Skip to main content

The Joy of Kicking: Memories, Motives, and Mobiles

  • Chapter

Abstract

A central question in developmental psychology is whether young infants can profit from experience, and if so, how. The answer is critical not only for our practical understanding of the effects of early experience on later behavior but also for theories of development, most of which include strong assumptions regarding the mechanisms underlying early behavioral transitions. Given the importance of this problem, it is surprising that the study of memory early in infancy has been and continues to be a neglected research topic. This neglect has arisen both from the methodological difficulties associated with questioning prelinguistic infants about their memories and from philosophical differences regarding the representational abilities of nonverbal organisms and the role of consciousness in memory processing (see chaps. 4 and 6 in this volume; J. Mandler, 1984; Strauss & Carter, 1984; Tulving, 1985). As a result, today there is a general consensus among authorities of human memory and human development that the capacity for long-term memory does not emerge until sometimes after the first 8 or 9 months of life (chap. 6 in this volume; Kagan, 1984; Nadel & Zola-Morgan, 1984; Olson & Strauss, 1984; Schacter & Moscovitch, 1984).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ackerman, B.P. (1985). Children’s retrieval deficit. In C. Brainerd & M. Pressley (Eds.), Basic processes in memory development. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ackerman, B.P. (1987). Descriptions: A model of nonstrategic memory development. In H. W. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 20). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balsam, P.D. (1985). The functions of context in learning and performance. In P. D. Balsam & A. Tomie (Eds.), Context and learning. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bashinski, H., Werner, J., & Rudy, J. (1985). Determinants of infant visual fixation: Evidence for two-process theory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 39, 580–598.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolles, R.C. (1976). Some relationships between learning and memory. In D. L. Medin, W. A. Roberts, & R. T. Davis (Eds.), Processes of animal memory. New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borovsky, D. (1987). Determinants of retention in 6-month-old infants. Unpublished master’s thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouton, M.E., & Bolles, R.C. (1985). Contexts, event-memories, and extinction. In P. D. Balsam & A. Tomie (Eds.), Context and learning. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bower, G.H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36, 129–148.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brody, L.R. (1981). Visual short-term cued recall memory in infancy. Child Development, 52, 242–250.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruner, J. (1964). The course of cognitive growth. American Psychologist, 19, 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J. (1986). A contextual hierarchy in infant memory. Unpublished master’s thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, B.A., & Coulter, X. (1976). Neural and psychological processes underlying the development of learning and memory. In T. J. Tighe & R. N. Leaton, (Eds.), Habituation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, B.A., & Jaynes, J. (1966). Reinstatement. Psychological Review, 73, 478–480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, B.A., & Spear, N.E. (1972). Ontogeny of memory. Psychological Review, 79, 215–236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caron, R.F. (1967). Visual reinforcement of head-turning in young infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 5, 489–511.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, L.B. (1973). A two-process model of infant visual attention. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 19, 157–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, L.B., & Gelber, E.R. (1975). Infant visual memory. In L. Cohen & P. Salapatek (Eds.), Infant perception: From sensation to cognition (Vol. 1). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornell, E.H. (1974). Infants’ discrimination of photographs of faces following redundant presentations. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 18, 98–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Amato, M.R., & Cox, J.K. (1976). Delay of consequences and short-term memory in monkeys. In D. L. Medin, W. A. Roberts, & R. T. Davis (Eds.), Processes of animal memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeCasper, A.J., & Fifer, W.P. (1980). Of human bonding: Newborns prefer their mothers’ voices. Science, 208, 1174–1176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Enright, M.W. (1981). A comparison of newly acquired and reactivated memories of three-month-old infants. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enright, M.K., Rovee-Collier, C.K., Fagen, J.W., & Caniglia, K. (1983). The effects of distributed training on retention of operant conditioning in human infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 36, 209–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Estes, W.K. (1973). Memory and conditioning. In F. J. McGuigan & D. R. Lumsden (Eds.), Contemporary approaches to conditioning and learning. New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, J.F. (1970). Memory in the infant. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 9, 217–226.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, J.F. (1984). Infant memory: History, current trends, relations to cognitive psychology. In M. Moscovitch (Ed.), Advances in the study of communication and ajfect. Vol. 9: Infant memory. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagen, J.W., Rovee, C.K., & Kaplan, M.G. (1976). Psychophysical scaling of stimulus similarity in 3-month-old infants and adults. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 22, 272–281.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fagen, J.W., & Rovee-Collier, C. (1983). Memory retrieval: A time-locked process in infancy. Science, 222, 1349–1351.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Godden, D.R., & Baddeley, A.D. (1975). Context-dependent memory in two natural environments: On land and underwater. British Journal of Psychology, 66, 325–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godden, D.R., & Baddeley, A.D. (1980). When does context affect recognition memory? British Journal of Psychology, 71, 99–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, W.C. (1979). Age: Is it a constraint on memory content? In N. E. Spear & B. A. Campbell (Eds.), Ontogeny of learning and memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, W.C. (1981). Mechanisms of cue-induced retention enhancement. In N. E. Spear & R. R. Miller (Eds.), Information processing in animals: Memory mechanisms. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greco, C., Hayne, H., & Rovee-Collier, C. (1986, April). Category acquisition by 3-month-old infants. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greco, C., & Rovee-Collier, C. (1988, April). Postevent bonding: The time window for the malleability of infant memory. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Conference on Infant Studies, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greco, C., Rovee-Collier, C., Hayne, H., Griesler, P., & Earley, L. (1986). Ontogeny of early event memory: I. Forgetting and retrieval by 2- and 3-month-olds. Infant Behavior and Development, 9, 441–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groves, P.M., & Thompson, R.F. (1970). Habituation: A dual-process theory. Psychological Review, 77, 419–450.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hasher, L., & Griffin, M. (1978). Reconstructive and reproductive processes in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4, 318–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayne, H. (1988). The effect of multiple reminders on retention. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayne, H., Greco, C., Earley, L., Griesler, P., & Rovee-Collier, C. (1986). Ontogeny of early event memory: II. Encoding and retrieval by 2- and 3-month-olds. Infant Behavior and Development, 9, 461–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayne, H., & Rovee-Collier, C. (April, 1985). Contextual determinants of reactivated memories in infants. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayne, H., Rovee-Collier, C., & Butler, J. (1986, November). Organization of reactivated memories. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology, Annapolis, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayne, H., Rovee-Collier, C., & Perris, E.E. (1987). Categorization and memory retrieval by 3-month-olds. Child Development, 58, 750–767.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, W.L., Borovsky, D., & Rovee-Collier, C. (1988). Continuities in infant memory development. Developmental Psychobiology, 21, 43–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey, W.E. (1976). Habituation as a mechanism for perceptual development. In T. J. Tighe & R. N. Leaton (Eds.), Habituation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, J.J. (1974). Remember that old theory of memory? Well, forget it! American Psychologist, 29, 785–795.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M.K., & Hasher, L. (1987). Human learning and memory. In M. R. Rosenzweig & L. W. Proter (Eds.), Annual review of psychology (Vol. 38). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J. (1979). Growing by leaps: The form of early cognitive development. The Sciences, 19, 8–12, 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J. (1984). The nature of the child. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandel, E.R. (1979). Cellular insights into behavior and learning. The Harvey Lectures, Series 73. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kucharski, D., & Hall, W.G. (1987). New routes to early memories. Science, 238, 786–788.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leaton, R.N. (1976). Long-term retention of the habituation of lick suppression and startle response produced by a single auditory stimulus. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 2, 248–259.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Little, A.H., Lipsitt, L.P., & Rovee-Collier, C. (1984). Classical conditioning and retention of the infant’s eyelid response: Effects of age and interstimulus interval. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 37, 512–524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loftus, E.F. (1981). Mentalmorphosis: Alterations in memory produced by the mental bonding of new information to old. In J. Long & A. Baddeley (Eds.), Attention and performance IX. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loftus, E.F., & Loftus, G.R. (1980). On the permanence of stored information in the brain. American Psychologist, 35, 409–420.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mactutus, C.F., Riccio, D.C., & Ferek, J.M. (1979). Retrograde amnesia for old (reactivated) memory: Some anomalous characteristics. Science, 204, 1319–1320.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mandler, J.M. (1984). Representation and recall in infancy. In M. Moscovitch (Ed.), Advances in the study of affect and communication. Vol. 9: Infant memory. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandler, J.M., Fivush, R., & Reznick, J.S. (1987). The development of contextual categories. Cognitive Development, 2, 339–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCall, R.B. (1971). Attention in the infant: Avenue to the study of cognitive development. In D. Walcher & D. Peters (Eds.), Early childhood: The development of self regulatory mechanisms. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Medin, D.L., & Reynolds, T.J. (1985). Cue-context interactions in discrimination, categorization, and memory. In P. D. Balsam & A. Tomie (Eds.), Context and learning. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadel, L., Willner, J., & Kurz, E.M. (1985). Cognitive maps and environmental context. In P. Balsam & A. Tomie (Eds.), Context and learning. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadel, L., & Zola-Morgan, S. (1984). Infantile amnesia: A neurobiological perspective. In M. Moscovitch (Ed.), Advances in the study of communication and affect. Vol. 9: Infant memory. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, G.M., & Sherman, T. (1983). Attention, learning and memory in infants. In M. M. Haith & J. J. Campos (Vol. Eds.), Handbook of child psychology. Vol. 2: Infancy and developmental psychobiology. New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, G.M., & Strauss, M.S. (1984). The development of infant memory. In M. Moscovitch (Ed.), Advances in the study of communication and affect. Vol 9: Infant memory. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perlmutter, M. (1984). Continuities and discontinuities in early human memory: Paradigms, processes, and performance. In R. Kail & N. E. Spear (Eds.), Comparative perspectives on the development of memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, A., & Sperling, G. (1986). Attention gating in short-term visual memory. Psychological Review, 93, 180–206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Revusky, S. (1971). The role of interference in association over a delay. In W. K. Honig & P. H. R. James (Eds.), Animal memory. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riccio, D.C., & Haroutunian, V. (1979). Some approaches to the alleviation of ontogenetic memory deficits. In B. A. Campbell & N. E. Spear (Eds.), Ontogeny of learning and memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riccio, D.C., Richardson, R., & Ebner, D.L. (1984). Memory retrieval deficits based upon altered contextual cues: A paradox. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 152–165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, W.A., & Grant, D.S. (1978). Interaction of sample and comparison stimuli in delayed matching to sample in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 4, 468–482.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rovee, C.K., & Fagen, J.W. (1976). Extended conditioning and 24-hr retention in infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 21, 1–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rovee-Collier, C. (1987). Learning and memory in infancy. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infancy (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rovee-Collier, C., Enright, M., Lucas, D., Fagen, J., & Gekoski, M.J. (1981). The forgetting of newly acquired and reactivated memories of 3-month-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 4, 317–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rovee-Collier, C., Griesler, P.C., & Earley, L.A. (1985). Contextual determinants of retention in 3-month-old infants. Learning and Motivation, 16, 139–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rovee-Collier, C., & Hayne, H. (1987). Reactivation of infant memory: Implications for cognitive development. In H. W. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 20). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rovee-Collier, C., Patterson, J., & Hayne, H. (1985). Specificity in the reactivation of infant memory. Developmental Psychobiology, 18, 559–574.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rovee-Collier, C.K., & Sullivan, M.W. (1980). Organization of infant memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 798–807.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rovee-Collier, C.K., Sullivan, M.W., Enright, M., Lucas, D., & Fagen, J.W. (1980). Reactivation of infant memory. Science, 208, 1159–1161.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schacter, D.L., & Moscovitch, M. (1984). Infants, amnesics, and dissociable memory systems. In M. Moscovitch (Ed.), Advances in the study of communication and affect. Vol. 9: Infant memory. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokolov, E.N. (1963). Perception and the conditioned reflex. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spear, N.E. (1973). Retrieval of memory in animals. Psychological Review, 80, 163–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spear, N.E. (1976). Retrieval of memories. In W. K. Estes (Ed.), Handbook of learning and cognitive processes. Vol. 4: Memory processes. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spear, N.E. (1978). The processing of memories: Forgetting and retention. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spear, N.E., & Parsons, P.J. (1976). Analysis of a reactivation treatment: Ontogenetic determinants of alleviated forgetting. In D. L. Medin, W. A. Roberts, & R. T. Davis (Eds.), Processes of animal memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Squire, L.R. (1986). Mechanisms of memory. Science, 232, 1612–1619.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stinson, F.S. (1971). Visual short-term memory in four-month infants. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Brown University, Providence, RI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, M., & Carter, P. (1984). Infant memory: Limitations and future directions. In R. Kail & N. E. Spear (Eds.), Comparative perspectives on the development of memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, M. (1982). Reactivation: Priming forgotten memories in human infants. Child Development, 53, 516–523.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, M.W., Rovee-Collier, C.K., & Tynes, D.M. (1979). A conditioning analysis of infant long-term memory. Child Development, 50, 152–162.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, R.F., & Spencer, W.A. (1966). A model phenomenon for the study of neuronal substrates of behavior. Psychological Review, 73, 16–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, R., & Glanzman, D. (1976). Neural and behavioral mechanisms of habituation and sensitization. In T. J. Tighe & R. N. Leaton (Eds.), Habituation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timmons, C.R., Lapinski, K., & Worobey, J. (1986, April). Delayed matching-to-sample by young Homo sapiens. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of episodic memory. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tulving, E. (1985). How many memory systems are there? American Psychologist, 40, 385–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tulving, E., & Thompson, D.M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80, 352–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vander Linde, E., Morrongiello, B.A., & Rovee-Collier, C. (1985). Determinants of retention in 8-week-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 21, 601–613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, A.R. (1976). Priming in STM: An information-processing mechanism for self-generated or retrieval-generated depression in performance. In T. J. Tighe & R. N. Leaton (Eds.), Habituation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J.S. (1984). Memory in learning: Analysis of three momentary reactions of infants. In R. Kail & N. E. Spear (Eds.), Comparative perspectives on the development of memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, J.S., & Perlmutter, M. (1979). Development of visual memory in infants. In H. W. Reese & L. P. Lipsitt (Eds.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 14). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyers, E.J., Peeke, H.V.S., & Herz, M.J. (1973). Behavioral habituation in invertebrates. In H. V. S. Peeke & M. J. Herz (Eds.), Habituation I. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rovee-Collier, C. (1989). The Joy of Kicking: Memories, Motives, and Mobiles. In: Solomon, P.R., Goethals, G.R., Kelley, C.M., Stephens, B.R. (eds) Memory: Interdisciplinary Approaches. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3500-2_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3500-2_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8128-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3500-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics