Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Breast Surgery

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Breast, Endocrine and Surgical Oncology

Part of the book series: Surgery: Complications, Risks and Consequences ((SCRC))

Abstract

Breast surgery for benign conditions and breast cancer occupies a considerable proportion of general surgical practice. This chapter deals with the repertoire of surgery to the breast, including oncoplastic breast reconstructive techniques relating to the complications, risks, and consequences, to provide information and discussion towards risk reduction. For other associated procedures, refer to other relevant chapters and volumes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Further Reading, References, and Resources

General Perspective and Overview

  • Clemente CD. Anatomy—a regional atlas of the human body. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson GG. The anatomy of general surgical operations. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerlikowske K, Smith-Bindman R, Ljung BM, et al. Evaluation of abnormal mammography results and palpable breast abnormalities. Ann Int Med. 2003;139(4):274–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shen Y, Yang Y, Inoue LY, et al. Role of detection method in predicting breast cancer survival: analysis of randomized screening trials. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(16):1170–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vargas HI, Vargas MP, Gonzalez KD, et al. Diagnosis of palpable breast masses: ultrasound-guided large core biopsy in a multidisciplinary setting. Am Surg. 2004;70(10):867–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Localization Biopsy of Mammographically Detected Lesions (Hookwire or Carbon-Track Localization)

  • Clemente CD. Anatomy—a regional atlas of the human body. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon JM, Ravisekar O, Cunningham M, et al. Factors affecting outcome of patients with impalpable breast cancer detected by breast screening. Br J Surg. 1996;83(7):997–1001.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham RP, Jakub JW, Brunette JJ, Reynolds C. Handling of radioactive seed localization breast specimens in the pathology laboratory. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36(11):1718–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jakub JW, Gray RJ, Degnim AC, Boughey JC, Gardner M, Cox CE. Current status of radioactive seed for localization of non-palpable breast lesions. Am J Surg. 2010;9(4):522–8. Review.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson GG. The anatomy of general surgical operations. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • King TA, Fuhrman GM. Image-guided breast biopsy. Semin Surg Oncol. 2001;20(3):197–204.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith RA, Duffy SW, Gabe R, et al. The randomized trials of breast cancer screening: what have we learned? Radiol Clin North Am. 2004;42(5):793–806.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tabar L, Tony Chen HH, Amy Yen MF, et al. Mammographic tumor features can predict long-term outcomes reliably in women with 1–14 mm invasive breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2004;101(8):1745–59.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verkooijen HM, Borel Rinkes IH, Peeters PH, et al. Impact of stereotactic large-core needle biopsy on diagnosis and surgical treatment of nonpalpable breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2001;27(3):244–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Subcutaneous Mastectomy (Complete Mastectomy)

  • Clemente CD. Anatomy—a regional atlas of the human body. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson GG. The anatomy of general surgical operations. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

Partial Mastectomy (Segmental Breast Resection: Segmentectomy)

  • Clemente CD. Anatomy—a regional atlas of the human body. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher B, Anderson S, Bryant J, et al. Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(16):1233–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson GG. The anatomy of general surgical operations. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keskek M, Kothari M, Ardehali B, et al. Factors predisposing to cavity margin positivity following conservation surgery for breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(10):1058–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nasir N, Rainsbury RM. The timing of surgery affects the detection of residual disease after wide local excision of breast carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2003;29(9):718–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osborn JB, Keeney GL, Jakub JW, Degnim AC, Boughey JC. Cost-effectiveness analysis of routine frozen-section analysis of breast margins compared with reoperation for positive margins. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18(11):3204–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veronesi U, Cascinell N, Mariani L, et al. Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized study comparing breast-conserving surgery with radical mastectomy for early breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(16):1227–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Modified Radical Mastectomy (Usually Including Axillary Clearance)

