Abstract
Toxic waste disposal has been very haphazard in the past. Only recently has it been recognized that certain chemicals may persist for many years, that they may migrate, and that drums containing them eventually corrode. Toxic wastes have been and are still being handled in a number of ways. They may be temporarily or permanently stored in controlled and uncontrolled landfills, salt mines, in warehouses, mixed into salvage oil, dumped at night on private property or along road sides, dumped into rivers, lakes and the ocean, treated in special lagoons or ponds with chemicals, bacteria and/or ultraviolet light to degrade them (Johnson, 1977; Dunphy and Hall, 1978). They may be discharged into sewage treatment plants or they may be retained by the toxic waste generator on his property, in which case they are either burned or stored in drums above or below the ground.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents in the workroom environment with intended changes for 1980. Publication Office, ACGIH, P. O. Box 1937, Cincinnati, Ohio 45201.
Beutler, E., Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. In the metabolic basis of inherited disease, 3rd ed., J. B Stanbury, J. B. Wyngaarden, and D. S. Frederiskson, eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 1358–1388 (1972).
Brown, C. C., Mathematical aspects of dose response studies id carcinogenesis. The concept of thresholds. Oncology, 33, 62–65 (1976).
Cannon, S. B., Veazey, J. M., Jackson, R. S., Burse, V. W., Hayes, C., Straub, W. E., Landrigan, P. J., and Liddle, J. A., Epidemic kepone poisoning in chemical workers, Am. J. Epid., 107, 529–537 (1978).
Carter, C. D., Kimbrough, R. D., Liddle, J. A., Cline, R. E., Zack, M. M., Jr., Barthel, W. F., Koehler, R. E., and Phillips, P. E., Tetrachlorodibenzo-dioxin: An accidental poisoning episode in horse arenas. Science 188:738–740 (1975).
Christensen, H. E., and Fairchild, E. J., Suspected carcinogens, 2nd ed., U.S. Dept. HEW, NIOSH, Government Printing Office, Supt. of Doc., Washington, D.C. 20402.
Cleaver, J. E., Defective repair replication of DNA in xeroderna pigmentosum. Nature 218:652–656 (1968).
Code of Federal Regulations 21, part 192, 365–381, April 1, 1980. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Also available NTIS UB/C/220.
Compliance Policy Guides Manual. FDA Executive Director for Regional Operations, Division of Field Regulatory Guidance, Field Compliance Branch, December 3, 1973.
Crump, K. S., and Masterman, M. D., Review and evaluation of methods of determining risks from chronic low level carcinogenic insult in Environmental contaminants in food, Congress of the United States, 1979, Library Congr. Cat. No. 79-600207. Sup. of Doc., U.S. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Stock No. 052-00200724-0.
Dunphy, J. H., and Hall, A., Waste disposal: its a dirty business. Chemical Week, pp. 25–29, March 1, 1978.
Dunphy, J. H., and Hall, A., Waste disposal, settling on safer solution for chemicals. Chemical Week, pp. 28–32, March 8, 1978.
Guess, H., Crump, K., and Peto, R., Uncertainty estimates for low-dose-rate extrapolations of animal carcinogenicity data. Cancer Research 37:3475–3483 (1977).
Hoel, D. G., Gaylor, D. W., Kirschstein, R. L., Saffiotti, U., and Schneiderman, M. A., Estimation of risks of irreversible delayed toxicity. J. of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 1:133–151 (1975).
Johnson, C. J., Toxic soluble waste disposal in a sanitary landfill site draining to an urban water supply. A.J.P. H., 67:468–469 (1977).
Kreiss, K., Zack, M., Kimbrough, R. D., et al., Cross-sectional study of a community with exceptional exposure to DDT. JAMA, in press.
Schmähl, D., Combination effects in chemical carcinogenesis (experimental results), Oncology, 33:73–76 (1976).
Wolff, A. H., and Oehme, F. W., Carcinogenic chemicals in food as an environmental issue. JAVMA, 164:623–629 (1974).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1983 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kimbrough, R.D. (1983). Health Impact of Toxic Wastes: Estimation of Risk. In: Covello, V.T., Flamm, W.G., Rodricks, J.V., Tardiff, R.G. (eds) The Analysis of Actual Versus Perceived Risks. Advances in Risk Analysis, vol 1. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3760-7_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3760-7_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-3762-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-3760-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive