Skip to main content

Indexing/Annotation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Logic and the Organization of Information
  • 1164 Accesses

Abstract

The distinction is drawn between assigned and derived indexing. The problem of evaluating indexes is addressed. It is observed that certain properties of the indexing graph, and the act of indexing, can be related to desirable retrieval properties such as precision and recall. The capabilities of humans and computers at the task of indexing are outlined and compared. The common view that there are, and can be, no theories of indexing and that indexing cannot be taught is discussed. The phenomenon of generalized synonymy—that we can make indefinitely many paraphrases of a text—is introduced and derived concept indexing is suggested as the appropriate response to this. The phenomenon of generalized homography—that any text under-determines its conceptual content—is introduced. There is discussion of algorithmic, or automatic, approaches to the indexing subtasks of producing the indexing graph or schedule, annotation, and clustering.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Albrechtsen H (1993) Subject analysis and indexing: from automated indexing to domain analysis. Indexer 18(4):219–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JD (1985) Indexing systems: extensions of the mind’s organizing power. In: Ruben BD (ed) Information and behaviour. Transaction Books, New Brunswick, pp 287–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JD, Pérez-Carballo J (2001a) The nature of indexing how humans and machines analyze messages and texts for retrieval Part I Research, and the nature of human indexing. Inf Process Manage 37(2):231–254

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JD, Pérez-Carballo J (2001b) b The nature of indexing: how humans and machines analyze messages and texts for retrieval Part II Machine indexing, and the allocation of human versus machine effort. Inf Process Manage 37(2):255–277

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bates MJ (1998) Indexing and access for digital libraries and the Internet: human, database, and domain factors. J Am Soc Inf Sci 49:1185–1205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borko H (1977) Toward a theory of indexing. Inf Process Manage 13(6):355–365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brenner EH (1989) Vocabulary control. In: Weinberg BH (ed.) Indexing: the state of our knowledge and the state of our ignorance: Proceedings of the 20th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Indexers, 1988. Medford, NJ, pp. 62–67. (Learned Information)

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan B (1979) Theory of library classification. Clive Bingley, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckland M (1999) Vocabulary as a central concept in library and information science. In: Aparac T, Saracevic T, Ingwersen P, Vakkari P (eds) Digital libraries: interdisciplinary concepts, challenges, and opportunities. Proceedings of the third international conference on conceptions of library and information science, CoLIS3, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 23–26 May 1999. Lokve, Zagreb, Croatia, pp 3–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckland M, Plaunt C (1994) On the construction of selection systems. Library Hi Tech 12(4):15–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Candan KS, Di Caro L, Sapino ML (2008) Creating tag hierarchies for effective navigation in social media. In: ACM workshop on search in social media, Napa Valley, CA. ACM, pp 75–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan LM (1989) Inter-indexer consistency in subject cataloging. Inf Technol Libraries 8(4):349–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen C (2003) Mapping scientific frontiers: the quest for knowledge visualization. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Chen H, Yim T, Fye D, Schatz B (1995) Automatic thesaurus generation for an electronic community system. J Am Soc Inf Sci 46(3):175–193. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199504)46:3<175::aid-asi3>3.0.co;2-u

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Cimiano P, Staab S, Tane J (2003) Automatic acquisition of taxonomies from text: FCA meets NLP. In: ECML/PKDD workshop on adaptive text extraction and mining, 2003

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper WS (1969) Is interindexer consistency a hobgoblin? Am Documentation 20(3):268–278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deerwester S, Dumais ST, Furnas GW, Landauer TK, Harshman R (1990) Indexing by latent semantic analysis. J Am Soc Inf Sci 41(6):391–407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dumais ST (1995) Using LSI for information filtering: TREC-3 experiments. In: Harman D (ed) The third text REtrieval conference (TREC3). National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrow J (1995) All in the mind: concept analysis in indexing. Indexer 19(4):243–247

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Foskett AC (1977) Subject approach to information, 3rd edn. Clive Bingley, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Frohmann B (1990) Rules of indexing: a critique of mentalism in information retrieval theory. J Documentation 46:94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fugmann R (1993) Subject analysis and indexing. Theoretical foundation and practical advice. Indeks Verlag, Frankfurt/Main

    Google Scholar 

  • Fugmann R (2004) Learning the lessons of the past. In: Rayward WB, Bowden ME (eds) The history and heritage of scientific and technical information systems: proceedings of the 2002 conference, Chemical Heritage Foundation. Information Today, Medford, NJ, pp 168–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Golub K (2006) Automated subject classification of textual web documents. J Documentation 62(3):350–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hersh WR, Hickam D (1995) Information retrieval in medicine: the SAPHIRE experience. J Am Soc Inf Sci 46:743–747. (Letter by S.M. Humphrey. (1996). JASIS, 47:407–408)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hjørland B (2002) The methodology of constructing classification schemes: a discussion of the state-of-art. In: López-Huertas MJ (ed) Challenges in Knowledge Representation and Organization for the 21th Century. Integration of Knowledge across Boundaries, Granada, Spain, Ergon Verlag, Wu rzburg. Proceedings of the seventh international ISKO conference, pp 450–456

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibekwe-SanJuan F (2006) Constructing and maintaining knowledge organization tools: a symbolic approach. J Documentation 62(2):229–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingwersen P, Wormell I (1992) Ranganathan in the perspective of advanced information retrieval. Libri 42(3):184–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohonen T (2001) Self-organizing maps, 3rd edn. Springer-Verlag, Berlin

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Koll MB (1979) WEIRD: An approach to concept-based information retrieval. ACM SIGIR Forum, XIII 32–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Moens M-F, Dumortier J (2000) Use of a text grammar for generating highlight abstracts of magazine articles. J Documentation 56(5):520–539

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulvany NC (1994) Indexing books. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson HA, Boll JJ (2001) Subject analysis in online catalogs, 2nd edn. Libraries Unlimited, Englewood

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinn BA (1994) Recent theoretical approaches in classification and indexing. Knowl Organiz 21(3):140–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers FB (1960a) Medical subject headings. Preface and introduction. In. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington D.C., pp i–xix

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers FB (1960b) Review of Taube, Mortimer. Studies in coordinate indexing. Bull Med Libr Assoc 42:380–384 (July 1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • Salton G (1968) Automatic information organization and retrieval. McGraw Hill, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Salton G (1975) A theory of indexing. Regional conference series in applied mathematics, society for industrial and applied mathematics. Philadelphia, PA

    Google Scholar 

  • Slavic A, Cordeiro MI (2004) Core requirements for automation of analytico-synthetic classifications. Adv Knowledge Organiz 9:187–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Soergel D (1974a) Automatic and semi-automatic methods as an aid in the construction of indexing languages and thesauri. Int Classification 1(1):34–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Soergel D (1974b) Indexing languages and thesauri: construction and maintenance. Melville, Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  • Spårck Jones K (1971) Automatic keyword classification. Butterworths, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Spårck Jones K (1974a) Automatic indexing. J Documentation 30(4):393–432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spårck Jones K (1974b) Automatic indexing 1974 computer laboratory. University of Cambridge, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Spårck Jones K (1976) Automatic classification. In: Maltby A (ed) Classification in the 1970s: a second look. Bingley, London, pp 209–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan P (1992) Thesaurus construction. In: Frakes WBaB-Y R (ed) Information retrieval: data structures and algorithms. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River New Jersey, pp 161–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Telcordia T (2011) Telcordia Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) Demo Machine. http://lsi.research.telcordia.com/. Accessed 10 Oct 2010

  • Weinberg BH (1981) Word frequency and automatic indexing (dissertation). Columbia University, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg BH (1996) Compexity In Indexing Systems - Abandonment And Failure: Implications For Organizing The Internet. http://www.asis.org/annual-96/ElectronicProceedings/weinberg.html. Accessed 12 Oct 2010

  • Weinberg BH (2009) Indexing: history and theory. Encyclopedia of library and information sciences, 3rd edn. pp 2277–2290

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellisch HH (1991) Indexing from A to Z. H.W.Wilson Co

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfram D, Olson HA (2007) A method for comparing large scale inter-indexer consistency using IR modeling. In: Canadian association for information science proceedings

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Frické, M. (2012). Indexing/Annotation. In: Logic and the Organization of Information. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3088-9_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3088-9_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-3087-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-3088-9

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics