Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of Landscape Change on Aquatic Biodiversity and Biointegrity

  • Chapter
Applying Landscape Ecology in Biological Conservation

Abstract

Linkages between land cover and aquatic biointegrity were reported by 19th-century scientists (Grove 1995). So why should we still be concerned about relating land use and land cover to biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems? World-wide, (1992) estimated that 1,800 species (20%) of freshwater fish have recently become extinct or are seriously declining. (1989) classified 364 fish taxa (31 %) in North America as endangered, threatened, or of special concern, and (1989) listed 43 taxa as recently extinct. (1990) reported that 65% of crayfish species and 73% of unionid mussel species in North America are recently extinct or at risk. Compared with terrestrial animals, aquatic species are at higher risk. (1999) estimated that extinction rates for the freshwater fauna of North America are five times those of terrestrial animals and comparable to rates in tropical rainforests. This concern extends to North American marine fish, among which 33 taxa are listed as vulnerable to extirpation as a result of habitat degradation (Musick et al. 2000).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adler, R.W., Landman, J.C., and Cameron, D.M. 1993. The Clean Water Act: 20 Years Later. Covelo, California: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allan, J.D., Eriekson, D.L., and Fay, J. 1997. The influence of catchment land use on stream integrity across multiple scales. Freshwater Biol. 37:149–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allan, J.D., and Flecker, A.S. 1993. Biodiversity conservation in running waters. Bio-Science 43:32–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, A.P., Whittier, T.R., Larsen, D.P., Kaufmann, RR., O’Connor, R.J., Hughes, R.M., Stemberger, R.S., Dixit, S.S., Brinkhurst, R.O., Herlihy, A.T., and Paulsen, S.G. 1999. Concordance of taxonomic composition patterns across multiple lake assemblages: effects of scale, body size, and land use. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56:2029–2040.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, D.J., and Vondracek, B. 1999. Insects as indicators of land use in three ecoregions in the Prairie Pothole Region. Wetlands 19:648–664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, J.R., Peck, D.V., and Sutton, D.W. 1997. Field Operations Manual for Lakes. EPA/620/R-97/001. Corvallis, Oregon: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayley, P.B. 1995. Understanding large river-floodplain ecosystems. BioScience 45:153–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bella, D.A. 1997. Organizational systems and the burden of proof. In Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems: Status and Future Options, eds. D.J. Stouder, P.A. Bisson, and R.J. Naiman, pp. 617–638. New York: Chapman and Hall.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Benner, P.A., and Sedell, J.R. 1997. Upper Willamette River landscape: a historic perspective. In River Quality: Dynamics and Restoration, eds. A. Laenen and D.A. Dunnette, pp. 23–47. Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury, B., Nehlsen, W, Nickelson, T.E., Moore, K.M.S., Hughes, R.M., Heller, D., Nicholas, J., Bottom, D.L., Weaver, W.E., and Beschta, R.L. 1995. Handbook for Prioritizing Watershed Protection and Restoration to Aid Recovery of Native Salmon. Eugene, Oregon: Pacific Rivers Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryce, S.A., Larsen, D.P., Hughes, R.M., and Kaufmann, P.R. 1999. Assessing relative risks to aquatic ecosystems: a mid-Appalachian case study. J. Am. Water Re sour. Assoc. 35:23–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, C.A., and Muth, R. 1989. The Colorado River: lifeline of the American Southwest. In Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium, ed. D.P. Dodge, pp. 220–239. Canadian Special Publication in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 106. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Department of Fisheries and Oceans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, G.D., Welch, E.B., Peterson, S.A., and Newroth, P.R. 1993. Restoration and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs. Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corkum, L.D. 1990. Intrabiome distributional patterns of lotic macroinvertebrate assemblages. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47:2147–2157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Croonquist, M.J., and Brooks, R.P 1993. Effects of habitat disturbance on bird communities in riparian corridors. J. Soil Water Conserv. 48:65–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuffney, T.E., Meador, M.R., Porter, S.D., and Gurtz, M.E. 1997. Distribution of Fish, Benthic Invertebrate, and Algal Communities in Relation to Physical and Chemical Conditions, Yakima River Basin, Washington, 1990. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 96-4280. Denver, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebel, W.J., Becker, C.D., Mullan, J.W., and Raymond, H.L. 1989. The Columbia River—toward a holistic understanding. In Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium, ed. D.P. Dodge, pp. 205–219. Canadian Special Publication in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 106. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Department of Fisheries and Oceans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Espinosa, F.A., Jr., Rhodes, J.J., and McCullough, D.A. 1997. The failure of existing plans to protect salmon habitat in the Clearwater National Forest in Idaho. J. Environ. Manage. 49:205–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fausch, K.D., Karr, J.R., and Yant, P.R. 1984. Regional application of an index of biotic integrity based on stream fish communities. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 113:39–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group. 1998. Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. Springfield, Virginia: National Technical Information Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, R.A., Martin, C.O., and Fischenich, J.C. 2000. Improving riparian buffer strips and corridors for water quality and wildlife. In Riparian Ecology and Management in Multi-Land Use Watersheds, eds. P.J. Wigington and R.L. Beschta, pp. 457–462. Middleburg, Virginia: American Water Resources Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleischner, T.L. 1994. Ecological costs of livestock grazing in western North America. Conserv. Biol. 8:629–645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forest Ecosystem Management and Assessment Team. 1993. Forest Ecosystem Management: An Ecological, Economic, and Social Assessment. 1993-793-071. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, S.V., Swanson, F.J., McKee, W.A., and Cummins, K.W. 1991. An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones: focus on links between land and water. BioScience 41:540–551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grove, R.H. 1995. Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600–1860. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurtz, M.E., and Wallace, J.B. 1984. Substrate-mediated response of stream invertebrates to disturbance. Ecology 65:1556–1569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gutzwiller, L.A., McNatt, R.M., and Price, R.D. 1997. Watershed restoration and grazing practices in the Great Basin: Mary’s River of Nevada. In Watershed Restoration: Principles and Practices, eds. J.E. Williams, C.A. Wood, and M.P. Dombeck, pp. 360–380. Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, J.S., Benfield, E.F., Bolstad, P.V., Helfman, G.S., and Jones, E.B.D., III. 1998. Stream biodiversity: the ghost of land use past. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95:14843–14847.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, C.P., Norris, R.H., Gerritsen, J., Hughes, R.M., Jackson, S.K., Johnson, R.K., and Stevenson, R.J. 2000. Evaluations of the use of landscape classifications for the prediction of freshwater biota: synthesis and recommendations. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 19:541–556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Healy, M.C. 1997. Paradigms, policies, and prognostications about the management of watershed ecosystems. In River Ecology and Management: Lessons from the Pacific Coastal Ecoregion, eds. R.J. Naiman and R.E. Bilby, pp. 662–682. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hortle, K.G., and Lake, RS. 1983. Fish of channelized and unchannelized sections of the Bunyip River, Victoria. Australian J. Marine Freshwater Res. 34:441–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, W.F., and Heikkila, P.A. 1997. Integrating public and private restoration strategies: Coquille River of Oregon. In Watershed Restoration: Principles and Practices, eds. J.E. Williams, C.A. Wood, and M.P. Dombeck, pp. 235–252. Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, R.M., Paulsen, S.G., and Stoddard, J.L. 2000. EMAP-Surface Waters: a multiassem-blage, probability survey of ecological integrity in the U.S.A. Hydrobiologia 423:429–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hugueny, B. 1989. West African rivers as biogeographic islands: species richness of fish communities. Oecologia 79:235–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunsaker, C.T., and Levine, D.A. 1995. Hierarchical approaches to the study of water quality in rivers. BioScience 45:193–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huntington, C.W., and Sommarstrom, S. 2000. An Evaluation of Selected Watershed Councils in the Pacific Northwest and Northern California. Eugene, Oregon: Pacific Rivers Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isenhart, T.M., Schultz, R.C., and Colletti, J.P 1997. Watershed restoration and agricultural practices in the Midwest: Bear Creek of Iowa. In Watershed Restoration: Principles and Practices, eds. J.E. Williams, C.A. Wood, and M.P. Dombeck, pp. 318–334. Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karr, J.R., and Dudley, D.R. 1981. Ecological perspective on water quality goals. Environ. Manage. 5:55–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman, J.B., Beschta, R.L., Otting, N., and Lytjen, D. 1997. An ecological perspective of riparian and stream restoration in the western United States. Fisheries 22(5): 12–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lammert, M., and Allan, J.D. 1999. Assessing biotic integrity of streams: effects of scale in measuring the influence of land use/cover and habitat structure on fish and macroin-vertebrates. Environ. Manage. 23:257–270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levins, R. 1969. Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 15:237–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, H.W., Currens, K., Bottom, D., Clarke, S., Dambacher, J., Frissell, C., Harris, P., Hughes, R.M., McCullough, D., McGie, A., Moore, K., Nawa, R., and Thiele, S. 1995. Safe havens: refuges and evolutionarily significant units. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 17:371–380.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Master, L. 1990. The imperiled status of North American aquatic animals. Biodiversity Network News 3(3):1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matter, W.J., Ney, J.J., and Maughan, O.E. 1978. Sustained impact of abandoned surface mines on fish and benthic invertebrate populations in headwater streams of southwestern Virginia. In Surface Mining and Fish/Wildlife Needs in the Eastern United States, eds. D.E. Samuel, J.R. Stauffer, C.H. Hocutt, and W.T. Mason, pp. 203–215. FWS/OBS-78/81. Washington, DC: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcintosh, B.A., Sedell, J.R., Smith, J.E., Wissmar, R.C., Clarke, S.E., Reeves, G.H., and Brown, L.A. 1994. Historical changes in fish habitat for selected river basins of eastern Oregon and Washington. Northwest Sci. 68:36–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messer, J.J., Linthurst, R.A., and Overton, W.S. 1991. An EPA program for monitoring ecological status and trends. Environ. Monitor. Assess. 17:67–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R.R., Williams, J.D., and Williams, J.E. 1989. Extinctions of North American fishes during the past century. Fisheries 14(6):22–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molles, M.C., Jr., Crawford, C.S., Ellis, L.M., Valett, H.M., and Dahm, C.N. 1998. Managed flooding for riparian ecosystem restoration. BioScience 48:749–756.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moyle, P.B., and Leidy, R.A. 1992. Loss of biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems: evidence from fish faunas. In Conservation Biology: The Theory and Practice of Nature Conservation, Preservation, and Management, eds. P.L. Fiedler and S.K. Jain, pp. 127–169. New York: Chapman and Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moyle, P.B., and Light, T. 1996. Biological invasions of fresh water: empirical rules and assembly theory. Biol. Conserv. 78:149–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mundy, RR., Backman, T.W.H., and Berkson, J.M. 1995. Selection of conservation units for Pacific salmon: lessons learned from the Columbia River. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 17:28–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musick, J.A., Harbin, M.M., Berkeley, S.A., Burgess, G.H., Eklund, A.M., Findley, L., Gilmore, R.G., Golden, J.T., Ha, D.S., Huntsman, G.R., McGovern, J.C., Parker, S.J., Poss, S.G., Sala, E., Schmidt, T.W., Sedberry, G.R., Weeks, H., and Wright, S.G. 2000. Marine, estuarine, and diadromous fish stocks at risk of extinction in North America (exclusive of Pacific salmonids). Fisheries 25(11):6–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council. 1992. Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems: Science, Technology, and Public Policy. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberdorff, T., Guegan, J.F., and Hugueny, B. 1995. Global scale patterns of fish species richness in rivers. Ecography 18:345–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, R.J., Walls, T.E., and Hughes, R.M. 2000. Using multiple taxonomic groups to index the ecological condition of lakes. Environ. Monitor. Assess. 61:207–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Omernik, J.M. 1987. Ecoregions of the conterminous United States. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geog. 77:118–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paulsen, S.G., Hughes, R.M., and Larsen, D.P. 1998. Critical elements in describing and understanding our nation’s aquatic resources. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 34:995–1005.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paulsen, S.G., Larsen, D.P., Kaufmann, P.R., Whittier, T.R., Baker, J.R., Peck, D.V., McGue, J., Hughes, R.M., McMullen, D., Stevens, D., Stoddard, J.L., Lazorchak, J., Kinney, W., Seile, A.R., and Hjort, R. 1991. EMAP-Surface Waters Monitoring and Research Strategy: Fiscal Year 1991. EPA/600/3-91/022. Corvallis, Oregon: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peck, D.V., Averill, D.K., Lazorchak, J.M., and Klemm D.J. 2000a. Field Operations Manual for Non-Wadeable Rivers and Streams. Corvallis, Oregon: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peck, D.V., Lazorchak, J.M., and Klemm D.J. 2000b. Field Operations Manual for Wade-able Streams. Corvallis, Oregon: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Platts, W.S. 1991. Livestock grazing. In Influences of Forest and Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and Their Habitats, ed. W.R. Meehan, pp. 389–424. Special Publication 19. Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poff, N.L., Allan, J.D., Bain, M.B., Karr, J.R., Prestegaard, K.L., Richter, B.D., Sparks, R.E., and Stromberg, J.C. 1997. The natural flow regime: a paradigm for river conservation and restoration. BioScience 47:769–784.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preister, K., and Kent, J.A. 1997. Social ecology: a new pathway to watershed restoration. In Watershed Restoration: Principles and Practices, eds. J.E. Williams, C.A. Wood, and M.P. Dombeck, pp. 28–48. Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pringle, CM. 1997. Exploring how disturbance is transmitted upstream: going against the flow. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 16:425–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility. 1999. Murky Waters. Washington, DC: Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rathert, D., White, D., Sifneos, J.C., and Hughes, R.M. 1999. Environmental correlates of species richness for native freshwater fish in Oregon, USA. J. Biogeog. 26:257–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, G.H., Benda, L.E., Burnett, K.M., Bisson, P.A., and Sedell, J.R. 1995. A disturbance-based ecosystem approach to maintaining and restoring freshwater habitats of evolu-tionarily significant units of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 17:334–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, G.H., and Sedell, J.R. 1992. An ecosystem approach to the conservation and management of freshwater habitat for anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. In Biological Diversity in Aquatic Management, eds. J.E. Williams and R.J. Neves, pp. 408–415. Washington, DC: Wildlife Management Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricciardi, A., and Rasmussen, J.B. 1999. Extinction rates of North American freshwater fauna. Conserv. Biol. 13:1220–1222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, C., Haro, R.J., Johnson, L.B., and Host, G.E. 1997. Catchment and reach-scale properties as indicators of macroinvertebrate species traits. Freshwater Biol. 37:219–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, C., and Host, G.E. 1994. Examining land use influences on stream habitats and macroinvertebrates: a GIS approach. Water Resour. Bull. 30:729–738.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, C., Johnson, L.B., and Host, G.E. 1996. Landscape-scale influences on stream habitats and biota. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53:295–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, J.S. 1976. Changes in fish species composition in the Au Sable River, Michigan from the 1920’s to 1972. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 105:320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter, B.D., Braun, D.P., Mendelson, M.A., and Master, L.L. 1997. Threats to imperiled freshwater fauna. Conserv. Biol. 11:1081–1093.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, N.E., Allan, J.D., and Erickson, D.L. 1995. Landscape influences on stream biotic integrity assessed at multiple spatial scales. Landsc. Ecol. 11:141–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheerer, P.D., Apke, G.D., and McDonald, P.J. 1999. Oregon Chub Research: Middle Fork Willamette and Santiam River Drainages. Contract Number E96970022. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, J.C., Webb, R.H., Valdez, R.A., Marzolf, G.R., and Stevens, L.E. 1998. Science and values in river restoration in the Grand Canyon. BioScience 48:735–748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smol, J.R 1992. Paleolimnology: an important tool for effective ecosystem management. J. Aquat. Ecosystem Health 1:49–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soulé, M.E., and Terborgh, J. 1999. Conserving nature at regional and continental scales— a scientific program for North America. BioScience 49:809–817.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, R.E., Nelson, J.C., and Yin, Y. 1998. Naturalization of the flood regime in regulated rivers. BioScience 48:706–720.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spence, B.C., Lomnicky, G.A., Hughes, R.M., and Novitzki, R.P. 1996. An Ecosystem Approach to Salmonid Conservation. TR-4501-96-6057. Portland, Oregon: National Marine Fisheries Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steedman, R.J. 1988. Modification and assessment of an index of biotic integrity to quantify stream quality in southern Ontario. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45:492–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, J.S., Downes, D.M., Wang, L., Wierl, J.A., and Bannerman, R. 2000. Influences of riparian corridors and hydrology on aquatic biota in agricultural watersheds. In Riparian Ecology and Management in Multi-Land Use Watersheds, eds. P.J. Wigington and R.L. Beschta, pp. 209–214. Middleburg, Virginia: American Water Resources Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarplee, W.H., Jr., Louder, D.E., and Weber, A.J. 1971. Evaluation of the Effects of Channelization on Fish Populations in North Carolina’s Coastal Plain Streams. Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, C. 1997. Fish species richness and incidence patterns in isolated and connected stream pools: effects of pool volume and spatial position. Oecologia 110:560–566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tebo, L.B. 1955. Effects of siltation, resulting from improper logging, on the bottom fauna of a small trout stream in the southern Appalachians. Progr. Fish Cult. 17:64–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tonn, W.M. 1990. Climate change and fish communities: a conceptual framework. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 119:337–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toth, L.A., Melvin, S.L., Arlington, D.A., and Chamberlain, J. 1998. Hydrologic manipulations of the channelized Kissimmee River. BioScience 48:757–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. Mid-Atlantic Highlands Stream Assessment. EPA/903/R-00/015. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vannote, R.L., Minshall, G.W., Cummins, K.W., Sedell, J.R., and Cushing, C.E. 1980. The river continuum concept. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37:130–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, G.L., Talak, A., and Anderson, R.J. 1978. The chronology and character of recovery of aquatic communities from the effects of strip mining for coal in east Tennessee. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Surface Mining and Fish and Wildlife Needs in the Eastern US, ed. E.E. Samuel, pp. 119–125. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L., Lyons, J., Kanehl, P., and Gatti, R. 1997. Influences of watershed land use on habitat quality and biotic integrity in Wisconsin streams. Fisheries 22(6):6–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waples, R.S. 1995. Evolutionarily significant units and the conservation of biological diversity under the Endangered Species Act. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 17:8–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, J.V. 1989. The four-dimensional nature of lotic ecosystems. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 8:2–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wentz, D.A., Bonn, B.A., Carpenter, K.D., Hinkle, S.R., Janet, M.L., Rinella, F.A., Uhrich, M.A., Waite, I.R., Laenen, A., and Bencala, K.E. 1998. Water Quality in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, 1991–95. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1161. Denver, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittier, T.R., Halliwell, D.B., and Paulsen, S.G. 1997. Cyprinid distributions in northeast U.S.A. lakes: evidence of regional-scale minnow biodiversity losses. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54:1593–1607.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcove, D.S., Rothstein, D., Dubow, J., Phillips, A., and Losos, E. 1998. Quantifying threats to imperiled species in the United States. BioScience 48:607–615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.E., Johnson, J.E., Hendrickson, D.A., Contreras-Balderas, S., Williams, J.D., Navarro-Mendoza, M., McAllister, D.E., and Deacon, J.E. 1989. Fishes of North America endangered, threatened, or of special concern: 1989. Fisheries 14(6):2–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.E., Wood, C.A., and Dombeck, M.P, eds. 1997. Watershed Restoration: Principles and Practices. Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, A.K., Munn, M.D., Ryker, S.J., Wagner, R.J., Ebbert, J.C., and Vanderpool, A.M. 1998. Water Quality in the Central Columbia Plateau, Washington and Idaho, 1992–95. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1144. Denver, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, B.D., and Hughes, R.M. 1997. Biodiversity. Fisheries 22(l):22–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wipfli, M.S., Hudson, J.P., Chaloner, D.T., and Caouette, J.P. 1999. Influence of salmon spawner densities on stream productivity in southeast Alaska. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56:1600–1611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoder, CO., and Rankin, E.T. 1998. The role of biological indicators in a state water quality management process. Environ. Monitor. Assess. 51:61–88.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yount, J.D., and Niemi, G.J. 1990. Recovery of lotic communities and ecosystems from disturbance—a narrative review of case studies. Environ. Manage. 14:547–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Robert M. Hughes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Carolyn T. Hunsaker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Baylor University, P.O. Box 97388, Waco, TX, 76798-7388, USA

    Kevin J. Gutzwiller

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hughes, R.M., Hunsaker, C.T. (2002). Effects of Landscape Change on Aquatic Biodiversity and Biointegrity. In: Gutzwiller, K.J. (eds) Applying Landscape Ecology in Biological Conservation. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0059-5_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0059-5_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-95322-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0059-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation