Skip to main content

The Essential Role of the Body in the Parent–Infant Relationship: Nonverbal Analysis of Attachment

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Attachment-Based Clinical Work with Children and Adolescents

Part of the book series: Essential Clinical Social Work Series ((ECSWS))

  • 3407 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter demonstrates how nonverbal dialogue and analysis can be used as a therapeutic tool to repair the attachment relationship. This chapter presents the Ways of Seeing dance movement psychotherapy program, based on nonverbal analysis—infant mental health theory and research—through a vignette. The chapter underscores the role body-based movement experience plays in the developing attachment relationship. This method gives great attention to the specific qualitative details of each person’s nonverbal style of moving as a vital form of communication and expression. This chapter presents recent research in the fields of infant mental health, development, and psychology and cognitive and affective neuroscience as it informs the Ways of Seeing method. This chapter highlights the use of dance, movement, and body experience in this clinical methodology. The author discusses a specific, dyadic, nonverbal analysis system called Dyadic, Attachment-Based, Nonverbal, Communicative Expressions (D.A.N.C.E.) as a way to observe significant qualitative elements that underlie the attachment relationship. The therapist is also able to attune to her own reactions, thoughts, and multisensory sensations as they may be affecting her interactions with the parent–baby couple through a self-observational component of D.A.N.C.E. It provides a bridge between colleagues of diverse early childhood and adult treatment fields and dance movement psychotherapy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abram, J., & Hjulmand, K. (2007). Language of Winnicott: A dictionary of Winnicott’s use of words (2nd ed.). London: Karnac Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adler, J. (1987). Who is the witness? Contact Quarterly: Dance Journal, XII, 1, 20–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adler, J. (2002). Offering from the conscious body: The discipline of authentic movement. Rochester: Inner Traditions.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartenieff, I., & Lewis, D. (1980). Body movement: Coping with the environment. New York: Gordon & Breach Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beebe, B. (2004). Co-constructing mother–infant distress in face-to-face interactions: Contributions of microanalysis. Zero to Three, 24, 40–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beebe, B., & Lachmann, F. (2002). Infant research and adult treatment: Co-constructing interactions. Hillsdale: The Analytic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beebe, B., Knoblauch, S., Rustin, J., & Sorter, D. (2005). Forms of intersubjectivity in infant research and adult treatment. New York: Other Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, P. (1979). Eight theoretical approaches in dance-movement therapy. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, P. (1981). Theory and methods in dance-movement therapy. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berrol, C. (2006). Neuroscience meets dance/movement therapy: Mirror neurons, the therapeutic process and empathy. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 33, 302–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, K. (2006). The embodied self: Movement and psychoanalysis. London: Karnac.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boston Process Change Study Group. (2010). Change in psychotherapy: A unifying paradigm. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brazelton, T. B., & Cramer, B. T. (1990). The earliest relationship: Parents, infants, and the drama of early attachment. Reading: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chace, M. (1953). Use of dance action in a group setting. Paper presented for the American Psychiatric Association, Los Angeles, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chace, M. (July 1964). Dance alone is not enough …today’s dance therapy demands special skills and training. Dance Magazine, 7, 58–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaiklin, H. (Ed.). (1975). Marion Chace: Her papers. Columbia: American Dance Therapy Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chodorow, J. (1999). To move and be moved. In P. Pallaro (Ed.), Authentic movement: Essays by Mark Starks Whitehouse, Janet Adler, and Joan Chodorow (pp. 267–278). Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damasio, A. (1994/2005). Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downing, G. (2005). Emotion, body and parent-infant interaction. In J. Nadel & D. Muir (Eds.), Emotional development: Recent research advances. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downing, G. (2008). A different way to help. In A. Fogel, B. King, & S. Shanker (Eds.), Human development in the 21st century: Visionary ideas from systems scientists. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1923). The ego and the id. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaensbauer, T. J. (2004). Telling their stories: Representation and reenactment of traumatic experiences occurring in the first year of life. Zero to Three, 24, 25–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaensbauer, T. J. (2011). Embodied simulation, mirror neurons, and the reenactment of trauma in early childhood. Neuropsychoanalysis, 13, 91–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallese, V. (2005). Embodied simulation: From neurons to phenomenal experience. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 4, 23–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallese, V. (2009). Mirror neurons, embodied simulation, and the neural basis of social identification. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 19, 519–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallese, V., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., & Rizzolatti, G. (1996). Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain, 119, 593–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallese, V., Eagle, M., & Migone, P. (2007). Intentional attunement: Mirror neurons and the underpinnings of interpersonal relations. Journal of the American Psychological Association, 55, 131–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, M. (1973). The notebooks of Martha Graham. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haen, C. (2009). Introduction to the special issue. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 36, 59–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hervey, L. W. (2000). Artistic inquiry in dance/movement therapy: Creative alternatives for research. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. R. (2009). Commentary: Examining underlying paradigms in the creative arts therapies of trauma. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 36, 114–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koch, S. C. (2006). Interdisciplinary embodiment approaches. Implications for creative arts therapies. In S. C. Koch & I. Bräuninger (Eds.), Advances in dance/movement therapy. Theoretical perspectives and empirical findings (pp. 17–28). Berlin: Logos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, S., & Fischman, D. (2011). Embodied enactive dance/movement therapy. American Journal of Dance Movement Therapy, 33, 57–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laban, R. (1975). The mastery of movement. Boston: Plays.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laban, R. (1976). The language of movement: A guidebook to choreutics. Boston: Plays.