Abstract
The infant primate grows up slowly in a socially complex environment. Characterized by an extended period of dependency and neuro-social development, it has an intricate web of relationships to keep track of, each with a unique history embedded in ongoing group dynamics. Information crucial to survival is often disseminated through social networks, and those networks influence how young primates experience the world. The ability to simultaneously navigate through and manipulate such a landscape results from adaptive feedback systems between the individual and the broader social environment in which it lives. How can we better contextualize the data we now have from decades of wild and captive studies, and situate such complex behavioral strategies within a modern theoretical discussion?
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Adams-Curtis LE, Fragaszy DM (1994) Development of manipulation in capuchin monkeys. Dev Psychobiol 27:123–136
Altmann J (1980) Baboon mothers and infants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Barrickman NL, Bastian ML, Isler K, van Schaik CP (2008) Life history costs and benefits of encephalization: a comparative test using data from long-term studies of primates in the wild. J Hum Evol 54:568–590
Bateson P, Gluckman P (2011) Plasticity, robustness, development and evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 156
Bauchot R (1982) Brain organization and taxonomic relationships in insectivora and primates. In: Armstrong E, Falk D (eds) Primate brain evolution. Plenum, New York, pp 163–175
Bezanson M (2006) Leap, bridge or ride? Ontogenetic influences on gap crossing in Cebus and Alouatta. In: Estrada A, Garber PA, Pavelka M, Luecke L (eds) New perspectives in the study of Mesoamerican primates: distribution, ecology, behavior, and conservation. Springer, New York, pp 333–348
Bezanson M (2009) Life history and locomotion in Cebus capucinus and Alouatta palliata. Am J Phys Anthropol 140:508–517
Bezanson M, Morbeck ME (2012) Future adults or old children? Integrating life history frameworks for understanding primate positional patterns. In: Hinde K, Clancy KBH, Rutherford JN (eds) Building babies: primate development in proximate and ultimate perspectives. Springer, New York
Blomquist GE, Kowalewski MM, Leigh SR (2009) Demographic and morphological perspectives on life history evolution and conservation of New World monkeys. In: Estrada A, Pavelka M, Garber P, Luecke L (eds) New perspectives in the study of Mesoamerican primates: distribution, ecology, behavior, and conservation. Springer, New York, pp 117–138
Boesch C (1996) The emergence of cultures among wild chimpanzees. In: Runciman W, Maynard-Smith J, Dunbar R (eds) Evolution of social behaviour patterns in primates and man. British Academy, London, pp 251–268
Boinski S (1988) Use of a club by a wild white-faced capuchin (Cebus capucinus) to attack a venomous snake (Bothrops asper). Am J Primatol 14(2):177–179
Byrne G, Suomi SJ (1995) Development of activity patterns, social interactions, and exploratory behavior in infant tufted capuchins (Cebus apella). Am J Primatol 35:255–270
Caldwell CA, Whiten A (2011) Social learning in monkeys and apes: cultural animals? In: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Bearder SK, Stumpf RM (eds) Primates in perspective, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 652–662
Crofoot MC, Rubenstein DI, Maiya AS, Berger-Wolf TY (2011) Aggression, grooming and group-level cooperation in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus): insights from social networks. Am J Primatol 73(8):821–833
Di Bitetti MS, Janson CH (2000) When will the stork arrive? Patterns of birth seasonality in neotropical primates. Am J Primatol 50(2):109–130
Di Fiore A, Link A, Campbell C (2011) The Atelines. In: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Bearder SK, Stumpf RM (eds) Primates in perspective, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 784–798
Diamond A (2000) Close interrelation of motor development and cognitive development and of the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex. Child Dev 71(1):44–56
Dindo M, Whiten A, de Waal FBM (2009) Social facilitation of exploratory foraging behavior in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Am J Primatol 71:419–426
Dolhinow P, Murphy G (1982) Langur monkey (Presbytis entellus) development: the first 3 months of life. Folia Primatol 39:305–331
Elias MF (1977) Relative maturity of Cebus and squirrel monkeys at birth and during infancy. Dev Psychobiol 10:519–528
Escobar-Páramo P (1989) The development of the wild black-capped capuchin (Cebus apella) in La Macarena, Colombia. Field Stud New World Monkeys (La Macarena, Colombia) 2:45–56
Fairbanks LA, Hinde K (2012) Behavioral response of mothers and infants to variation in maternal condition: adaptation, compensation and resilience. In: Hinde K, Clancy KBH, Rutherford JN (eds) Building babies: primate development in proximate and ultimate perspectives. Springer, New York
Fedigan LM (1990) Vertebrate predation in Cebus capucinus: meat-eating in a neotropical monkey. Folia Primatol 54:196–205
Fedigan LM (2003) The impact of male take-overs on infant deaths, births and conceptions in Cebus capucinus at Santa Rosa, Costa Rica. Int J Primatol 24(4):723–741
Fedigan LM, Jack K (2001) Neotropical primates in a regenerating Costa Rican dry forest: a comparison of howler and capuchin population patterns. Int J Primatol 22(5):689–713
Fedigan LM, Rose LM (1995) Interbirth interval variation in three sympatric species of neotropical monkeys. Am J Primatol 37:9–24
Fernandez-Duque E (2011) Aotinae: social monogamy in the only nocturnal anthropoids. In: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Bearder SK, Stumpf RM (eds) Primates in perspective, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 140–154
Fragaszy DM (1990a) Early behavioral development in capuchins (Cebus). Folia Primatol 54:119–128
Fragaszy DM (1990b) Sensorimotor development in hand-reared and mother reared tufted capuchins: a systems perspective on the contrasts. In: Parker ST, Gibson KR (eds) “Language” and intelligence in monkeys and apes: comparative developmental perspectives. Cambridge University Press, New York
Fragaszy DM, Adams-Curtis LE (1997) Developmental changes in manipulation in tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) from birth through 2 years and their relation to foraging and weaning. J Comp Psychol 111(2):201–211
Fragaszy DM, Bard K (1997) Comparison of development and life history in Pan and Cebus. Int J Primatol 18(5):683–701
Fragaszy DM, Visalberghi E, Robinson JG (1990) Variability and adaptability in the genus Cebus. Folia Primatol 54:114–118
Fragaszy DM, Baer J, Adams-Curtis L (1991) Behavioral development and maternal care in tufted capuchins (Cebus capucinus) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) from birth through seven months. Dev Psychobiol 24(6):375–393
Fragaszy DM, Fedigan LM, Visalberghi E (2004) The complete capuchin: the biology of the genus Cebus. Cambridge University Press, New York
Freese CH, Oppenheimer JR (1981) The capuchin monkeys, genus Cebus. In: Coimbra-Filho AF, Mittermeier RA (eds) Ecology and behavior of neotropical primates, vol I. Academia Brasiliera de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, pp 331–400
Garber PA, Brown E (2004) Wild capuchins (Cebus capucinus) fail to use tools in experimental field study. Am J Primatol 62:165–170
Garber PA, Gomes DF, Bicca-Marques JC (2012) Experimental field study of problem-solving using tools in free ranging capuchins (Sapajus nigritus, formerly Cebus nigritus). Am J Primatol. doi:10.1002/ajp.20957
Geary DC, Bjorklund DF (2000) Evolutionary developmental psychology. Child Dev 71(1): 57–65
Gibson KR (1986) Cognition, brain size and the extraction of embedded food resources. In: Else JG, Lee PC (eds) Primate ontogeny, cognition, and social behaviour. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 39–103
Gibson KR (1990) New perspectives on instincts and intelligence: brain size and the emergence of hierarchical mental constructional skills. In: Parker ST, Gibson KR (eds) “Language” and intelligence in monkeys and apes: comparative developmental perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 97–128
Glander KE (2006) Average body weight for mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata): an assessment of average values and variability. In: Estrada A, Garber PA, Pavelka M, Luecke L (eds) New perspectives in the study of mesoamerican primates. Springer, New York, pp 247–263
Gould SJ (1977) Ontogeny and phylogeny. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Gray R (2001) Selfish genes or developmental systems? In: Singh R, Krimbas C, Paul D, Beatty J (eds) Thinking about evolution: historical, philosophical, and political perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 184–207
Griffiths PE, Gray RD (1994) Developmental systems and evolutionary explanation. J Philos 91:277–304
Griffiths PE, Gray RD (2005) Discussion: three ways to misunderstand developmental systems theory. Biol Philos 20:417–425
Gunst N, Boinski S, Fragaszy DM (2010) Development of skilled detection and extraction of embedded prey by wild brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella apella). J Comp Psychol 124(2):194–204
Hakeem A, Sandoval R, Jones M, Allman J (1996) Brain and life span in primates. In: Birren J (ed) Handbook of the psychology of aging. Academic, San Diego, pp 78–104
Hall BK (2000) Evo-devo or devo-evo—does it matter? Evol Dev 2:177–178
Hartwig WC (1996) Perinatal life history traits in New World monkeys. Am J Primatol 40: 99–130
Harvey PH, Clutton-Brock TH (1985) Life history variation in primates. Evolution 39(3): 559–581
Harvey PH, Martin PD, Clutton-Brock TH (1987) Life histories in comparative perspective. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT (eds) Primate societies. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 181–196
Heimann M (2003) Regression periods in human infancy. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah, pp 1–6
Humle T, Fragaszy DM (2011) Tool use and cognition. In: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Bearder SK, Stumpf RM (eds) Primates in perspective, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 637–651
Isler K, van Schaik CP (2009) The expensive brain: a framework for explaining evolutionary changes in brain size. J Hum Evol 54(4):392–400
Jablonka E, Lamb MJ (2005) Evolution in four dimensions: genetic, epigenetic, behavioral, and symbolic variation in the history of life. MIT Press, Cambridge
Jack K (2011) The Cebines: toward an explanation of variable social structure. In: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Bearder SK, Stumpf RM (eds) Primates in perspective, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 108–122
Jack KM, Fedigan LM (2004a) Male dispersal patterns in white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus. Part 1: patterns and causes of natal emigration. Anim Behav 67(4):761–769
Jack KM, Fedigan LM (2004b) Male dispersal patterns in white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus. Part 2: patterns and causes of secondary dispersal. Anim Behav 67(4):771–782
Jack KM, Fedigan LM (2009) Explaining female dispersal in a female philopatric species, Cebus capucinus. Behaviour 146:471–497
Janson CH, Boinski S (1992) Morphological and behavioral adaptations for foraging in generalist primates: the case of the Cebines. Am J Primatol 88:483–498
Janson CH, van Schaik CP (1993) Ecological risk aversion in juvenile primates: slow and steady wins the race. In: Pereira ME, Fairbanks LA (eds) Juvenile primates: life history, development, and behavior. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 57–74
Joffe TH (1997) Social pressures have selected for an extended juvenile period in primates. J Hum Evol 32:593–605
Jones C (2005) Behavioral flexibility in primates: causes and consequences. In: Developments in primatology: progress and prospects. Springer, New York
Kaplan H, Hill K, Lancaster J, Hurtado AM (2000) A theory of human life history evolution: diet, intelligence, and longevity. Evol Anthropol 9(4):156–185
Kaplan H, Mueller T, Gangestad S, Lancaster J (2003) Neural capital and lifespan evolution among primates and humans. In: Finch CE, Robine J-M, Christen Y (eds) The brain and longevity, Springer: New York, pp 69–98
Kinnally E (2012) Genome-environment coordination in neurobehavioral development. In: Hinde K, Clancy KBH, Rutherford JN (eds) Building babies: primate development in proximate and ultimate perspectives. Springer, New York
Le Gros Clark WE (1960) The antecedents of man. Quadrangle Books, Chicago
Leigh SR (2004) Brain growth, life history, and cognition in primate and human evolution. Am J Primatol 62:139–164
Leigh SR, Blomquist GE (2011) Life history. In: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Bearder SK, Stumpf RM (eds) Primates in perspective, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 418–428
Lynch Alfaro J, de Sousa e Silva J, Rylands AB (2012) How different are robust and gracile capuchin monkeys? An argument for the use of Sapajus and Cebus. Int J Primatol. doi:10.1002/ajp.22007
MacKinnon KC (2002) Social development of wild white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) in Costa Rica: an examination of social interactions between immatures and adult males [dissertation]. Berkeley: University of California
MacKinnon KC (2006) Food choice by juvenile capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) in a tropical dry forest. In: Estrada A, Pavelka M, Garber P, Luecke L (eds) New perspectives in the study of mesoamerican primates: distribution, ecology, behavior, and conservation. Springer, New York, pp 349–366
MacKinnon KC (2011) Social beginnings: the tapestry of infant and adult interactions. In: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Bearder SK, Stumpf RM (eds) Primates in perspective, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 440–455
MacKinnon KC, Fuentes A (2011) Primates, niche construction, and social complexity: the roles of social cooperation and altruism. In: Sussman RW, Cloninger RC (eds) Origins of altruism and cooperation. Developments in primatology series. Springer, New York, pp 121–143
MacKinnon KC, Fuentes A (2012) Primate social cognition, human evolution, and niche construction: a core context for neuroanthropology. In: Lende D, Downey G (eds) The encultured brain: an introduction to neuroanthropology, M.I.T. Press
Martin RD (1983) Human brain evolution in an ecological context. Fifty-second James Arthur lecture on the evolution of the human brain. American Museum of Natural History, New York
McGrew WC, Marchant LF, Scott SE, Tutin CEG (2001) Intergroup differences in a social custom of wild chimpanzees: the grooming hand-clasp of the Mahale mountains. Curr Anthropol 42:148–153
Mitchell B (1989) Resources, group behavior, and infant development in white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus [dissertation]. Berkeley: University of California
Mitra D, Fragaszy D, Toll L, Feuerstein J (1994) Sometimes you feel like a nut: the social context of resource exploitation by immature tufted capuchins (Cebus apella). Am J Primatol 30(4):336
Nakamura M (2002) Grooming hand-clasp in Mahale M group chimpanzees: implications for culture in social behaviors. In: Boesch C, Hohmann G, Marchant LF (eds) Behavioural diversity in chimpanzees and bonobos. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 71–83
Nakamura M, McGrew WC, Marchant LF, Nishida T (2000) Social scratch: another custom in wild chimpanzees? Primates 41:237–248
Nash LT (1978) The development of the mother-infant relationship in wild baboons (Papio anubis). Anim Behav 26:746–759
O’Brien T, Robinson JG (1987) The effects of group size and female rank on sex ratio at birth in capuchins Cebus olivaceus. Int J Primatol 8(5):499
O’Malley RC, Fedigan LM (2005) Evaluating social influences on food-processing behavior in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Am J Phys Anthropol 127(4):481–491
Odling-Smee FJ, Laland KN, Feldman MW (2003) Niche construction: the neglected process in evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Oyama S (1985) The ontogeny of information: developmental systems and evolution. Duke University Press, Durham
Oyama S (2000) Evolution’s eye: a systems view of the biology-culture divide. Duke University Press, Durham
Oyama S, Griffiths PE, Gray RD (2001) Cycles of contingency: developmental systems and evolution. MIT Press, Cambridge
Panger M (2007) Tool use and cognition in primates. In: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Bearder SK, Panger M (eds) Primates in perspective, 1st edn. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 665–676
Panger M, Perry S, Rose LM, Gros-Louis J, Vogel E, MacKinnon KC, Baker M (2002) Cross-site differences in foraging behavior of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Am J Phys Anthropol 119:52–66
Parker S, Gibson K (1977) Object manipulation, tool use, and sensorimotor intelligence as feeding adaptations in Cebus monkeys and great apes. J Hum Evol 6:623–641
Passingham RE (1973) Anatomical differences between the neocortex of man and other primates. Brain Behav Evol 7:337–359
Perry S (1996) Female-female social relationships in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus). Am J Primatol 40(2):167–182
Perry S (1997) Male–female social relationships in wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Behaviour 134:477–510
Perry S (1998) Male-male social relationships in wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Behaviour 135:139–172
Perry S (2011) Social traditions and social learning in capuchin monkeys (Cebus). Philos Trans R Soc B 366(1567):988–996
Perry S, Panger M, Rose L, Baker M, Gros-Louis J, Jack K, MacKinnon KC, Manson JH, Fedigan LM, Pyle K (2003a) Traditions in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys. In: Fragaszy DM, Perry S (eds) The biology of traditions: models and evidence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 391–425
Perry S, Baker M, Fedigan LM, Gros-Louis J, Jack K, MacKinnon KC, Manson JH, Panger M, Pyle K, Rose LM (2003b) Social conventions in wild white-faced capuchins: evidence for traditions in a neotropical primate. Curr Anthropol 44(2):241–268
Phillips KA, Hopkins WD (2007) Exploring the relationship between cerebellar asymmetry and handedness in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and capuchins (Cebus apella). Neuropsychologia 45(10):2333–2339
Phillips KA, Sherwood CC (2008) Cortical development in brown capuchin monkeys: a structural MRI study. Neuroimage 43(4):657–664
Raff RA (2000) Evo-devo: the evolution of a new discipline. Nat Rev Genet 1:74–79
Ramnani N (2006) The primate cortico-cerebellar system. Neuroscience 7(7):511–522
Rasmussen KL (1979) Some developmental markers in yellow baboon infants of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Primates 20:591–593
Reader SM, Laland KN (2002) Social intelligence, innovation, and enhanced brain size in primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(7):4436–4441
Reader SM, MacDonald K (2003) Environmental variability and primate behavioral flexibility. In: Reader SM, Laland KN (eds) Animal innovation. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 83–116
Rilling JK, Insel TR (1999) The primate neocortex in comparative perspective using magnetic resonance imaging. J Hum Evol 37:191–223
Robert JS, Hall BK, Olson WM (2001) Bridging the gap between developmental systems theory and evolutionary developmental biology. Bioessays 23:954–962
Robinson JG, Janson CH (1987) Capuchins, squirrel monkeys, and Atelines: socioecological convergence with old world primates. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT (eds) Primate societies. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 69–82
Rose LM (1997) Vertebrate predation and food-sharing in Cebus and Pan. Int J Primatol 18(5):727–765
Rosenblum LA (1968) Mother-infant relations and early behavioral development in the squirrel monkey. In: Rosenblum L, Cooper R (eds) The squirrel monkey. Academic, New York
Ross C (1991) Life history patterns of New World monkeys. Int J Primatol 12:481–502
Rutherford JN (2012) The primate placenta as an agent of developmental and health trajectories across the lifecourse. In: Hinde K, Clancy KBH, Rutherford JN (eds) Building babies: primate development in proximate and ultimate perspectives. Springer, New York
Sadurní M, Rostan C (2003) Reflections on regression periods in the development of Catalan infants. In: Heimann M (ed) Regression periods in human infancy. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah, pp 7–22
Sapolsky RM (2005) The influence of social hierarchy on primate health. Science 308:648–652
Sapolsky RM, Share LJ (2004) A pacific culture among wild baboons: its emergence and transmission. Publ Libr Sci Biol 2(4):534–541
Schmitt CA (2010) Comparative behavior, development and life history of wild juvenile Atelin Primates (Ateles belzebuth and Lagothrix poeppigii). Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University. 285 pp
Small M (1990) Alloparental behavior in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). Anim Behav 39(2):297–306
Smith A et al (2012) Prenatal androgens affect development and behavior in primates. In: Hinde K, Clancy KBH, Rutherford JN (eds) Building babies: primate development in proximate and ultimate perspectives. Springer, New York
Sterner KN et al (2012) Placental development, evolution, and epigenetics of primate pregnancies. In: Hinde K, Clancy KBH, Rutherford JN (eds) Building babies: primate development in proximate and ultimate perspectives. Springer, New York
Stone AI (2006) Foraging ontogeny is not linked to delayed maturation in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Ethology 112(2):105–115
Stone AI (2007) Ecological risk aversion and foraging behaviors of juvenile squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Ethology 113(8):782–792
Strier KB, Mendes SL (2012) The northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus): lessons on behavioral plasticity and population dynamics from a critically endangered primate. In: Kappeler P, Watts D (eds) Long-term studies of primates. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 125–140
Tanaka I (1995) Matrilineal distribution of louse egg-handling techniques during grooming in free-ranging Japanese macaques. Am J Phys Anthropol 98(2):197–201
Thelen E (1990) Dynamical systems and the generation of individual differences. In: Colombo J, Fagen J (eds) Individual differences in infancy: reliability, stability, prediction. Psychology Press, Philadelphia. pp 19–43
Thelen E, Smith LB (1994) A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action. Bradford/MIT Press, Cambridge
Tiddi B, Aureli F, Schino G, Voelkl B (2011) Social relationships between adult females and the alpha male in wild tufted capuchin monkeys. Am J Primatol 73(8):812–820
van de Rijt-Plooij HHC, Plooij FX (1992) Infantile regressions: disorganization and onset of transition periods. J Reprod Infant Psychol 10:129–149
Vinicius L (2005) Human encephalization and developmental timing. J Hum Evol 49:762–776
Visalberghi E, Addessi E (2001) Acceptance of novel foods in capuchin monkeys: do specific social facilitation and visual stimulus enhancement play a role? Anim Behav 62(3):567–576
Visalberghi E, Fragaszy DM (1995) The behavior of capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella, with novel food: the role of social context. Anim Behav 49:1089–1095
Visalberghi E, Fragaszy D, Ottoni E, Izar P, de Oliveira MG, Andrade FRD (2007) Characteristics of hammer stones and anvils used by wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) to crack open palm nuts. Am J Phys Anthropol 132(3):426–444
Visalberghi E, Sabbatini G, Spagnoletti N, Andrade FRD, Ottoni E, Izar P, Fragaszy D (2008) Physical properties of palm fruits processed with tools by wild bearded capuchins (Cebus libidinosus). Am J Primatol 70(9):884–891
Waddington CH (1942) Canalization of development and the inheritance of acquired characters. Nature 150:563–565
Waddington CH (1953) Epigenetics and evolution. Symp Soc Exp Biol 7:186–199
Waddington CH (1957) The strategy of the genes. George Allen & Unwin, London
Wagner GP, Chiu C-H, Laubichler M (2000) Developmental evolution as a mechanistic science: the inference from developmental mechanisms to evolutionary processes. Am Zool 40:819–831
Walker R, Burger O, Wagner J, Von Rueden CR (2006) Evolution of brain size and juvenile periods in primates. J Hum Evol 51:480–489
Wallen K (1996) Nature needs nurture: the interaction of hormonal and social influences on the development of behavioral sex differences in rhesus monkeys. Horm Behav 30:364–378
Weaver A, de Waal FBM (2002) An index of relationship quality based on attachment theory. J Comp Psychol 116:93–106
West-Eberhard MJ (1989) Phenotypic plasticity and the origins of diversity. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 20:247–278
West-Eberhard MJ (2003) Developmental plasticity and evolution. Oxford University Press, New York
Whiten A, Goodall J, McGrew WC, Nishida T, Reynolds V, Sugiyama Y, Tutin CEG, Wrangham RW, Boesch C (1999) Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature 399:682–685
Wright TF, Eberhard JR, Hobson EA, Avery ML, Russello MA (2010) Behavioral flexibility and species invasions: the adaptive flexibility hypothesis. Ethol Ecol Evol 22(4):393–404
Acknowledgements
I thank the editors of this volume, Kathryn Clancy, Katie Hinde, and Julienne Rutherford for the invitation to participate in this innovative project, and for their instructive comments and critiques. I especially thank them for their thoughtful insights on earlier chapter drafts, and for much-needed humor and patience throughout this developmental process.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
MacKinnon, K.C. (2013). Ontogeny of Social Behavior in the Genus Cebus and the Application of an Integrative Framework for Examining Plasticity and Complexity in Evolution. In: Clancy, K., Hinde, K., Rutherford, J. (eds) Building Babies. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects, vol 37. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4060-4_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4060-4_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-4059-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-4060-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)