia plays the earliest role in this activation via its stimulation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF–1), and the subsequent activation of VEGF and other growth factors. The early growth of the coronary vasculature consists of a tubular network formed prior to myocardial perfusion. A part of this vascular plexus penetrates the aorta, largely in response to VEGF, to form the coronary ostia, which provides the anatomical substrate for coronary flow. Shear stress then becomes a key regulator of the formation of the coronary hierarchy along with the key growth factors that facilitate the formation of the tunica media of the arterial tree, i.e., FGF, PDGF, and TGF-β. Hypoxia plays a dual role by its activation of HIF-1 and by affecting increases in blood flow and shear stress. Growth of the myocardium involves stretch of both cardiomyocytes and blood vessels, which activates stretch signals in both cell types and causes growth factor paracrine and autocrine signaling and consequently, angiogenesis. Shear stress and stretch are the major mechanical influences that drive coronary vascularization. These mechanical effects are determinants of vessel diameters and composition of their walls. Arterial and venous specification is also affected by blood flow as indicated by endothelial phenotype changes that can occur in response to altered perfusion.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by funds from the National Institutes of Health grant 5 R01 075446.

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  1. Department Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 1-402 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA

    Robert J. Tomanek

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Correspondence to Robert J. Tomanek .

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  1. Czech Republic, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the, Videnska 1083, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic

    Bohuslav Ostadal

  2. St. Boniface General Hospital, Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Tache Avenue 351, Winnipeg, R2H 2A6, Manitoba, Canada

    Naranjan S. Dhalla

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Tomanek, R.J. (2013). Hypoxia and Mechanical Factors Drive Coronary Vascular Development . In: Ostadal, B., Dhalla, N. (eds) Cardiac Adaptations. Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease, vol 4. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5203-4_4

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