Gravitational Hadronization: How Mass Can Be Produced from Gravity

Abstract

Whenever an exoergic nuclear or chemical reaction is occurring in a system, then the Hamiltonian, ℋ, of the system is decreasing and thus the system is losing energy. This can be accompanied, however, either by a decrease or by an increase in the relativistic energy E. The latter happens, for example, when initially slow particles are confined in a rotational state and the particles acquire a high kinetic energy. In this case the relativistic energy increases and thus for a laboratory observer who is at rest with respect to the center of mass of the system and who is also unable to observe the rotational motion, apparent rest mass is created. Thus the gravitational or electrostatic attraction can confine particles in bound rotational states to form hadrons from neutrinos or atoms from nuclei and electrons. In these bound states the confined particles, e.g. in rotational orbits, have a high kinetic energy equal to (γ − 1)m _o c ² where γ is the Lorentz factor and m _o is the rest mass. This kinetic energy is the increase in the total rest energy, thus in the total apparent rest mass, of the system upon formation of the bound state. Defining as ξ the ratio of the new apparent rest mass created, divided by the initial rest mass of the system, one finds that ξ equals 1. 45 ⋅10^{− 8} in the case of the H atom formation from a proton and an electron and equals 7. 163 ⋅10⁹ in the case of a neutron formation from three rotating neutrinos. Thus neutrino gravitational confinement in circular states to form hadrons provides a very powerful hadronization mechanism, i.e. a very efficient mechanism for generating new rest mass.