  • Clemente CD. Anatomy—a regional atlas of the human body. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson GG. The anatomy of general surgical operations. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kligman L, Wong RK, Johnston M, et al. The treatment of lymphedema related to breast cancer: a systematic review and evidence summary. Support Care Cancer. 2004;12(6):421–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCready D, Holloway C, Shelley W, et al. Surgical management of early stage invasive breast cancer: a practice guideline. Can J Surg. 2005;48(3):185–94.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McWayne J, Heiney SP. Psychologic and social sequelae of secondary lymphedema: a review. Cancer. 2005;104(3):457–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tasmuth T, von Smitten K, Hietanen P, et al. Pain and other symptoms after different treatment modalities of breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 1995;6(5):453–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Truong PT, Olivetto IA, Whelan TJ, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the care and treatment of breast cancer: 16. Locoregional post-mastectomy radiotherapy. CMAJ. 2004;170(8):1263–73.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duct and Nipple Surgery (Microdochectomy and Central Duct Excision [Hadfields Procedure])

  • Ail-Fehmi R, Carolin K, Wallis T, et al. Clinicopathologic analysis of breast lesions associated with multiple papillomas. Hum Pathol. 2003;34(3):234–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabioglu N, Hunt KK, Singletary SE, et al. Surgical decision making and factors determining a diagnosis of breast carcinoma in women presenting with nipple discharge. J Am Coll Sur. 2003;196(3):354–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemente CD. Anatomy—a regional atlas of the human body. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Florio MG, Manganaro T, Pollicino A, et al. Surgical approach to nipple discharge: a ten-year experience. J Surg Oncol. 1999;71:235–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hou MF, Huang TJ, Liu GC, et al. The diagnostic value of galactography in patients with nipple discharge. Clin Imaging. 2001;25(2):75–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson GG. The anatomy of general surgical operations. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakorafas GH. Nipple discharge: current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Cancer Treat Rev. 2001;27(5):275–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Breast Abscess Drainage

  • Christensen AF, Al-Suliman N, Nielsen KR, et al. Ultrasound-guided drainage of breast abscesses: results in 151 patients. Br J Radiol. 2005;78(927):186–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clemente CD. Anatomy—a regional atlas of the human body. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanavadi S, Pereira G, Mansel RE. How mammary fistulas should be managed. Breast J. 2005;11(4):254–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson GG. The anatomy of general surgical operations. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahal RM, de Freitas-Junior R, Paulinelli RR. Risk factors for duct ectasia. Breast J. 2005;11(4):262–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Versluijs-Ossewaarde FN, Roumen RM, Goris RJ. Subareolar breast abscesses: characteristics and results of surgical treatment. Breast J. 2005;11(3):179–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nipple Biopsy (Paget’s or Other Disease)

  • Ashikari R, Park K, Huvos AG, et al. Paget’s disease of the breast. Cancer. 1970;26:680–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudary MA, Millis RR, Lane EB, et al. Paget’s disease of the nipple: a ten-year review including clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical findings. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1986;8:139–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clemente CD. Anatomy—a regional atlas of the human body. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Sites-Types/paget-breast. Accessed on June 2013.

  • Jamieson GG. The anatomy of general surgical operations. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaspars JJP, Posma AN, van Immerseel AAH, et al. The cutaneous innervation of the female breast and nipple-areolar complex: implications for surgery. Br J Plast Surg. 1997;50:249–59.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawase K, Dimaio DJ, Tucker SL, et al. Paget’s disease of the breast: there is a role for breast-conserving therapy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2005;12(5):391–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus E. The management of Paget’s disease of the breast. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2004;5:153–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paget J. Diseases of the Mammary Areola preceding cancer of the mammary gland. St Bart Hosp Rep. 1874;10:87–9.

    Google Scholar 

Male Breast Surgery: Mastectomy (Modified Radical Mastectomy)

  • Basham VM, Lipscombe JM, Ward JM, et al. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a population-based study of male breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2002;4:R2.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clemente CD. Anatomy—a regional atlas of the human body. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giordano SH. A review of the diagnosis and management of male breast cancer. Oncologist. 2005;10(7):471–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green L, Wysowski DK, Fourcroy JL. Gynecomastia and breast cancer during finasteride therapy. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:823.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson GG. The anatomy of general surgical operations. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spigel JJ, Evans WP, Grant MD, et al. Male inflammatory breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer. 2001;2:153–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang-Rodriguez J, Cross K, Gallagher S, et al. Male breast carcinoma: correlation of ER, PR, Ki-67, Her2-Neu, and p53 with treatment and survival, a study of 65 cases. Mod Pathol. 2002;15:853–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Male Breast Surgery: Gynecomastia

  • Braunstein GD. Gynecomastia. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:490–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson HE. Gynecomastia. N Engl J Med. 1980;303:795–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clemente CD. Anatomy—a regional atlas of the human body. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson GG. The anatomy of general surgical operations. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan HN, Rampaul R, Blamey RW. Management of physiological gynecomastia with tamoxifen. Breast. 2004;13:61–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olsson H, Bladstrom A, Alm P. Male gynecomastia and risk for malignant tumours—a cohort study. BMC Cancer. 2002;2:26.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wise GJ, Roorda AK, Kalter R. Male breast disease. J Am Coll Surg. 2005;200(2):255–69.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Breast Implants: Insertion of Saline- or Silicone-Filled Prosthesis

  • Adams Jr WP. The process of breast augmentation: four sequential steps for optimizing outcomes for patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;122(6):1892–900.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson PR, Freedman G, Nicolaou N, Sharma N, Li T, Topham N, Morrow M. Postmastectomy chest wall radiation to a temporary tissue expander or permanent breast implant–is there a difference in complication rates? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74(1):81–5. May 1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker H, Carlisle H, Kay J. Filling of adjustable breast implants beyond the manufacturer’s recommended fill volume. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2008;32(3):432–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bengtson BP. Complications, reoperations, and revisions in breast augmentation. Clin Plast Surg. 2009;36(1):139–56, viii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chevray PM. Timing of breast reconstruction: immediate versus delayed. Cancer J. 2008;14(4):223–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clemente CD. Anatomy—a regional atlas of the human body. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clough KB, O'Donoghue JM, Fitoussi AD, Nos C, Falcou MC. Prospective evaluation of late cosmetic results following breast reconstruction: I. Implant reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;107(7):1702–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman DJ, Foo ITH, Sharpe DT. Textured or smooth implants for breast augmentation? A prospective controlled trial. Br J Plast Surg. 1991;44:444–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Djohan R, Gage E, Bernard S. Breast reconstruction options following mastectomy. Cleve Clin J Med. 2008;75 Suppl 1:S17–23. Review.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen C, Stark B. The latissimus dorsi flap–still a valuable tool in breast reconstruction: report of 32 cases. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 2008;42(3):132–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ersek RA. Rate and incidence of capsular contracture: a comparison of smooth and textured silicone double-lumened breast prostheses. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991;87:879–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Figus A, Canu V, Iwuagwu FC, Ramakrishnan V. DIEP flap with implant: a further option in optimising breast reconstruction. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008;62:1118–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haeck P, Glasberg SB, Roth MZ, Schneider-Redden PR. The saline versus silicone breast implant debate: separating fact from opinion. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121(5):1847–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hedén P, Bronz G, Elberg JJ, Deraemaecker R, Murphy DK, Slicton A, Brenner RJ, Svarvar C, van Tetering J, van der Weij LP. Long-term safety and effectiveness of style 410 highly cohesive silicone breast implants. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2009;33(3):430–6. discussion 437–8.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh F, Shah A, Malata CM. Experience with the Mentor Contour Profile Becker-35 expandable implants in reconstructive breast surgery. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010 Jul;63(7):1124–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwaugwu FC, Frame JD. Silicone breast implants: complications. Br J Plast Surg. 1997;50:632–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakub JW, Ebert MD, Cantor A, Gardner M, Reintgen DS, Dupont EL, Cox CE, Shons AR. Breast cancer in patients with prior augmentation: presentation, stage, and lymphatic mapping. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114(7):1737–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson GG. The anatomy of general surgical operations. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCafferty LR, Casas LA, Stinnett SS, Lin S, Rho J, Skiles M. Multisite analysis of 177 consecutive primary breast augmentations: predictors for reoperation. Aesthet Surg J. 2009;29(3):213–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy CM, Mehrara BJ, Riedel E, Davidge K, Hinson A, Disa JJ, Cordeiro PG, Pusic AL. Predicting complications following expander/implant breast reconstruction: an outcomes analysis based on preoperative clinical risk. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121(6):1886–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nahabedian MY, Patel K. Management of common and uncommon problems after primary breast augmentation. Clin Plast Surg. 2009;36(1):127–38, vii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsen MA, Lefta M, Dietz JR, Brandt KE, Aft R, Matthews R, Mayfield J, Fraser VJ. Risk factors for surgical site infection after major breast operation. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;207(3):326–35.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Omranipour R, Bobin JY, Esouyeh M. Skin sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction (SSMIR) for early breast cancer: eight years single institution experience. World J Surg Oncol. 2008;6:43. Apr 27.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reece EM, Ghavami A, Hoxworth RE, Alvarez SA, Hatef DA, Brown S, Rohrich RJ. Primary breast augmentation today: a survey of current breast augmentation practice patterns. Aesthet Surg J. 2009;29(2):116–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slavin SA, Goldwyn RM. Silicone gel implant explantation: reasons, results and admonitions. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;95:63–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spear SL, Dayan JH, Clemens MW. Augmentation mastopexy. Clin Plast Surg. 2009;36(1):105–15, vii; discussion 117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spear SL, Dayan JH, West J. The anatomy of revisions after primary breast augmentation: one surgeon’s perspective. Clin Plast Surg. 2009;36(1):157–65, viii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spear SL, Onyewu C. Staged breast reconstruction with saline-filled implants in the irradiated breast: recent trends and therapeutic implications. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105:930–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spear SL, Schwartz J, Dayan JH, Clemens MW. Outcome assessment of breast distortion following submuscular breast augmentation. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2009;33(1):44–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strålman K, Mollerup CL, Kristoffersen US, Elberg JJ. Long-term outcome after mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction. Acta Oncol. 2008;47(4):704–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yueh JH, Houlihan MJ, Slavin SA, Lee BT, Pories SE, Morris DJ. Nipple-sparing mastectomy: evaluation of patient satisfaction, aesthetic results, and sensation. Ann Plast Surg. 2009;62(5):586–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong T, Antony A, Cordeiro P. Surgical outcomes and nipple projection using the modified skate flap for nipple-areolar reconstruction in a series of 422 implant reconstructions. Ann Plast Surg. 2009;62(5):591–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Latissimus Dorsi Flap Breast Reconstruction

