Abstract
This chapter presents a review of the empirical and theoretical works published from 1999 to 2009 to determine how family scholars have conceptualized and implemented studies of gender in family relations. Three questions guided our review: (1) to what extent have family scholars continued to conceptualize gender as roles that women and men enact to “be a gender?”; (2) or, have family scholars who study gender and family relations moved beyond the traditional conceptualization of women and men to examine the processes by which women and men “do gender?”; and (3) finally, when gender distinctions are found, what theoretical explanations are offered by family scholars to explain variability in gendered patterns? Theoretical frameworks that explained how and why families “do gender” and “be a gender” in everyday family life are used to guide summaries of the following substantive areas of research: participation in the workforce, including family and work, household division of labor, caregiving, work/family balance, and gay/lesbian families are provided. Limitations in this field of research are highlighted and suggestions for future studies are offered. Implications for policy and practice also are discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender and Society, 4(2), 139–158.
Adams, M. A., & Coltrane, S. (2007). Framing divorce reform: Media, mortality, and the politics of family. Family Process, 46, 17–34.
Anderson, D. A., & Hamilton, M. (2005). Gender role stereotyping of parents in children’s picture books: The invisible father. Sex Roles, 52(3–4), 145–151.
Artazcoz, L., Benach, J., Borrell, C., & Cortes, I. (2004). Unemployment and mental health: Understanding the interactions among gender, family roles, and social class. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 82–88.
Barajas, M., & Ramirez, E. (2007). Beyond home-host dichotomies: A comparative examination of gender relations in a transnational Mexican community. Sociological Perspectives, 50, 367–392.
Becker, P. E., & Moen, P. (1999). Scaling back: Dual-earner couples’ work-family strategies. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(4), 995–1007.
Bianchi, S. M., Subaiya, L., & Kahn, J. R. (1999). The gender gap in the economic well-being of nonresident fathers and custodial mothers. Demography, 36(2), 195–203.
Brighouse, H., & Wright, E. O. (2008). Strong gender egalitarianism. Politics and Society, 36(3).
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2010). Highlights of women’s earnings in 2009. Washington, DC: Report 1017.
Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge.
Cabrera, N. J., Fagan, J., & Farrie, D. (2008). Explaining the long reach of fathers? Prenatal involvement on later paternal engagement. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70, 1094–1107.
Carroll, M., & Campbell, L. (2008). Who now reads Parsons and Bales: Casting a critical eye on the “gendered styles of caregiving” literature. Journal of Aging Studies, 22(1).
Chesley, N., & Moen, P. (2006). When workers care: Dual-earner couples’ caregiving strategies, benefit use, and psychological well-being. American Behavioral Scientist, 49, 1248–1269.
Childs, E. C. (2008). The age of independence: Interracial unions, same-sex unions, and the changing American family. Contemporary Sociology, 37(4).
Cinamon, R. G., & Rich, Y. (2002). Gender differences in the importance of work and family roles: Implications for work-family conflict. Sex Roles, 47, 531.
Collins, P. H. (2005). Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender and the new racism. New York: Routledge.
Coltrane, S. (2000). Research on household labor: Modeling and measuring the social embeddedness of routine family work. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(4), 1208–1233.
Coltrane, S., & Adams, M. (2003). The social construction of the divorce “problem”: Morality, child victims, and the politics of gender. Family Relations, 52(4), 363–372.
Cook, J. L., Jones, R. M., Dick, A. J., & Singh, A. (2005). Revisiting men’s role in father involvement: The importance of personal expectations. Fathering, 3, 165–178.
Coontz, S. (2000). The way we never were: American families and the nostalgia trap. New York: Basic Books.
Coontz, S. (2004). The world historical transformation of marriage. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 974–979.
Coontz, S. (2007). The origins of modern divorce. Family Process, 46, 7–16.
Cowdery, R. S., Scarborough, N., Knudson-Martin, C., Seshadri, G., Lewis, M. E., & Mahoney, A. R. (2009). Gendered power in cultural contexts: Part II: Middle class African American heterosexual couples with young children. Family Process, 48, 25–39.
Cunningham, M. (2001). Parental influences on the gendered division of housework. American Sociological Review, 66, 184–203.
Dalton, S. E., & Bielby, D. D. (2000). “That’s our kind of constellation”: Lesbian mothers negotiate institutionalized understandings of gender within the family. Gender and Society, 14(1), 36–61.
Dellmann-Jenkins, M., Blankemeyer, M., & Pinkard, O. (2000). Young adult children and grandchildren in primary caregiver roles to older relatives and their service needs. Family Relations, 49(2), 177–186.
Downey, D. B., Ainsworth-Darnell, J. W., & Dufur, M. J. (1998). Sex of parent and children’s well-being in single-parent households. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 878–893.
Engers, M., & Stern, S. (2002). Long-term care and family bargaining. International Economic Review, 43(1), 73–114.
Erikson, R. J. (2005). Why emotion work matters: Sex, gender, and the household division of labor. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 337–351.
Feree, M. M. (1990). Beyond separate spheres: Feminism and family research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 866–884.
Fleming, L. M., & Tobin, D. J. (2005). Popular child-rearing books: Where is daddy? Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 6(1), 18–24.
Forret, M. L., Sullivan, S. E., & Mainiero, L. A. (2010). Gender role differences in reactions to unemployment: Exploring psychological mobility and boundaryless careers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 647–666.
Fox, G. L., & Murry, V. M. (2000). Gender and families: Feminist perspectives and family research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(4), 1160–1172.
Gatrell, C. (2007). Whose child is it anyway? The negotiation of paternal entitlements within marriage. The Sociological Review, 55, 352–372.
Gazso-Windle, A., & McMullin, J. A. (2003). Doing domestic labour: Strategizing in a gendered domain. The Canadian Journal of Sociology, 28, 341.
Gerstel, N., & Gallagher, S. K. (2001). Men’s caregiving: Gender and the contingent character of care. Gender and Society, 15(2), 197–217.
Gupta, S. (2006). The consequences of maternal employment during men’s childhood for their adult housework performance. Gender and Society, 20, 60–86.
Han, S. K., & Moen, P. (1999). Work and family over time: A life course approach. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 562, 98–110.
Hayes, D., Jones, D. A., Silverstein, L. B., & Auerbach, C. F. (2010). In their own words: Early Head Start fathers. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 11(4), 241–250.
Heath, M. (2009). State of our unions: Marriage promotion and the contested power of heterosexuality. Gender and Society, 23(1).
Hofferth, S. L. (2003). Race/ethnic differences in father involvement in two-parent families: Culture, context, or economy? Journal of Family Issues, 24(2), 185–216.
Isacco, A., Garfield, C. F., & Rogers, T. E. (2010). Correlates of coparental support among married and nonmarried fathers. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 11, 262–278.
Jordan, J. (2006). Mothers, wives, and workers: Explaining gendered dimensions of the Welfare State. Comparative Political Studies, 39, 1109–1132.
Keene, J. R., & Quadagno, J. (2004). Predictors of perceived work-family balance: Gender difference or gender similarity? Sociological Perspectives, 47(1), 1–23.
Knight, G. P., Gonzales, N. A., Saenz, D., Germán, M., Deardorff, J., & Roosa, M. W. (2010). The Mexican American cultural values scale for adolescents and adults. Journal of Early Adolescence, 30, 444–481.
Kroska, A. (2004). Divisions of domestic work: Revising and expanding the theoretical explanations. Journal of Family Issues, 25, 900–932.
Magnuson, E. (2008). Rejecting the American dream: Men creating alternative life goals. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 37, 255–290.
Mandel, H., & Semyonov, M. (2005). Family policies, wage structures, and gender gaps: Sources of earnings inequality in 20 countries. American Sociological Review, 70(6), 949–967.
Marks, N. F., Lambert, J. D., & Choi, H. (2002). Transitions to caregiving, gender, and psychological well-being: A prospective U.S. national study. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 64(3), 657–667.
Martins, L. L., Eddleston, K. A., & Veiga, J. F. (2002). Moderators of the relationship between work-family conflict and career satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 45(2), 399–409.
Matthews, T. J., & Hamilton, B. E. (2009). Delayed childbearing: More women are having their first child later in life. National Center for Health Statistics Data Brief, 21, 1–8.
Maurer, T. W., & Pleck, J. H. (2006). Fathers’ caregiving and breadwinning: A gender congruence analysis. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 7(2), 101–112.
Maurer, T. W., Pleck, J. H., & Rane, T. R. (2001). Parental identity and reflected-appraisals: Measurement and gender dynamics. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 309–321.
McIntyre, J. (1966). The structural-functional approach to family study. In F. I. Nye (Ed.), Emerging conceptual frameworks in family analysis. New York: Macmillan.
Milkie, M. A., & Peltola, P. (1999). Playing all the roles: Gender and the work-family balancing act. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(2), 476–490.
Moore, M. R. (2008). Gendered power relations among women: A study of household decision making in black, lesbian stepfamilies. American Sociological Review, 73(2).
Murry, V. M., Bynum, M. S., Brody, G. H., Willert, A., & Stephens, D. (2001). African American single mothers and children in context: A review of studies of risk and resilience. Journal of Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 4, 133–155.
Navaie-Waliser, M., Spriggs, A., & Feldman, P. H. (2002). Informal caregiving: Differential experiences by gender. Medical Care, 40(12), 1249–1259.
Orrange, R. M. (2003). The emerging mutable self: Gender dynamics and creative adaptations in defining work, family, and the future. Social Forces, 82(1), 1–34.
Osmond, M. W., & Thorne, B. (1993). Feminist theories: The social construction of gender in families and society. In P. G. Boss, W. J. Doherty, R. LaRossa, W. R. Schumm, & S. K. Steinmetz (Eds.), Sourcebook of family theories and methods: A contextual approach (pp. 591–622). New York: Plenum Press.
Parsons, T. (1965). The normal American family. In S. M. Farber, P. Mustacchi, & R. H. L. Wilson (Eds.), Man and civilization: The family’s search for survival. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Parsons, T., & Bales, R. (1955). Family, socialization and interaction process. New York: The Free Press.
Paul, K. I., & Moser, K. (2009). Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 264–282.
Pavalko, E. K., & Woodbury, S. (2000). Social roles as process: Caregiving careers and women’s health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41(1), 91–105.
Pezzin, L. E., & Schone, B. S. (1999). Intergenerational household formation, female labor supply and informal caregiving: A bargaining approach. Journal of Human Resources, 34(3), 475–503.
Piercy, K. W., & Chapman, J. G. (2001). Adopting the caregiver role: A family legacy. Family Relations, 50(4), 386–393.
Pitts, J. R. (1964). The structural-functional approach. In H. T. Christensen (Ed.), Handbook of marriage and the family. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Pinto, K., & Coltrane, S. (2009). Divisions of labor in Mexican origin and Anglo families: Structure and culture. Sex Roles, 60, 482–495.
Popenoe, D. (1996). “Modern Marriage: Revising the Cultural Script.” In D. Popenoe, J. B. Elshtain, & D. Blankenhorn. Lanham (Ed.), Promises To Keep: Decline and Renewal of Marriage in America. MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Pungello, E. P., & Kurtz-Costes, B. (2000). Working women’s selection of care for their infants: A prospective study. Family Relations, 49(3), 245–255.
Riggs, J. M. (2005). Impressions of mothers and fathers on the periphery of child care. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29(1), 58–62.
Ruddick, S. (1989). Maternal thinking. Boston: Beacon.
Schindler, H. S., & Coley, R. L. (2007). A qualitative study of homeless fathers: Exploring parenting and gender role transitions. Family Relations, 56, 40–51.
Shannon, J. D., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., & Margolin, A. (2005). Father involvement in infancy: Influences of past and current relationships. Infancy, 8(1), 21–41.
Sherman, J. (2009). Bend to avoid breaking: Job loss, gender norms, and family stability in rural America. Social Problems, 56, 599–620.
Smith, D. E. (1993). The Standard North American Family: SNAF as an ideological code. Journal of Family Issues, 14, 50–65.
Stevens, D. P., Minnotte, K. L., Mannon, S. E., & Kiger, G. (2007). Family work performance and satisfaction: Gender ideology, relative resources, and emotion work. Marriage and Family Review, 40, 47–74.
Stone, P., & Lovejoy, M. (2004). Fast-track women and the “choice” to stay home. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 596, 62–83.
Sullivan, O. (2011). An end to gender display through the performance of housework? A review and reassessment of the quantitative literature using insights form the qualitative literature. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 3, 1–13.
Tenbrunsel, A., Brette, J., Maoz, E., Stroh, L., & Reilly, A. (1995). Dynamic and static work-family relationships. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 63, 223–246.
Thompson, L. (1993). Conceptualizing gender in marriage: The case of marital care. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55, 557–569.
Torr, B. M., & Short, S. E. (2004). Second births and the second shift: A research note on gender equity and fertility. Population and Development Review, 30(1), 109–130.
Twenge, J. M. (2006). Generation me: Why todays young Americans are more confident, assertive, entitled–and more miserable than ever before. New York: Simon & Schuster.
U. S. Census Bureau. (2008) Current population reports: America’s families and living arrangements. Retrieved February 24, 2011, from http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2008.html
U. S. Census Bureau. (2009). American Community Survey. Retrieved February 24, 2011, from http://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/education/
U. S. Census Bureau. (2010). Current population reports: America’s families and living arrangements for 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2011, from http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/p20.html
Wakabayashi, C., & Donato, K. M. (2006). Does caregiving increase poverty among women in later life? Evidence from the Health and Retirement Survey. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47, 258–274.
Walker, A. J. (1999). Gender and family relationships. In M. B. Sussman, S. K. Steinmetz, & G. Peterson (Eds.), Handbook of marriage and the family (2nd ed., pp. 439–474). New York: Plenum.
Waters, L. E., & Moore, K. A. (2002). Predicting self-esteem during unemployment: The effect of gender financial deprivation, alternate roles and social support. Journal of Employment Counseling, 39, 171–189.
Williams, J. (2000). Unbending gender. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender and Society, 1, 125–151.
Zinn, M. B. (2000). Feminism and family studies for a new century. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 571, 42–56.
Acknowledgments
Velma McBride Murry’s involvement was supported by funding from National Institute of Mental Health, Grant R01MH063043. Cady Berkel’s involvement in the preparation of this manuscript was supported by Training Grant T32MH18387.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Murry, V.M., Mayberry, L.S., Berkel, C. (2013). Gender and Family Relations. In: Peterson, G., Bush, K. (eds) Handbook of Marriage and the Family. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3987-5_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3987-5_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-3986-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-3987-5
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)