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Edible Oil Processing from a Patent Perspective

Abstract

The last 20 years have seen the development of silica-based adsorbents and their introduction into edible oil processing. Since these adsorbents do not remove chlorophyll, they are used in combination with bleaching earth to obtain a light-colored oil. This chapter discusses processes disclosing this combination, some of which also claim reduced adsorbent usage. Countercurrent bleaching also saves on bleaching earth. The patent literature also discloses several processes to treat and regenerate spent bleaching earth and discusses the reasons why none of them is used industrially. The chapter also includes a section on the removal of cholesterol from oil since this was a fashionable subject and led to several patent applications.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The article itself is in Italian, but the French abstract starts with, “Le blanchiment des corps gras par les terres ou noirs décolorants est très probablement le stade le plus mal connu du raffinage des corps gras....”

  2. 2.

    ITERG is the French Institute for Oils and Fats.

  3. 3.

    The Lovibond® color measurement was developed for judging beer without drinking it by Tintometer Ltd., a company that was founded in 1885 by Joseph Lovibond, a prominent brewer.

  4. 4.

    It is, of course, very gratifying to me to see that this method has since become widely adopted.

  5. 5.

    The priority date of this patent is 7 December 1984, and it was granted on 16 December 1986, which is only 2 years later. I would guess that W.R. Grace & Co. asked for speedy treatment.

  6. 6.

    The application date was 15 May 1987, so, again, examination took very little time.

  7. 7.

    This report was published separately as an A3 document in 1991.

  8. 8.

    This application belongs to a family (AU, BR, MX, ZA) that does not include the US. At that time, the US did not yet publish applications, so we do not know whether or not Grace also applied in the US. I would expect so and conclude that no patent was granted or the application was withdrawn, as in Europe.

  9. 9.

    Laporte Industries sold its bleaching earth business to Kohlberg Kravis Rogers in 2000, but prior to that it decided not to pursue this application or the next.

  10. 10.

    See also Sect. 6.5.

  11. 11.

    This is the number given to the application concerned.

  12. 12.

    One of these patents gives his name as Walsh, George R. and the other as Walsh, George E.

  13. 13.

    In comparison with earlier applications, this one is much more difficult to understand. Different author?

  14. 14.

    I did not print this application since it has 237 pages and lists 238 claims. The Russian family member even has 322 pages.

  15. 15.

    Such remarks are typical of companies (Diversa/Verenium) and/or patent agents who want to play it safe by including all eventualities; in doing so, they betray their ignorance or lack of familiarity with the subject.

  16. 16.

    The only other family member of this application is an Australian one, and that was not pursued.

  17. 17.

    This is the only publication of this application, which was subsequently withdrawn. Should it therefore be regarded as a creation of prior art preventing the competition from claiming something similar?

  18. 18.

    The colorimeter used in this patent is made by Rovibond®, which illustrates the difficulty the Japanese have in distinguishing between the L and the R.

  19. 19.

    G. Börner, Öhmi Engineering GmbH, personal communication.

  20. 20.

    Just have a look at columns 17 and 18 in this patent. They just list ranges, such as, “from about 25 to 11, from about 24 to about 11, from about 23 to about 11, from about 22 to about 11,” and so forth, column after column. I would guess that mathematics could well offer a notation that would shorten these columns to just a single formula.

  21. 21.

    Since the choice of adsorbent is limited to those listed.

  22. 22.

    The company Lipid Nutrition B.V. is part of IOI Loders Croklaan, the IOI subsidiary that was formerly owned by Unilever.

  23. 23.

    It calls this solution a “composition comprising corn oil and a non-polar solvent,” but the fact that it yields corn oil on solvent evaporation shows that it is a corn oil miscella. So the word “comprising,” which normally means that further compounds besides those listed may be present should be read as “consisting of,” which limits the mixture to those compounds that have been listed.

  24. 24.

    The fact that dioxin is far less toxic to man than to rats is immaterial in this context.

  25. 25.

    This is the Algemene Kunstzijde Unie, Arnhem, the Netherlands, which merged in 1969 with Koninklijke Zout Organon to form AKZO. In 1994, this company acquired Nobel Industries, Sweden, and became Akzo Nobel.

  26. 26.

    This is now produced and marketed by DSM Engineering Plastics, and the trademark is even used for Nylon 6 and PBT engineering plastics.

  27. 27.

    In Dutch, these are called hakbaarden (“chopping beards”). I learned this word from a friend who worked in an AKU spinning plant.

  28. 28.

    I tried to find out more about this company through a Google search but was only referred to its patents.

  29. 29.

    This happens to be my wife’s birthday.

  30. 30.

    The Abstract refers to these salts as “alkali metal salts”; the claim does not make the same mistake.

  31. 31.

    Bijl is an inventor who is regularly cited in Chap. 2, in the section dealing with single-cell oils.

  32. 32.

    The patent was later assigned to Hoche Butter GmbH.

  33. 33.

    The US equivalent is 5,340,602.

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    Albert J. Dijkstra

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Dijkstra, A.J. (2013). Bleaching. In: Edible Oil Processing from a Patent Perspective. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3351-4_7

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