Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Serono Symposia, USA ((SERONOSYMP))

Abstract

Assisted reproduction with great apes will be considered here as facilitated reproduction in order to include the experimental and clinical approaches related to fertility evaluation (including correction of infertility) and optimization of natural fertilization as well as the more invasive methods of reproduction enhancement associated with artificial insemination (AI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), gamete storage, and surgical intervention. Those techniques are only now becoming effectively applied to the great apes. In addition, the existing data pertaining to early termination of pregnancy, obstetrical intervention, and neonatal and infant mortality can provide valuable guidance regarding the development of strategies for assisted reproduction. Such strategies are, therefore, to be directed to initiation of pregnancy, maintenance of pregnancy, reduction of neonatal loss, provision of means for “normal” postnatal development, and arrangement for social conditions conducive to subsequent natural breeding and rearing of offspring.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Graham CE. The chimpanzee: a unique model for human reproduction. In: Antikatzides Th, Erichsen S, Spiegel A, eds. The laboratory animal in the study of reproduction: 6th ICLA symposium, Thessaloniki, 1975. Stuttgart, New York: G.F. Verlag, 1976:29–38.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Graham CE, Gould KG, Collins DC, Preedy JRK. Regulation of gonadotropin release by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and estrogen in chimpanzees. Endocrinology 1979;105:269–275.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Winter JSD, Faiman C, Hobson WC, Prasad AV, Reyes FI. Pituitary-gonadal relations in infancy, I. Patterns of serum gonadotropin concentrations from birth to four years of age in man and chimpanzee. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1975;40:545–551.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Winterer J, Merriam GR, Gross E, et al. Idiopathic precocious puberty in the chimpanzee: a case report. J Med Primatol 1984;13:73–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Socha WW. Blood groups as genetic markers in chimpanzees: their importance for the national chimpanzee breeding program. Am J Primatol 1981;1:3–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Murayama Y, Fukao K, Noguchi A, Takenaka O. Epitope expression on primate lymphocyte surface antigens. J Med Primatol 1986;15:215–266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Haas GG, Nahhas F. Failure to identify HLA, ABC and Dr antigens on human sperm. Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol 1986;10:39–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bontrop RE, Broos LAM, Pham K, Bakas RM, Otting N, Jonker M. The chimpanzee major histocompatibility complex class II DR subregion contains an unexpectedly high number of beta-chain genes. Immunogenetics 1990;32:272–280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Martin DE, Gould KG. The male ape genital tract and its secretions. In: Graham CE, ed. Reproductive biology of the great apes: comparative and biomedical perspectives. New York: Academic Press, 1981:127–162.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Durrant B. Semen collection, evaluation and cryopreservation in exotic animal species: maximizing reproductive potential. IL AR News 1990;32:2.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ballou JD. Potential contribution of cryopreserved germ plasm to the preservation of genetic diversity and conservation of endangered species in captivity. Cryobiology 1992;29:19–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Riesen A. Introduction. In: Bourne GH, ed. Progress in ape research. New York: Academic Press, 1977:1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Yerkes RM, Elder JH. Oestrus, receptivity and mating in the chimpanzee. Comp Psychol Monogr 1936;13:1–39.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Young WC, Yerkes RM. Factors influencing the reproductive cycle in the chimpanzee: the period of adolescent sterility and related problems. Endocrinology 1943;33:121–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Elder JH, Yerkes RM. The sexual cycle of the chimpanzee. Anat Rec 1936;76:119–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Yerkes RM, Yerkes AW. The great apes. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Clark G, Birch HG. Observations on the sex skin and sex cycle in the chimpanzee. Endocrinology 1948;43:218–231.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Graham CE. A survey of advances in chimpanzee reproduction. In: Bourne GH, ed. Progress in ape research. New York: Academic Press, 1977:177–190.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Hobson W, Fuller GB. LH-RH induced gonadotropin release in chimpanzees. Biol Reprod 1977;17:294–297.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Notelovitz M. Using devices that measure bone mass. Technology 1985:61–67.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Nadler RD, Graham CE, Collins DC, Gould KG. Plasma gonadotropins, prolactin, gonadal steroids, and genital swelling during the menstrual cycle of lowland gorillas. Endocrinology 1979;105:290–296.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Nadler RD, Wallis J, Roth-Meyer C, Cooper RW, Baulieu EE. Hormones and behavior of prepubertal and peripubertal chimpanzees. Horm Behav 1987;21:118–131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Gould KG, Kling OR. Fertility in the male gorilla (Gorilla gorilla): relationship to semen parameters and serum hormones. Am J Primatol 1982;2:311–316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Martin DE, Swenson RB, Collins DC. Correlation of serum testosterone levels with age in male chimpanzees. Steroids 1977;29:471–481.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Nadler RD, Collins DC, Miller LC, Graham CE. Menstrual cycle patterns of hormones and sexual behavior in gorillas. Horm Behav 1983;17:1–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Reyes FI, Winter JSD, Faiman C, Hobson WC. Serial serum levels of gonadotropins, prolactin and sex steroids in the non-pregnant and pregnant chimpanzee. Endocrinology 1975;96:1447–1453.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Nadler RD. Reproductive behavior and endocrinology of orang utans. In: de Boer LEM, ed. The orang utan: its biology and conservation. The Hague, Holland: Dr. W. Junk, 1982:231–248.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Inaba T, Imori T, Saburi T. Urinary estrogen levels during the menstrual cycle of the orangutan. Jpn J Vet Sci 1983;45:857–859.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Nicholson NA. Maternal behavior in human nonhuman primates. In: Loy JD, Peters CB, eds. Understanding behavior: what primate studies tell us about human behavior. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Hannah AC, Brotman B. Procedures for improving maternal behavior in captive chimpanzees. Zoo Biol 1990;9:233–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Fritz J, Fritz P. The hand-rearing unit: management decisions that may affect chimpanzee development. In: Clinical management of great apes. New York: A.R. Liss, 1985:1–34.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Bard K. Maternal competence in chimpanzees. Early Dev Parenting 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Patton PE, Eaton D, Burry KA, Wolf DP. The use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist to regulate oocyte retrieval time. Fertil Steril 1990;54:652–655.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Gould KG. Techniques and significance of gamete collection and storage in the great apes. J Med Primatol 1990;19:537–551.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hatasaka HH, Schaff er NE, Chenette PE, et al. Strategies for ovulation induction and oocyte retrieval in the lowland gorilla. Theriogenology 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Harcourt AH, Fossey D, Stewart KJ, Watts DP. Reproduction in wild gorillas and some comparisons with chimpanzees. J Reprod Fertil 1980;suppl 28:59–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Gould KG, Styperek RP. Improved methods for freeze preservation of chimpanzee sperm. Am J Primatol 1989;18:275–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Dahl JF, Nadler RD. The male external genitalia of the extant Hominidae. Am J Phys Anthropol 1990;81:211–212.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Crisp E. On the os penis of the chimpanzee (Troglodytes niger) and of the orang (Simia satyrus). Proc Zoolog Soc Lond 1865:48–49.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Mayer C. Zur antomie des orang-utang und des chimpanse. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Berlin 1856;22:281–304.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Hill WCO. Note on the male external genitalia of the chimpanzee. Proc Zoolog Soc Lond 1946;116:129–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Marson J, Gervais D, Meuris S, Cooper RW, Jouannet P. Influence of ejaculation frequency on semen characteristics in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J Reprod Fertil 1989;85:43–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Gould KG, Young LG, Smithwick E, Phythyon S. Semen characteristics of the adult male chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Am J Primatol 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Marson J, Meuris S, Cooper RW, Jouannet P. Puberty in the male chimpanzee: progressive maturation of semen characteristics. Biol Reprod 1991;44:448–455.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Vogel K, Gould KG. Seasonal change in semen parameters in the chimpanzee associated with fertilizing capacity [Abstract]. Fertility in the Great Apes 1989:46.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Dahl JF. The external genitalia of the orang utan. In: Schwartz JH, ed. The biology of the orang utan. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Dixson AF, Knight J, Moore HDM, Carman M. Observations on sexual development in male orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus). Int Zoo Yearbook 1982;22:222–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. VandeVoort CA, Neville LE, Tollner TL, Field LP. Non-invasive semen collection from adult orang-utans. Zoo Biol 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Gould KG, Martin DE. Artificial insemination of nonhuman primates. In: Benirschke K, ed. Primates, the road to self-sustaining populations. New York: Springer Verlag, 1986:425–443.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Bader H. Electroejaculation in chimpanzees and gorillas and artificial insemination in chimpanzees. Zoo Biol 1983;2:307–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Seuanez HN, Carothers AD, Martin DE, Short RV. Morphological abnormalities in spermatozoa of man and great apes. Nature 1977;270:345–347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Matern B. Problems, experiences in performing artificial insemination in bonobos (Pan paniscus). Zoo Biol 1983;2:303–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Dahl JF, Gould KG, Nadler RD. Testicle size of orang-utans in relation to body size. Am J Phys Anthropol 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Emmens CW. The motility and viability of rabbit spermatozoa at different hydrogen ion concentrations. J Physiol 1947;106:471–481.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Comhaire FH, Huysse S, Hinting A, Vermeulen L, Schoonjans F. Objective semen analysis: has the target been reached? Hum Reprod 1992;7:237–241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. World Health Organization. Laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and semen-cervical mucus interaction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987:1–67.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Harrison RM. Normal sperm parameters in Macaca mulatta. Lab Primate Newslett 1975;14:10–13.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Holt WV, Moore HDM, Hillier SG. Computer assisted measurement of sperm swimming speed in human semen; correlation of results with in vitro fertilization assays. Fertil Steril 1985;44:112–119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Katz DF. Sperm motility assessment by videomicrography. Fertil Steril 1981;35:188–193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Mack SO, Wolf DP, Tash JS. Quantitation of specific parameters of motility in large numbers of human sperm by digital image processing. Biol Reprod 1988;38:270–281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Knuth UA, Nieschlag E. Comparison of computerized semen analysis with the conventional procedure in 322 patients. Fertil Steril 1988;49:881–885.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Gould KG, Young LG. Acquisition of fertilizing capacity by chimpanzee sperm. Folia Primatol 1990;54:105–108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Young LG, Gould KG. Surface components of ejaculated chimpanzee sperm. Arch Androl 1982;8(1): 15–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Vantman D, Banks SM, Koukoulis G, Dennison L, Sherins RJ. Assessment of sperm motion characteristics from fertile and infertile men using a fully automated computer-assisted semen analyzer. Fertil Steril 1989;51(1):156–161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Chan SYW, Wang C, Ng M, et al. Evaluation of computerized analysis of sperm movement characteristics and differential sperm tail swelling patterns in predicting human sperm in vitro fertilizing capacity. J Androl 1989;10:133–138.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Mack SO, Tash JS, Wolf DP. Effect of measurement conditions on quantification of hyperactivated human sperm subpopulations by digital image analysis. Biol Reprod 1989;40:1162–1169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Bolanos JR, Overstreet JW, Katz DF. Human sperm penetration of zona-free hamster eggs after storage of the semen for 48 hours at 2°C to 5°C. Fertil Steril 1983;39:536–541.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Holt WV. Collection, assessment, and storage of sperm. In: Benirschke K, ed. Primates: the road to self-sustaining populations. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986:413–424.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Hobson WC, Fuller GB, Winter JSD, Faiman C, Reyes FI. Reproductive and endocrine development in the great apes. In: Graham CE, ed. Reproductive biology of the great apes. New York: Academic Press, 1981:83–103.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Doering CH, McGinnis PR, Kraemer HC, Hamburg DA. Hormonal and behavioral response of male chimpanzees to a long-acting analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Arch Sex Behav 1980;9:441–450.