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laban, R., & Lawrence, F. C. (1974). Effort. Boston: Plays.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, F. (2005). Dance movement therapy: A healing art (revised edition). Reston: American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreating and Dance.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malloch, S., & Trevarthen, C. (Eds.). (2009). Communicative musicality: Exploring the basis of human companionship. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meltzoff, A. N., & Brooks, R. (2007). Intersubjectivity before language: Three windows on preverbal sharing. In S. Bråten (Ed.), On being moved: From mirror neurons to empathy (pp. 149–174). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallaro, P. (Ed.). (1999). Authentic movement: Essays by Mark Starks Whitehouse, Janet Adler, and Joan Chodorow. Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pally, R. (2001). A primary role for nonverbal communication in psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 21, 71–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papoušek, M. (2007). Communication in early infancy: An arena of intersubjective learning. Infant Behavior and Development, 30, 258–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papoušek, M. (2008). Disorders of behavioral and emotional regulation: Clinical evidence for a new diagnostic concept. In M. Papoušek, M. Schieche, & H. Wurmser (Eds.), Disorders of behavioral and emotional regulation in the first years of life (pp. 53–84). Washington, DC: Zero to Three Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papoušek, M. (2011). Resilience, strengths, and regulatory capacities: Hidden resources in developmental disorders of infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal, 32, 29–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papoušek, H., & Papoušek, M. (1987). Intuitive parenting: A dialectic counterpart to the infant’s integrative competence. In J. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (Vol. 14, 2nd ed., pp. 669–720). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandel, S., Chaiklin, S., & Lohn, A. (1993). Foundations of dance/movement therapy: The life and work of Marion Chace. Columbia: The Marion Chace Memorial Fund of the American Dance Therapy Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoop, T., & Mitchell, P. (1974). Won’t you join the dance? A dancer’s essay into the treatment of psychosis. Palo Alto: Mayfield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoop, T., & Mitchell, P. (1986). Reflections and projections: The Schoop approach to dance therapy. In P. Lewis (Ed.), Theoretical approaches in dance/movement therapy (Vol. 1). Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, S. (2009). Anchoring intersubjective models in recent advances in developmental psychology, cognitive neuroscience and parenting studies: Introduction of papers by Trevarthen, Gallese, and Ammaniti & Trentini. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 19, 503–506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, S., & Harrison, A. (2012, in press). Infant research and adult psychotherapy. In G. Gabbard, B. Litowitz, & P. Williams (Eds.), The Textbook of Psychoanalysis (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheets-Johnstone, M. (1998). The primacy of movement. Philadelphia: John Benjamin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheets-Johnstone, M. (2010). Why is movement therapeutic? American Journal of Dance Therapy, 32(1), 2–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, D. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant: A view from psychoanalysis and developmental psychology. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, D. (2004). The present moment in psychotherapy and everyday life. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, D. (2008). The clinical relevance of infancy: A progress report. Infant Mental Health Journal, 29, 177–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, D. (2009). Early interpersonal experience and intersubjectivity. Paper presented at the meeting of Zero to Three 24th National Training Institute, Dallas, TX.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, D. (2010). Forms of vitality: Exploring dynamic experience in psychology, the arts, psychotherapy, and development. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tortora, S. (1994). Join my dance: The unique movement style of each infant and toddler can invite communication, expression and intervention. Zero To Three: Bulletin of National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, 15, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tortora, S. (2004). Our moving bodies tell stories, which speak of our experiences. Zero to Three, 24, 4–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tortora, S. (2006). The dancing dialogue: Using the communicative power of movement with young children. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tortora, S. (2009). Case Study. In A. Fogel (Ed.), The psychophysiology of self-awareness: Rediscovering the lost art of body sense (pp. 77–79). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tortora, S. (2010). Ways of seeing: An early childhood integrated therapeutic approach for parents and babies. Clinical Social Work Journal, 38, 37–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tortora, S. (2011, April–September). Beyond the face and words: How the body speaks. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 10, 242–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trevarthen, C. (1979). Communication and cooperation in early infancy. A description of primary intersubjectivity. In M. Bullowa (Ed.), Before speech: The beginning of human communication (pp. 521–571). London: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trevarthen, C. (1980). The foundation of intersubjectivity: Development of interpersonal and cooperative understanding in infants. In D. Olsen (Ed.), The social foundation of language and thought (pp. 316–342). New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trevarthen, C. (2009). The intersubjective psychobiology of human meaning: Learning of culture depends on interest for co-operative practical work—and affection for the joyful art of good company. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 19, 507–518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehouse, M. (1977). The transference and dance therapy. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 1, 3–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehouse, M. (1999). Creative expression in physical movement is language without words. In P. Pallaro (Ed.), Authentic movement: Essays by Mark Starks Whitehouse, Janet Adler, and Joan Chodorow (pp. 33–40). Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winnicott, D. W. (1971). Playing and reality. New York: Tavistock.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winnicott, D. W. (1972). Basis for self in body. International Journal of Child Psychotherapy, 1, 7–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winnicott, D. W. (1982). Playing and reality. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Suzi Tortora .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tortora, S. (2013). The Essential Role of the Body in the Parent–Infant Relationship: Nonverbal Analysis of Attachment. In: Bettmann, J., Demetri Friedman, D. (eds) Attachment-Based Clinical Work with Children and Adolescents. Essential Clinical Social Work Series. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4848-8_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics