Abstract
This chapter describes recent evidence that there is a limit of consciousness that presents a barrier between conscious and unconscious processes. The barrier is likely specifically related to disturbances of integrative neural mechanisms that through distributed brain processing linked to attentional mechanisms and memory enable integrative conscious experience to be formed. According to recent findings a level of conscious integration may change during certain conditions related to experimental cognitive manipulations, hypnosis or stressful experiences, which can lead to dissociation of consciousness. In this context, dissociation of consciousness likely presents a deficit in the global distribution of information that may result in a heightened level of independent neural processes and complexity in the brain.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aks DJ, Sprott JC. Resolving perceptual ambiguity in the Necker cube: a dynamical systems approach. J Nonlinear Dynamics Psychol Life Sci. 2003;7:159–78.
Baars BJ. A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1988.
Baars BJ. Some essential differences between consciousness and attention, perception, and working memory. Conscious Cogn. 1997;6:363–71.
Baars BJ. Attention versus consciousness in the visual brain: differences in conception, phenomenology, behaviour, neuroanatomy, and physiology. J Gen Psychol. 1999;12:224–33.
Baars BJ. The conscious access hypothesis: origins and recent evidence. Trends Cogn Sci. 2002;6:47–52.
Barret D. Dreams in dissociative disorders. Dreaming. 1994;4:165–75.
Barret D. The dream character as prototype for the multiple personality alter. Dissociation. 1995;8: 66–8.
Barret D. Dreams in multiple personality disorder. In: Barret D, editor. Trauma and dreams. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts; 1996. p. 68–81.
Blake R, Yu K, Lokey M, Norman H. Binocular rivalry and motion perception. J Cogn Neurosci. 1998;10:46–60.
Bliss EL. Multiple personalities. A report of 14 cases with implications for schizophrenia and hysteria. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980;37:1388–97.
Bob P. Subliminal processes dissociation and the ‘I’. J Anal Psychol. 2003;48:307–16.
Bob P. Dissociative processes, multiple personality and dream functions. Am J Psychother. 2004;58:139–49.
Bob P. Hypnotic abreaction releases chaotic patterns of electrodermal activity during dissociation. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2007;55:435–56.
Bob P. Pain, dissociation and subliminal self-representations. Conscious Cogn. 2008;17:355–69.
Bob P, Susta M, Glaslova K, Boutros NN. Dissociative symptoms and interregional EEG cross-correlations in paranoid schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2010;177:37–40.
Bower GH. Mood and memory. Am Psychol. 1981;36:129–48.
Bowers MK, Brecher S. The emergence of multiple personalities in the course of hypnotic investigation. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1955;3:188–99.
Brazdil M, Rektor I, Daniel P, Dufek M, Jurak P. Intracerebral event-related potentials to subthreshold target stimuli. Clin Neurophysiol. 2001;112:650–61.
Brenner I. The characterological basis of multiple personality. Am J Psychother. 1996;52: 154–66.
Brenner I. Deconstructing DID. Am J Psychother. 1999;53:344–60.
Brenner I. Dissociation of trauma: theory, phenomenology and technique. Boston: International Universities Press; 2001.
Brown BG. Towards a theory of multiple personality and other dissociative phenomena. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1984;7:171–93.
Bunge SA, Ochsner KN, Reskond JE, Dover GH, Gabrieli JDE. Prefrontal regions involved in keeping information in and out of mind. Brain. 2001;124:2074–86.
Coons PM. Multiple personality: diagnostic considerations. J Clin Psychiatry. 1980;41:330–6.
Coons PM, Bowman ES, Milstein V. Multiple personality disorder. A clinical investigation of 50 cases. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1988;176:519–27.
Crawford HJ. Brain dynamics and hypnosis. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1994;42:204–32.
Crick F, Koch C. Are we aware of neural activity in primary visual cortex? Nature. 1995;375: 121–3.
Desimone R, Duncan J. Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1995;18:193–222.
Diaz MT, McCarthy G. Unconscious word processing engages a distributed network of brain regions. J Cogn Neurosci. 2007;19:1768–75.
Eccleston C, Crombez G. Pain demands attention: a cognitive-affective model of the interruptive function of pain. Psychol Bull. 1999;125:356–66.
Ellenberger HF. The discovery of the unconscious: the history and evolution of dynamic psychiatry. New York: Basic; 1970.
Erdelyi MH. Comments on commentaries: Kihlstrom, Bachmann, Reingold, and Snodgrass. Conscious Cogn. 2004a;13:430–3.
Erdelyi MH. Subliminal perception and its cognates: theory, indeterminacy, and time. Conscious Cogn. 2004b;13:73–91.
Feinberg I. Efference copy and corollary discharge: implications for thinking and its disorders. Schizophr Bull. 1978;4:636–40.
Feinberg I, Guazzelli M. Schizophrenia- a disorder of the corollary discharge systems that integrate the motor systems of thought with the sensory systems of consciousness. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;17:4196–204.
Feldman JB. The neurobiology of pain, affect and hypnosis. Am J Clin Hypn. 2004;46:187–200.
Fell J, Fernández G, Klaver P, Elger CE, Fries P. Is synchronized neuronal gamma activity relevant for selective attention? Brain Res Rev. 2003;42:265–72.
Ferenczi S. Gedanken über das trauma. International Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse. 1934;20:5–12.
Fischer C. Dreams and perception: the role of preconscious and primary modes of perception and dream formation. J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1954;2:389–445.
Fishbain DA, Cutler RB, Rosomoff HL, Rosomoff RS. Pain-determined dissociation episodes. Pain Med. 2001;2:216–24.
Ford JM, Mathalon DH, Heinks T, Kalba S, Faustman WO, Roth WT. Neurophysiological evidence of corollary discharge dysfunction in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158: 2069–71.
Frances A, Spiegel D. Chronic pain masks depression, multiple personality disorder. Hospital & Community Psychiatry. 1987;38:933–35.
Freeman WJ. The physiology of perception. Sci Am. 1991;264:78–85.
Fries P. Neuronal gamma-band synchronization as a fundamental process in cortical computation. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2009;32:209–24.
Gabel S. Dreams as a possible reflection of dissociated self-monitoring system. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1989;177:560–8.
Gawronski B, Hofmann W, Wilbur CJ. Are “implicit” attitudes unconscious? Conscious Cogn. 2006;15:485–99.
Gazzaniga MS, Sperry RW. Language after section of the cerebral commissures. Brain. 1967;90:131–48.
Goebel R, Khorram-Sefat D, Muckli L, Hacker H, Singer W. The constructive nature of vision: direct evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of apparent motion and motion imagery. Eur J Neurosci. 1998;10:1563–73.
Gottschalk AM, Bauer MS, Whybrow PC. Evidence of chaotic mood variation in bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:947–59.
Greaves GB. Multiple personality. 165 years after Mary Reynolds. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1980;168: 577–96.
Guralnik O, Levin R, Schmeidler J. Dreams of personality disordered subjects. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1999;187:40–6.
Hartmann E. Nightmare after trauma as paradigm for all dreams: a new approach to the nature and functions of dreaming. Psychiatry. 1998;61:223–38.
Henry G, Weingartner H, Murphy LD. Influence of affective states and psychoactive drugs on verbal learning and memory. Am J Psychiatry. 1973;130:66–71.
Hilgard ER. Divided consciousness. Multiple control in human thought and action. New York: Wiley; 1986.
Holloway FA. State dependent retrieval based on time of day. In Ho BT, Richards DV, Chute DL, editors. Drug discrimination and state dependent learning. Academic Press: New York; 1978. pp. 319–43.
Jeans RF. The three faces of Evelyn: a case report I. An independently validated case of multiple personalities. J Abnorm Psychol. 1976;85:249–55.
Jung CG. On the nature of the psyche. The structure and dynamics of the psyche . Collected Works of CG Jung. vol 8, Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1972.
Kaiser J, Lutzenberger W. Induced gamma-band activity and human brain function. Neuroscientist. 2003;9:475–84.
Kanwisher N. Neural events and perceptual awareness. Cognition. 2001;79:89–113.
Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Comprehensive glossary of psychiatry and psychology. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1991.
Karremans J, Stroebe W, Claus J. Beyond Vicary’s fantasies: the impact of subliminal priming and brand choice. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2006;42:792–8.
Kihlstrom JF. The cognitive unconscious. Science. 1987;237:1445–52.
Kihlstrom JF. Availability, accessibility, and subliminal perception. Conscious Cogn. 2004;13: 92–100.
Larmore K, Ludwig AM, Cain RL. Multiple personality: an objective case study. Br J Psychiatry. 1977;31:3540.
Levitan H. The dream in traumatic states. In: Natterson JM, editor. The dream in clinical practice. New York: Jason Aronson; 1980.
Libet B, Alberts WW, Wright Jr EW, Delattre LD, Levin G, Feinstein B. Production of threshold levels of conscious sensation by electrical stimulation of human somatosensory cortex. J Neurophysiol. 1964;27:546–78.
Libet B, Alberts WW, Wright Jr EW, Feinstein B. Responses of human somatosensory cortex to stimuli below threshold for conscious sensation. Science. 1967;158:1597–600.
Libet B, Wright Jr EW, Einstein B, Pearl DK. Subjective refferal of the timing for a conscious sensory experience. Brain. 1979;102:193–224.
Libet B, Pearl DK, Morledge DA, Gleason CA, Hosobuchi Y, Barbaro NM. Control of the transition from sensory detection to sensory awareness in man by the duration of a thalamic stimulus: the cerebral ‘time-on’ factor. Brain. 1991;114:1731–57.
Liddell BJ, Williams LM, Rathjen J, Shevrin H, Gordon E. A temporal dissociation of subliminal versus supraliminal fear perception: an event-related potential study. J Cogn Neurosci. 2004;16: 479–86.
Livengood JM, Zouny CM, Parris CV. Implications of multiple personality disorder for treatment of chronic pain. Pain Digest. 1994;4:1914.
Luck SJ, Girelli M. Electrophysiological approaches to the study of selective attention in the human brain. In: Parasuraman R, editor. The attentive brain. Cambridge: MIT Press; 1998. p. 71–94.
Lynn SJ, Maré C, Kvaal S, Segal D, Sivec H. The hidden observer, hypnotic dreams, and age regression: clinical implications. Am J Clin Hypn. 1994;37:130–42.
Maaranen P, Tanskanen A, Honkalampi K, Haatainen K, Hintikka J, Viinamaki H. Factors associated with pathological dissociation in the general population. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2005;39: 387–94.
Marcel AJ. Conscious and unconscious perception: an approach to the relations between phenomenal experience and perceptual processes. Cogn Psychol. 1983;15:238–300.
Marmer SS. The dream in dissociative states. In: Natterson JM, editor. The dream in clinical practice. New York: Jason Aronson; 1980a.
Marmer SS. Psychoanalysis of multiple personality. Int J Psychoanal. 1980b;61:439–59.
McFadden IJ. Multiple personality disorder becoming manifest after persistence of a chronic pain syndrome. Clin J Pain. 1992;8:63.
McFadden IJ, Woitalla VF. Differing reports of pain perception by different personalities in a patient with chronic pain and multiple personality disorder. Pain. 1993;55:37982.
Melloni L, Molina C, Pena M, Torres D, Singer W, Rodriguez E. Synchronization of neural activity across cortical areas correlates with conscious perception. J Neurosci. 2007;27: 2858–65.
Merskey H. The manufacture of personalities. The production of multiple personality disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 1992;160:327–40.
Mulckhuyse M, Theeuwes J. Unconscious attentional orienting to exogenous cues: a review of the literature. Acta Psychol (Amst). 2010;134:299–309.
O’Brien M. The diagnosis of multiple personality syndromes: overt, covert, and latent. Compr Ther. 1985;11:59–66.
Overton DA. Major theories of state dependent learning. In: Ho BT, Richards DV, Chute DL, editors. Drug discrimination and state dependent learning. London: Academic Press; 1978.
Packard RC, Brown F. Multiple headaches in a case of multiple personality disorder. Headache. 1986;26:99102.
Pearce S, Isherwood S, Hrouda D, Richardson P, Erskine A, Skinner J. Memory and pain; tests of mood congruity and state dependent learning in experimentally induced and clinical pain. Pain. 1990;43:187–93.
Pessoa L. To what extent are emotional visual stimuli processed without attention and awareness? Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2005;15:188–96.
Poetzl O. The relationship between experimentally induced dream images and indirect vision. Psychological Issues Monograph. 1960;2:46–106.
Putnam FW. Diagnosis and treatment multiple personality disorder. New York, London: The Guilford Press; 1989.
Putnam FW. Traumatic stress and pathological dissociation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995;771:708–15.
Putnam F. Dissociation in children and adolescents. A developmental perspective. London, New York: The Guilford Press; 1997.
Putnam FW, Guroff JJ, Silberman EK, Post BL. The clinical phenomenology of multiple personality disorder. Review of 100 recent cases. J Clin Psychiatry. 1986;47:285–9.
Rainville P, Duncan GH, Price DD, Carrier B, Bushnell MC. Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex. Science. 1997;277:968–71.
Rainville P, Hofbauer RK, Bushnell MC, Duncan GH, Price DD. Hypnosis modulates activity in brain structures involved in the regulation of consciousness. J Cogn Neurosci. 2002;14: 887–901.
Reanault B, Signoret JL, Debruille B, Breton F, Bolgert F. Brain potentials reveal covert facial recognition in prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia. 1989;27:905–12.
Rees G, Russell C, Frith CD, Driver J. Inattentional blindness versus inattentional amnesia for fixated but ignored words. Science. 1999;286:2504–7.
Reinders AATS, Nijenhuis ERS, Paans AMJ, Korf J, Willemsen ATM, den Boer JA. One brain, two selves. Neuroimage. 2003;20:2119–25.
Reingold EM. Unconscious perception: assumptions and interpretive difficulties. Conscious Cogn. 2004;13:117–22.
Rickeport MM. The interface between multiple personality, spirit mediumship and hypnosis. Am J Clin Hypn. 1992;34:168–77.
Roediger HL. Implicit memory: retention without remembering. Am Psychol. 1990;45:1043–56.
Rubin N. Binocular rivalry and perceptual multi-stability. Trends Neurosci. 2003;26:289–91.
Salley RD. Subpersonalities with dreaming functions in a patient with multiple personalities. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1988;176:112–5.
Sauseng P, Klimesch W. What does phase information of oscillatory brain activity tell us about cognitive processes? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008;32:1001–13.
Saxe GN, Chawla N, van der Kolk B. Self-destructive behavior in patients with dissociative disorders. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2002;32:313–9.
Shevrin H. Event-related markers of unconscious processes. Int J Psychophysiol. 2001;42: 209–18.
Sperry RW. Hemisphere deconnection and unity in conscious awareness. Am Psychol. 1968;23: 723–33.
Stross L, Shevrin H. Differences in thought organization between hypnosis and the waking state: an experimental approach. Bull Meninger Clin. 1962;26:237–47.
Stross L, Shevrin H. Thought organization in hypnosis and the waking state. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1968;147:272–88.
Stross L, Shevrin H. Hypnosis as a method for investigating unconscious thought processes. J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1969;17:100–35.
Tsakiris M, Haggard P, Franck N, Mainy N, Sirigu A. A specific role for efferent information in self-recognition. Cognition. 2005;96:215–31.
Varela FJ, Lachaux JP, Rodriguez E, Martinerie J. The brainweb: phase synchronization and large-scale integration. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001;2:229–39.
Vermetten E, Bremner JD. Functional brain imaging and the induction of traumatic recall: a cross-correlational review between neuroimaging and hypnosis. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2004;52:218–312.
Vermetten E, Douglas BJ. Functional brain imaging and the induction of traumatic recall: a cross-correlational review between neuroimaging and hypnosis. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2004;52: 280–312.
Villemure Ch, Bushnell MC. Cognitive modulation of pain: how do attention and emotion influence pain processing? Pain. 2002;95:195–99.
von Helmholtz H. Treatise on physiological optics. New York: Dover; 1962.
Watkins HH. Ego-state therapy: an overview. Am J Clin Hypn. 1993;35:232–40.
Watkins JG, Watkins HH. Ego states and hidden observers. J Altered States of Consciousness. 1979–80;5:3–18.
Watkins JG, Watkins HH. Dissociation and displacement: where goes the “ouch?”. Am J Clin Hypn. 1990;33:1–21.
Wiens S. Subliminal emotion perception in brain imaging: findings, issues, and recommendations. Prog Brain Res. 2006;156:105–21.
Wolff PH. The development of behavioural and emotional states in infancy. Chicago: University Chicago Press; 1987.
Womelsdorf T, Fries P. The role of neuronal synchronization in selective attention. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2007;17:154–60.
Wong PS, Shevrin H, Williams WJ. Conscious and nonconscious processes: an ERP index of an anticipatory response in a conditioning paradigm using visual masked stimuli. Psychophysiology. 1994;31:87–101.
Wong PS, Bernat E, Snodgrass M, Shevrin H. Event-related brain correlates of associative learning without awareness. Int J Psychophysiol. 2004;53:217–31.
Wortman CB, Loftus EF, Marshall ME. Sensation and perception. In: Wortman CB, Loftus EF, Marshall ME, editors. Psychology. New York: Mc Graw-Hill; 1992.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bob, P. (2012). The Unconscious Mind. In: Brain, Mind and Consciousness. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0436-1_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0436-1_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-0435-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-0436-1
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)