  • Callaghan CJ, Couto E, Kerin MJ, Rainsbury RM, George WD, Purushotham AD. Breast reconstruction in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Br J Surg. 2002;89(3):335–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clemente CD. Anatomy—a regional atlas of the human body. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott LF, Raffel B, Wade J. Segmental latissimus dorsi free flap: clinical applications. Ann Plast Surg. 1989;23:231–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gendy RK, Able JA, Rainsbury RM. Impact of skin-sparing mastectomy with immediate reconstruction and breast-sparing reconstruction with miniflaps on the outcomes of oncoplastic breast surgery. Br J Surg. 2003;90(4):433–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harcourt DM, Rumsey NJ, Ambler NR, Cawthorn SJ, Reid CD, Maddox PR, Kenealy JM, Rainsbury RM, Umpleby HC. The psychological effect of mastectomy with or without breast reconstruction: a prospective, multicenter study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;111(3):1060–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson GG. The anatomy of general surgical operations. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muhlbauer W, Olbrisch R. Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap breast reconstruction. Chir Plast. 1977;4:27–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien W, Hasselgren P-O, Hummel RP. Comparison of post-operative wound complications and early cancer recurrence between patients undergoing mastectomy with or without immediate breast reconstruction. Am J Surg. 1990;125:1303–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peyser PM, Abel JA, Straker VH, Hall VL, Rainsbury RM. Ultra-conservative skin-sparing ‘keyhole’ mastectomy and immediate breast and areola reconstruction. Ann R Coll Surg Eng. 2000;82:227–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rainsbury RM. Latissimus dorsi flap. In: Dixon JM, editor. Breast cancer: diagnosis and management. New York: Elsevier Science; 2000. p. 229–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rainsbury RM. Breast-sparing reconstruction with latissimus dorsi miniflaps. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2002;28(8):891–5. Review.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rainsbury RM. Training and skills for breast surgeons in the new millennium. ANZ J Surg. 2003;73(7):511–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rainsbury RM. Skin-sparing mastectomy. Br J Surg. 2006;93(3):276–81. Review.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rainsbury RM. Surgery insight: oncoplastic breast-conserving reconstruction–indications, benefits, choices and outcomes. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2007;4(11):657–64. Review.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rainsbury RM, MacNeill F. Surgery for breast cancer. Oncoplastic surgery is promising. BMJ. 2009;338:b1743. Apr 29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rainsbury RM, Paramanathan N. Recent progress with breast-conserving volume replacement using latissimus dorsi miniflaps in UK patients. Breast Cancer. 1998;5(2):139–47. Apr 25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rainsbury RM, Paramanathan N. UK survey of partial mastectomy and reconstruction. Breast. 2007;16(6):637–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rusby JE, Paramanathan N, Laws SA, Rainsbury RM. Immediate latissimus dorsi miniflap volume replacement for partial mastectomy: use of intra-operative frozen sections to confirm negative margins. Am J Surg. 2008;196(4):512–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandelin K, Bilgren AM, Wickman M. Management, morbidity and oncological aspects of 100 consecutive patients with immediate breast reconstruction. Ann Surg Oncol. 1998;5:159–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sotheran WJ, Rainsbury RM. Skin-sparing mastectomy in the UK–a review of current practice. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2004;86(2):82–6.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pedicled Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous (TRAM) Flap Reconstruction

  • Agarwal JP, Gottlieb LJ. Double pedicle deep inferior epigastric perforator/muscle-sparing TRAM flaps for unilateral breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 2007;58(4):359–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alderman AK, Kuzon Jr WM, Wilkins EG. A two-year prospective analysis of trunk function in TRAM breast reconstructions. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(7):2131–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alderman AK, Kuhn LE, Lowery JC, Wilkins EG. Does patient satisfaction with breast reconstruction change over time? Two-year results of the Michigan Breast Reconstruction Outcomes Study. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;204(1):7–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrades P, Fix RJ, Danilla S, Howell 3rd RE, Campbell WJ, De la Torre J, et al. Ischemic complications in pedicle, free, and muscle sparing transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps for breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 2008;60(5):562–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atisha D, Alderman AK. A systematic review of abdominal wall function following abdominal flaps for postmastectomy breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 2009;63(2):222–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bristol SG, Lennox PA, Clugston PA. A comparison of ipsilateral pedicled TRAM flap with and without previous irradiation. Ann Plast Surg. 2006;56(6):589–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clemente CD. Anatomy—a regional atlas of the human body. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clough KB, O’Donoghue JM, Fitoussi AD, Vlastos G, Falcou MC. Prospective evaluation of late cosmetic results following breast reconstruction: II. Tram flap reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;107(7):1710–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clough KB, Lewis JS, Couturaud B, Fitoussi A, Nos C, Falcou MC. Oncoplastic techniques allow extensive resections for breast-conserving therapy of breast carcinomas. Ann Surg. 2003;237(1):26–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clough KB, Thomas SS, Fitoussi AD, Couturaud B, Reyal F, Falcou MC. Reconstruction after conservative treatment for breast cancer: cosmetic sequelae classification revisited. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114(7):1743–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clugston PA, Gingrass MK, Azurin D, Fisher J, Maxwell GP. Ipsilateral pedicled TRAM flaps: the safer alternative? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105(1):77–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dayhim F, Wilkins EG. The impact of Pfannenstiel scars on TRAM flap complications. Ann Plast Surg. 2004;53(5):432–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ducic I, Spear SL, Cuoco F, Hannan C. Safety and risk factors for breast reconstruction with pedicled transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps: a 10-year analysis. Ann Plast Surg. 2005;55(6):559–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El-Mrakby HH, Milner RH, McLean NR. Supercharged pedicled TRAM flap in breast reconstruction: is it a worthwhile procedure. Ann Plast Surg. 2002;49(3):252–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fayman MS, Potgieter E, Becker PJ. The pedicle tram flap: a focus on improved aesthetic outcome. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2006;30(3):301–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Granzow JW, Levine JL, Chiu ES, Allen RJ. Breast reconstruction using perforator flaps. J Surg Oncol. 2006 1;94(6):441–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halyard MY, McCombs KE, Wong WW, Buchel EW, Pockaj BA, Vora SA, Gray RJ, Schild SE. Acute and chronic results of adjuvant radiotherapy after mastectomy and Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous (TRAM) flap reconstruction for breast cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 2004;27(4):389–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howard MA, Polo K, Pusic AL, Cordeiro PG, Hidalgo DA, Mehrara B, Disa JJ. Breast cancer local recurrence after mastectomy and TRAM flap reconstruction: incidence and treatment options. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(5):1381–6. Apr 15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson GG. The anatomy of general surgical operations. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janiga TA, Atisha DM, Lytle IF, Wilkins EG, Alderman AK. Ipsilateral pedicle TRAM flaps for breast reconstruction: are they as safe as contralateral techniques. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010;63(2):322–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kajikawa A, Ueda K, Tateshita T, Katsuragi Y. Breast reconstruction using tissue expander and TRAM flap with vascular enhancement procedures. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2009;62(9):1148–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marín-Gutzke M, Sánchez-Olaso A, Fernández-Camacho FJ, Mirelis-Otero E. Anatomic and clinical study of rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps based on the superior epigastric system: ipsilateral pedicled TRAM flap as a safe alternative. Ann Plast Surg. 2005;54(4):356–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ng RL, Youssef A, Kronowitz SJ, Lipa JE, Potochny J, Reece GP. Technical variations of the bipedicled TRAM flap in unilateral breast reconstruction: effects of conventional versus microsurgical techniques of pedicle transfer on complications rates. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114(2):374–84. discussion 385–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olding M, Emory RE, Barrett WL. Preferential use of the ipsilateral pedicle in TRAM flap breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 1998;40(4):349–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rinker BD, Bowling JT, Vasconez HC. Blood transfusion and risk of metastatic disease or recurrence in patients undergoing immediate TRAM flap breast reconstruction: a clinical study and meta-analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119(7):2001–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz GF, Veronesi U, Clough KB, Dixon JM, Fentiman IS, Heywang-Köbrunner SH, Holland R, Hughes KS, Margolese R, Olivotto IA, Palazzo JP, Solin LJ, Consensus Conference Committee. In: Proceedings of the consensus conference on breast conservation, 28 April to 1 May 2005, Milan. Cancer. 2006;107(2):242–50. Jul 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spear SL, Ducic I, Cuoco F, Hannan C. The effect of smoking on flap and donor-site complications in pedicled TRAM breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116(7):1873–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trus TL, Collins ED, Demas C, Kerrigan C. Initial experience with laparoscopic inferior epigastric vessel ligation for delayed transverse rectus abdominus musculocutaneous flap breast reconstruction. Arch Surg. 2007;142(4):362–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tseng CY, Lang PO, Cipriani NA, Song DH. Pedicle preservation technique for arterial and venous turbocharging of free DIEP and muscle-sparing TRAM flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;120(4):851–4. Sep 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner DS, Michelow BJ, Hartrampf Jr CR. Double-pedicle TRAM flap for unilateral breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991;88(6):987–97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins EG, Cederna PS, Lowery JC, Davis JA, Kim HM, Roth RS, Goldfarb S, Izenberg PH, Houin HP, Shaheen KW. Prospective analysis of psychosocial outcomes in breast reconstruction: one-year postoperative results from the Michigan Breast Reconstruction Outcome Study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;106(5):1014–25. discussion 1026–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Free Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous (TRAM) Flap Reconstruction

  • Allen RJ. DIEP versus TRAM for breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;111(7):2478.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen R, Heitland A. Autogenous augmentation mammaplasty with microsurgical tissue transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;112:91–100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen RJ, Levine JL, Granzow JW. The in-the-crease inferior gluteal artery perforator flap for breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118(2):333–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen RJ, Treece P. Deep inferior epigastric perforator flap for breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 1994;32(1):32–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrades P, Fix RJ, Danilla S, Howell 3rd RE, Campbell WJ, De la Torre J, et al. Ischemic complications in pedicle, free, and muscle sparing transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps for breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 2008;60(5):562–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atisha D, Alderman AK. A systematic review of abdominal wall function following abdominal flaps for postmastectomy breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 2009;63(2):222–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chevray PM. Breast reconstruction with superficial inferior epigastric artery flaps: a prospective comparison with TRAM and DIEP flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114(5):1077–83. discussion 1084–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clemente CD. Anatomy—a regional atlas of the human body. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniel RK, Taylor GI. Distant transfer of an island flap by microvascular anastomoses. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1973;52:111–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feller AM, Free TRAM. Results and abdominal wall function. Clin Plast Surg. 1994;21(223):232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Futter CM, Webster MH, Hagen S, Mitchell SL. A retrospective comparison of abdominus muscle strength following breast reconstruction with a free TRAM or DIEP flap. Br J Plast Surg. 2000;53:578.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gill P, Hunt J, Guerra A, et al. A 10-year retrospective review of 758 DIEP flaps for breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;113(4):1153–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Granzow JW, Chiu ES, Levine JL, Gautam A, Hellman A, Rolston W, et al. Autologous breast reconstruction using the superficial inferior epigastric artery flap revisited. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;116(3). [Supplement: 133].

    Google Scholar 

  • Granzow JW, Levine JL, Chiu ES, Allen RJ. Breast reconstruction using perforator flaps. J Surg Oncol. 2006;94(6):441–54. Nov 1, Review.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granzow JW, Levine JL, Chiu ES, Allen RJ. Breast reconstruction with gluteal artery perforator flaps. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2006;59(6):614–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granzow JW, Levine JL, Chiu ES, Allen RJ. Breast reconstruction with the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap: history and an update on current technique. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2006;59(6):571–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallock GG. Defatting of flaps by means of suction-assisted lipectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985;76:948–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamdi M, Khuthaila DK, Van Landuyt K, Roche N. Monstrey S Double-pedicle abdominal perforator free flaps for unilateral breast reconstruction: new horizons in microsurgical tissue transfer to the breast. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2007;60(8):904–12. discussion 913–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartrampf CR, Scheflan M, Black PW. Breast reconstruction with a transverse abdominal island flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982;69(2):216–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson GG. The anatomy of general surgical operations. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janiga TA, Atisha DM, Lytle IF, Wilkins EG, Alderman AK. Ipsilateral pedicle TRAM flaps for breast reconstruction: are they as safe as contralateral techniques? J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008; Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print].

    Google Scholar 

  • Kajikawa A, Ueda K, Tateshita T, Katsuragi Y. Breast reconstruction using tissue expander and TRAM flap with vascular enhancement procedures. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008; Jul 9. [Epub ahead of print].

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan J, Allen R. Cost-based comparison between perforator flaps and TRAM flaps for breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105(3):943–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knight MA, Nguyen 4th DT, Kobayashi MR, Evans GR. Institutional review of free TRAM flap breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 2006;56(6):593–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koshima I, Moriguchi T, Soeda S, Tanaka H, Umeda N. Free thin paraumbilical perforator-based flaps. Ann Plast Surg. 1992;29(1):12–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larson DL, Yousif NJ, Sinha RK, Latoni J, Korkos TG. A comparison of pedicled and free TRAM flaps for breast reconstruction in a single institution. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104(3):674–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rinker BD, Bowling JT, Vasconez HC. Blood transfusion and risk of metastatic disease or recurrence in patients undergoing immediate TRAM flap breast reconstruction: a clinical study and meta-analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119(7):2001–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers N, Allen R. Radiation effects on breast reconstruction with the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;109(6):1919–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takeishi M, Fujimoto M, Ishida K, Makino Y. Muscle sparing-2 transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap for breast reconstruction: a comparison with deep inferior epigastric perforator flap. Microsurgery. 2008;28(8):650–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor GI, Daniel RK. The free flap: composite tissue transfer by vascular anastomoses. Aust N Z J Surg. 1973;43:1–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor GI, Daniel RK. The anatomy of several free flap donor site. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1975;56(3):243–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tseng CY, Lang PO, Cipriani NA, Song DH. Pedicle preservation technique for arterial and venous turbocharging of free DIEP and muscle-sparing TRAM flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;120(4):851–4. Sep 15.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Armando Giuliano MD, FACS, FRCSEd

  2. Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Surgical Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Armando Giuliano MD, FACS, FRCSEd

  3. Saul and Joyce Brandman Breast Center – A Project of Women’s Guild, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Armando Giuliano MD, FACS, FRCSEd

  4. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Armando Giuliano MD, FACS, FRCSEd

  5. BMI Sarum Road Hospital, Winchester, UK

    Richard Rainsbury MBBS, BSc, MS, FRCS

  6. Discipline of Surgery, Breast, Endocrine and Surgical Oncology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide, L5 Eleanor Harrald Building, North Terrace, 5000, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Brendon J. Coventry BMBS, PhD, FRACS, FACS, FRSM

  7. Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales

    Robert Mansel MD

  8. James Katsaros Clinic, North Adelaide, Australia

    Jim Katsaros MBBS, FRACS

  9. Body Recon Plastic Surgery, Geelong, VIC, Australia

    Richard Rahdon MBBS, Bmed Sci, FRACS

  10. St. Andrews Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Chelmsford, Essex, UK

    Venkat Ramakrishnan MS, FRACS, FRCS

  11. Department of General and Breast Surgery, Institut Curie, Paris, France

    Nora Hansen MD

  12. Departments of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA

    Helen Mabry MD

  13. Center for Breast Care, The University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA

    Krishna Clough MD

Authors
  1. Richard Rainsbury MBBS, BSc, MS, FRCS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Brendon J. Coventry BMBS, PhD, FRACS, FACS, FRSM
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Armando Giuliano MD, FACS, FRCSEd
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Robert Mansel MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jim Katsaros MBBS, FRACS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Richard Rahdon MBBS, Bmed Sci, FRACS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Venkat Ramakrishnan MS, FRACS, FRCS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Krishna Clough MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Nora Hansen MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Helen Mabry MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Brendon J. Coventry BMBS, PhD, FRACS, FACS, FRSM .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Brendon J. Coventry

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rainsbury, R. et al. (2014). Breast Surgery. In: Coventry, B. (eds) Breast, Endocrine and Surgical Oncology. Surgery: Complications, Risks and Consequences. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5421-1_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5421-1_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-5420-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-5421-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation