Abstract
As many ceramics are oxides, the oxygen partial pressure, pO2, is an important variable. There is a lot of information about many metal–oxygen systems. In part, this is due to interest in how to obtain metals by direct reduction from their oxides. A frequent way of representing free energies of formation of oxides as a function of pO2 and T is the Ellingham diagram (Ellingham 1944) that was popularized by Richardson and Jeffes for iron and steel production (Richardson and Jeffes 1948). Much less is known about nitrides and oxynitrides or even carbides.
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General Reading
Bergeron CG, Risbud SH (1984) Introduction to phase equilibria in ceramics. The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, This should be available in every ceramics lab
DeHoff RT (2006) Thermodynamics in materials science, 2nd edn. CRC, Boca Raton
Gaskell DR (2008) Introduction to the thermodynamics of materials, 5th edn. Taylor and Francis, New York
Hummel FA (1984) Phase equilibria in ceramic systems. Marcel Dekker, New York
McHale AE (1997) Phase diagrams and ceramic processes. Chapman and Hall, New York
Muan A, Osborn EF (1965) Phase equilibria among oxides in steelmaking. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Reference for experimental determination of phase diagrams in ceramics. Inspirational with very helpful commentary; a ‘must see’ text
Phase diagrams for ceramists, Vols. I–VIII. The American Ceramic Society, Columbus:
I (1964) edited by E.M. Levin, C.R. Robbins, and H.F. McMurdie
II (1969) edited by E.M. Levin, C.R. Robbins, and H.F. McMurdie
III (1973) edited by E.M. Levin and H.F. McMurdie
IV (1981) edited by R.S. Roth, T. Negas, and L.P. Cook
V (1983) edited by R.S. Roth, T. Negas, and L.P. Cook
VI (1987) edited by R.S. Roth, J.R. Dennis, and H.F. McMurdie
(Vols I–VI include mostly oxide and metal + oxide systems)
VII (1989) edited by L.P. Cook and H.F. McMurdie (Halide systems, many calculated diagrams with methods discussed)
VIII (1990) edited by B.O. Mysen (Geological, high pressure, and hydrothermal systems)
Under a new series title, but continuous numbering, Phase Equilibria Diagrams, Vols. IX–XII:
IX (1992) “Semiconductors and Chalcogenides,” edited by G.B. Stringfellow
X (1994) “Borides, Carbides, and Nitrides,” edited by A.E. McHale
XI (1995) “Oxides,” edited by R.S. Roth
XII (1996) “Oxides,” edited by A.E. McHale and R.S. Roth
Also a part of this series; Phase Equilibrium Diagrams, Annuals’91,’92, and’93, edited by A.E. McHale (The annuals contain a number of complex oxide systems.) and Phase Diagrams for High T c Superconductors, edited by J.D. Whitler and R.S. Roth, (1991)
The books are too costly for most individuals and are now only produced as CDs (~$3000). If you are a PC user, you can check out the NIST Standard Reference Database 31 at http://www.nist.gov/srd/nist31.cfm or at the ACerS site; if you’re a Mac user, bad luck.
Ragone DV (1994) Thermodynamics of materials, vol I. Wiley, New York
Swalin RA (1972) Thermodynamics of solids, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York
Specific References
Ellingham HJT (1944) Reducibility of oxides and sulfides in metallurgical processes. J Soc Chem Ind (London) 63:125–133
Hazen RM (1999) The diamond makers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Attaining the high pressures
Richardson FD, Jeffes JHE (1948) The thermodynamics of substance of interest in iron and steel making from 0°C to 2400°C. J Iron Steel Inst (London) 160:261–270
Saunders N, Miodownik AP (1998) CALPHAD (calculation of phase diagrams): a comprehensive guide. Pergamon, Oxford
Torres FC, Alarcón J (2004) Mechanism of crystallization of pyroxene-based glass-ceramic glazes. J Non-Cryst Sol 347:45–51
Www
CALPHAD for CALculation of PHAse Diagrams. www.calphad.org. Available in many university libraries on line.
http://thayer.dartmouth.edu/icelab The site of the ice lab at Dartmouth
www.nist.gov/mml/ceramicsNIST’s ceramics
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Carter, C.B., Norton, M.G. (2013). Equilibrium Phase Diagrams. In: Ceramic Materials. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3523-5_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3523-5_8
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