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Young LG, Gould KG, Smithwick EB. Selected endocrine parameters of the adult male chimpanzee. Am J Primatol 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Marson J, Meuris S, Cooper RW, Jouannet P. Puberty in the male chimpanzee: time-related variations in luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone. Biol Reprod 1991;44:456–460.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Copeland KC, Eichberg JW, Parker CR, Bartke A. Puberty in the chimpanzee: somatomedin-C and its relationship to somatic growth and steroid hormone concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;60(6): 1154–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Fuller GB, Faiman C, Winter JSD, Reyes FI, Hobson WC. Sex-dependent gonadotropin concentrations in infant chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1982;169:494–500.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Nadler RD, Roth-Meyer C, Wallis J, et al. Hormonal and compartmental correlates during adrenarche in the chimpanzee. C R Acad Sci [III] 1984;298:409–413.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Young LG, Gould KG, Smithwick E. Endocrine parameters of the adult male chimapanzee (Pan troglodytes). Am J Primatol 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Fishel SB, Webster J, Faratian B, Jackson P, Shelton K, Johnson J. Establishing pregnancies after follicular stimulation for IVF with clomiphene citrate and human menopausal gonadotrophin only. Hum Reprod 1991;6:106–112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Check JH, Nowroozi K, Lee M, Adelson H, Katsoff D. Evaluation and treatment of a male factor component to unexplained infertility. Arch Androl 1991;25:199–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Marshburn PB, Stovall DW, Hammond MG, Talbert LM, Shabanowitz RB. Fertility rates in men with normal semen characteristics: spermatozoal testing by induction of the acrosome reaction and Wright-Giemsa staining for subtle abnormal forms. Obstet Gynecol 1991;77:961–962.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Taylor-Robinson D, Barile MF, Furr PM, Graham CE. Ureaplasmas and mycoplasmas in chimpanzees of various breeding capacities. J Reprod Fertil 1987;81:169–173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Tully JG, Taylor-Robinson D, Rose DL, Furr PM, Graham CE, Barile MF. Urogenital challenge of primate species with Mycoplasma genitalium and characteristics of infection induced in chimpanzees. J Infect Dis 1986;153:1046–1054.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. McClure HM, Swenson RB, Kalter SS, Lester TL. Natural genital herpesvirus hominis infection in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus). Lab Anim Sci 1980;30:895–901.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Pearson GR, Slinger WB. Arteriosclerosis of the spermatic arteries of a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Vet Pathol 1982;19:710–712.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Graham CE. Menstrual cycle of the great apes. In: Graham CE, ed. Reproductive biology of the great apes. New York: Academic Press, 1981:1–43.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Graham CE, Gould KG, Wright K, Collins DC. Luteal estrogen secretion and decidualization in the chimpanzee. In: Chivers DJ, Ford EHR, eds. Recent Adv Primatol 1978:209–211.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Graham CE, Collins DC, Robinson H, Preedy JRK. Urinary levels of estrogens and pregnanediol and plasma levels of progesterone during the menstrual cycle of the chimpanzee: relationship to the sexual swelling. Endocrinology 1972;91:13–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Young WC, Orbison WD. Changes in selected features of behavior in pairs of oppositely-sexed chimpanzees during the sexual cycle after ovariectomy. J Comp Psychol 1944;37:107–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Czekala NM, Reichard T, Lasley BL. Assessment of luteal phase competency by urinary hormone evaluation in the captive female gorilla. Am J Primatol 1991;24:283–288.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Carpenter CR. The menstrual cycle and body temperature in two gibbons (Hylobates lar). Anat Rec 1941;79:291–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Nadler RD. Sexual and reproductive behavior. In: Schwartz JH, ed. Orang-utan biology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Dahl JF, Nadler RD. Genital swelling in females of the monogamous gibbon, Hylobates (H.) lar. Am J Phys Anthropol 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Kraemer HC, Horvat JR, Doering C, McGinnis PR. Male chimpanzee development focusing on adolescence: integration of behavioral with physiological changes. Primates 1982;23:393–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Coe CL, Connolly AC, Kraemer HC, Levine S. Reproductive development and behavior of captive female chimpanzees. Primates 1979;20:571–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Nadler RD, Dahl JF, Collins DC, Gould KG, Wilson DC. Effects of oral contraceptives on chimpanzees: a preliminary report. In: Eley RM, ed. Comparative reproduction in mammals and man. Proc Conf National Centre for Research in Reproduction, Nairobi, 1987:30–33.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Pache TD, Hop WC, Wladimiroff JW, Fauser BCJM, De Jong FH. Growth patterns of nondominant ovarian follicles during the normal menstrual cycle. Fertil Steril 1990;54:638–642.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Dahl JF, Nadler RD, Collins DC. Monitoring the ovarian cycles of Pan troglodytesand P. paniscus: a comparative approach. Am J Primatol 1991;24:195–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Graham CE, Struthers EJ, Hobson WC, Faiman C. Prolonged postpartum amenorrhea in chimpanzees: treatment and etiology. In: Eley RM, ed. Comparative reproduction in mammals and man. National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, 1989:8–11.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Loskutoff NM, Kraemer DC, Raphael BL, Huntress SL, Wildt DE. Advances in reproduction in captive, female great apes: value of biotechniques. Am J Primatol 1991;24:151–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Dahl JF. Cyclic perineal swelling during the intermenstrual intervals of captive female pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus). J Hum Evol 1986;15:369–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Schams D. Hormonal control of lactation. In: Elliot K, Fitzsimons DW, eds. Breast-feeding and the mother. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1976: 27–43.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Tyson JE. Neuroendocrine control of lactational infertility. J Biosoc Sci 1977;4:23–29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Graham CE, Struthers EJ, Hobson WC, et al. Postpartum infertility in common chimpanzees. Am J Primatol 1991;24:245–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Kolodny RC, Jacobs LS, Darhaday WH. Mammary stimulation causes prolactin secretion in non-lactating women. Nature 1972;238:284–285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. McNatty KP, Sawyers RS. Relationship between the endocrine environment within the graffian follicle and the subsequent rate of progesterone secretion by human granulosa cells in vitro. J Endocrinol 1975;66:391–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Samson WK, Lumpkin MD, McCann SM. Evidence for a physiological role for oxytocin in the control of prolactin secretion. Endocrinology 1986;119:554–560.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Pettibone DJ, Clineschmidt BV, Anderson PS, et al. A structurally unique, potent and selective oxytocin antagonist derived from streptomyces silvensis. Endocrinology 1989;125:217–222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Luck MR. A function for ovarian oxytocin. J Endocrinol 1989;121: 203–204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Bennegard B, Hahlin M, Dennefors B. Antigonadotropic effect of oxytocin on the isolated human corpus luteum. Fertil Steril 1987;47:431–435.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Solleveld HA, van Zwieten MJ. Membranous dysmenorrhea in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): a report of four cases. J Med Primatol 1978;7:19–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Gould KG, Martin DE. The female ape genital tract and its secretions. In: Graham CE, ed. Reproductive biology of the great apes: comparative and biomedical perspectives. Academic Press, 1981:105–125.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Novak ER, Woodruff JD. Novak’s gynecologic and obstetric pathology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Swenson RB, McClure HM. Septic abortion in a gorilla due to Shigella flexneri. Ann Proc Am Assoc Zoo Vet 1974:195–196.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Fussell EN, Franklin LW, Franta RC. Collection of chimpanzee sperm with an artificial vagina. Lab Anim Sci 1973;23:252–255.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Roussel JD, Austin CR. Improved electroejaculation of primates. J Inst Anim Tech 1968;19:22–32.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Gould KG, Warner H, Martin DE. Rectal probe electroejaculation of primates. J Med Primatol 1978;7:213–222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Check JH, Bollendorf AM, Press MA, Breen EM. Noninvasive techniques for improving fertility potential of retrograde ejaculates. Arch Androl 1990;25:271–276.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Gould KG, Mann DR. Comparison of electrostimulation methods for semen recovery in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). J Med Primatol 1988;17:95–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Gould KG, Dahl JF. Reproduction in chimpanzees: with reference to problems of fertility and infertility. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Hardin CJ, Liebherr G, Fairchild O. Artificial insemination in chimpanzees. Int Zoo Yearbook 1975;15:132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Gould KG. Ovulation detection and artificial insemination. Am J Primatol 1982;1:15–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Wolf DP, Thomson JA, Zelinski-Wooten MB, Stouffer RL. In vitro fertilization-embryo transfer in nonhuman primates: the technique and its applications. Mol Reprod Dev 1990;27:261–280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Lanzendorf SE, Zelinski-Wooten MB, Stouffer RL, Wolf DP. Maturity at collection and the development potential of rhesus monkey oocytes. Biol Reprod 1990;42:703–711.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Gould KG. Ovum recovery and in vitro fertilization in the chimpanzee. Fertil Steril 1983;40:378–383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Huntress SL, Loskutoff NM, Raphael BL, et al. Pronucleus formation following in-vitro fertilization of oocytes recovered from a gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) with unilateral endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Am J Primatol 1989;18:259–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Troup SA, Matson PL, Critchlow JD, Morroll DR, Lieberman BA, Burslem RW. Cryopreservation of human embryos at the pronucleate, early cleavage, or expanded blastocyst stages. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1991;38:133–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Toner JP, Brzyski RG, Oehninger S, Veeck LL, Simonetti S, Muasher SJ. Combined impact of the number of pre-ovulatory oocytes and cryopreservation on IVF outcome. Hum Reprod 1991;6:284–289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Fehilly CB, Cohen J, Simons RF, Fishel SB, Edwards RG. Cryopreservation of cleaving embryos and expanded blastocysts in the human: a comparative study. Fertil Steril 1985;44:638–644.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. De Ziegler D, Frydman R. Different implantation rates after transfers of cryopreserved embryos originating from donated oocytes or from regular in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 1990;54:682–688.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Gould KG, Martin DE, Warner H. Improved method for artificial insemination in the great apes. Am J Primatol 1985;8:61–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. Nadler RD. Cyclicity in tumescence of the perineal labia of female lowland gorillas. Anat Ree 1975;181:791.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Yanagimachi R, Yanagimachi H, Rogers BJ. The use of zona-free animal ova as a test system for the assessment of the fertilizing capacity of human spermatozoa. Biol Reprod 1976;15:471–476.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Ansari AH, Gould KG. Contraception and the cervix. Adv Contracept 1986;2:101–115.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Schaffer NE, Jeyendran RS, Beehler B. Improved sperm collection from the lowland gorilla: recovery of sperm from bladder and urethra following electroejaculation. Am J Primatol 1991;24:265–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. Pope NS, Gould KG. Synchronization of the menstrual cycle through the use of an oral progestin in the rhesus monkey. Theriogenology 1990:34(1).

    Google Scholar 

  135. Norman RJ, Warnes GM, Wang X, Kirby CA, Matthews CD. Differential effects of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists administered as desensitizing or flare protocols on hormonal function in the luteal phase of hyperstimulated cycles. Hum Reprod 1991;6:206–213.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Czekala NM, Mitchell WR, Lasley BL. Direct measurements of urinary estrone conjugates during the normal menstrual cycle of the gorilla (Gorilla gorilla). Am J Primatol 1987;12:223–230.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Ramsay E, Tytle T, Carey J. Hysterosalpingography in gorilla. J Zoo Anim Med 1985;16:85–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. Cambre RC, Wildt DE. Laparoscopy of female gorillas as an initial aid in reproductive evaluation. Ann Proc Am Assoc Zoo Vet 1980:42–43.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Wildt DE, Chakraborty P, Cambre RC, Howard J, Bush M. Laparoscopic evaluation of the reproductive organs and abdominal cavity content of the lowland gorilla. Am J Primatol 1982;2:29–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. Yee B, Loskutoff NM, Cambre RC, et al. A preliminary study on the use of a long-acting GnRH agonist prior to ovarian stimulation for oocyte retrieval in the western lowland gorilla. Theriogenology 1990;33:358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this paper

Cite this paper

Gould, K.G., Dahl, J.F. (1993). Assisted Reproduction in the Great Apes. In: Wolf, D.P., Stouffer, R.L., Brenner, R.M. (eds) In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer in Primates. Serono Symposia, USA. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2716-8_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2716-8_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7640-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-2716-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics