Abstract
The operation of large-scale power plant and other industrial cooling systems is regulated in European Union (EU) through the interplay of a number of Directives and Regulations. These influence the choice, design, development, permitting process, construction and operation of such systems. Ultimately, the authority to construct and operate a cooling system subject to appropriate constraints is manifest through one or more permits.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
IPPCD requires consideration of the installation as a whole and since the cooling system can affect the overall emissions, efficiency and resource requirements of the entire process; in practical regulation, the cooling system is not separated from the assessment/permitting process of the installation.
- 2.
“Best Available Techniques”, “Techniques”, “Available Techniques” and “Best” are all defined in this context within IPPCD art 2. Together, these definitions promote consideration of prevention and reduction of emissions to the environment as a whole (i.e. not focussing on specific media) subject to commercial and technical viability at the scale required. IPPCD Annex IV provides a list of items for which “special consideration” should be given. Of particular relevance for present purposes is item 9 (consumption of raw materials, including water, and energy efficiency).
- 3.
In interpreting this statement, it should be noted that earlier in the BREF (EIPPCB 2001 4.2.1.4) it is stated that for large capacity systems in coastal areas once through cooling systems is the primary BAT approach.
- 4.
The process for this is integral to the holistic nature of WFD. In essence it requires consideration of what packages of measures would “bridge the gap” between current status and the WFD “default” objective of good ecological status by 2015, judging the most cost-effective package of measures and then considering whether technical feasibility or disproportionate cost considerations would render it impossible or inappropriate to seek to achieve the default objective, in which case an alternative timeframe or less stringent objective may be set.
- 5.
“Pollution” is defined in WFD art2(33).
- 6.
WFD art11.3(e) in itself introduces no requirement for prior authorisation for abstraction from salt waters, and no definition of “fresh” is provided.
- 7.
- 8.
Selection of an appropriate monitoring location (e.g. relative to a point of discharge, at the surface, bed or mid-depth) is not straightforward and its choice leads to a de facto mixing zone (see e.g. Turnpenny and Liney 2006).
- 9.
Which need not necessarily coincide with WFD River Basin Districts.
- 10.
- 11.
- 12.
Annex VIII provides lists of substances or groups. Member States derive their own candidate Specific Pollutants and set EQSs based on whether or not their discharge is in “significant quantities”.
Abbreviations
- AOX:
-
Adsorbable organic halogens
- BAT:
-
Best available technique
- BD:
-
Birds directive
- BEP:
-
Best environmental practices (for diffuse sources)
- BPD:
-
Biocidal products directive
- BREF:
-
BAT reference document
- CIRCA:
-
Communication information resource centre administrator (for WFD)
- CIS:
-
Common implementation strategy
- DSD:
-
Dangerous substances directive
- EIAD:
-
Environmental impacts assessment directive
- ELV:
-
Emission limit value
- EMR:
-
Eel management regulations
- EQS:
-
Environmental quality standard
- FFD:
-
Freshwater fish directive
- FGD:
-
Flue gas desulphurisation (De-Sox)
- HSD:
-
Habitats and species directive
- IED:
-
Industrial emissions directive
- IPPCD:
-
Integrated pollution prevention and control directive
- ISO:
-
International organisation for standardization
- List I/list II:
-
Lists of substances within dangerous substances directive framework
- MAC:
-
Maximum acceptable concentration
- MSFD:
-
Marine strategy framework directive
- OSPAR:
-
Oslo and Paris commission/convention
- PHS:
-
Priority hazardous substance
- POM:
-
Programme of measures
- PS:
-
Priority substance
- RBMP:
-
River basin management plan
- REACH:
-
Registration, evaluation, authorisation, and restriction of chemical substances regulation
- SCR:
-
Selective catalytic reduction (De-Nox)
- SWD:
-
Shellfish waters directive
- WFD:
-
Water framework directive
References
Borchardt D, Bosenius U, Dörr R-D, Ewens H-P, Friedl C, Irmer U, Jekel H, Keppner L, Mo-haupt V, Naumann S, Rechenberg B, Rechenberg J, Richter Sa, Richter S, Rohrmoser R, Stratenwerth T, Willecke J, Wolter R (2005) Environmental Policy. Water Frame-work Directive—Summary of River Basin District Analysis 2004 in Germany. Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, Berlin
EA (2005) IPPC Sector Guidance Note: Combustion Activities. Environment Agency Guidance Note V2.03. http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/sectors/32621.aspx>. Accessed Oct 2009
EC (2000) Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. OJ L 327, 22.12.2000
EC (2001) Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Reference Document on the application of Best Available Techniques to Industrial Cooling Systems. December 2001
EC (2009) WHITE PAPER Adapting to climate change: towards a European framework for action. COM (2009) 147 Final, 1 Apr 2009
ECHA (2008) Guidance for downstream users. European Chemicals Agency Fact Sheet, ECHA-08-GF-02-EN
EIPPCB (2001) Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Reference Document on the Application of Best Available Techniques to Industrial Cooling Systems. European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau, Seville, December 2001
EIPPCB (2003) Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Common Wastewater and Waste Gas treatment/management systems in the chemical sector’, European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau, Seville, February 2003
EIPPCB (2006a) Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Large Combustion Plant. European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau, Seville, July 2006
EIPPCB (2006b) Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Reference Document on Economics and Cross-Media Effects. European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau, Seville, July 2006
EIPPCB (2006c) Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Reference Document on Best Available Techniques on Emissions from Storage. European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau, Seville, July 2006
EIPPCB (2009) Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Energy Efficiency. European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau, Seville, February 2009
Guderian R, Gunkel G (2000) Handbuch der Umweltveränderungen und Ökotoxikologie. Band 3A: Aquatische Systeme. Springer, Berlin
Interwies E, Kraemer RA, Kranz N, Görlach B, Dworak T, Borchardt D, Richter S, Willecke J (2004) Grundlagen für die Auswahl der kosteneffizientesten Maßnahmenkombinati-onen zur Aufnahme in das Maßnahmenprogramm nach Artikel 11 der Wasserrahmen-richtlinie. Umweltbundesamt Texte 02/04, 1–250
Kampa E, Hansen W (2004) Heavily modified water bodies. Springer, Berlin
Magnuson JJ, Crowder LB, Medvick PA (1979) Temperature as an ecological resource. Am Zool 19:331–343
Mee LD, Jefferson RL, Dan d’A, Laffoley D, Elliott M (2008). How good is good? Human values and Europe’s proposed Marine Strategy Directive. Mar Poll Bull 56:187–204
Naumann S, Mohaupt V, Bunzel K (eds) (2008) Wasserrahmenrichtlinie und Hydromorpho-logie. Dokumente der gemeinsamen Umsetzungsstrategie der EU- Staaten (CIS). Umweltbundesamt Texte 17/08, 1–332
Projektgruppe Wärmelastplan Tideelbe (2008) Wärmelastplan für die Tideelbe. Behörde für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt, Hamburg
Rijkswaterstaat (2004) CIW beoordelingssystematiek warmtelozingen. 25 Nov 2004, p 94
Souchon Y, Daufresne M, Capra H, Delattre C, Poirel A, Khalanski M (2008) Towards scientifically-based implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000) with regard to fish communities; thermal fluctuations and their implications for power plant thermal releases. In: Proceedings: Second Thermal Ecology and Regulation Workshop: 2–3 Oct 2007. EPRI, Palo Alto, 1016809
Torgersen CE, Faux RN, McIntosh BA, Poage NJ, Norton DJ (2001) Airborne thermal sensing for water temperature assessment in rivers and streams. Remote Sens Environ 76:386–398
Turnpenny AWH, Coughlan J (2003) Using water well: studies of power stations and the aquatic environment. Innogy Publication, ISBN 095171726X
Turnpenny AWH, O’Keeffe N (2005) Screening for intake and outfalls: a best practice guide. Environment Agency. Science Report. SC030231
Turnpenny AWH, Liney K (2006) Review and development of temperature standards for marine and freshwater environments. Jacobs Engineering Consultancy Report, Report No. 21960
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Turnpenny, A.W.H., Bruijs, M.C.M., Wolter, C., Edwards, N. (2012). Regulatory Aspects of Choice and Operation of Large-Scale Cooling Systems in Europe. In: Rajagopal, S., Jenner, H., Venugopalan, V. (eds) Operational and Environmental Consequences of Large Industrial Cooling Water Systems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1698-2_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1698-2_20
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-1697-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-1698-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)