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Exergy pp 5–53Cite as

Exergy, Exergy Costing, and Renewability Analysis of Energy Conversion Processes

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Abstract

This chapter introduces the foundations of the exergy, exergy production cost, and renewability analysis of energy conversion processes. Based on the concept of reversible work, the concept of exergy is derived and the exergy balance is presented as a combination of the energy and entropy balances. Some graphical representations are shown in which it is possible to determine or represent exergy and exergy balances. The exergy efficiency is introduced based on a general definition of efficiency, and the balance of cost is presented as an additional balance equation to be used in the performance analysis of energy systems. A brief discussion on cost partition criteria is presented to aid the analysis of the cost formation processes of the products of energy conversion processes. Finally, the renewability of energy conversion processes is analysed by means of a renewability exergy index that takes into account the type of inputs, renewable or fossil, the wastes, and the destroyed exergy of a given energy conversion process.

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Abbreviations

B :

Exergy (kJ)

B :

Exergy rate/flow rate (kW)

b :

Specific exergy (kJ/kg)

B emissions :

Exergy rate of wastes that are not treated or deactivated (kW)

B destroyed :

Destroyed exergy rate (kW)

B deactivation :

Destroyed exergy rate of additional natural resources during waste de-activation (kW)

B disposal :

Exergy rate or flow rate related to waste disposal of the process (kW)

B fossil :

Non-renewable exergy rate consumed on production processes chain (kW)

B nat,res :

Exergy rate of the natural resources consumed by the processes (kW)

B processing :

Exergy rate or flow rate required for extraction and preparation of the natural resources (kW)

B product :

Exergy rate or flow rate associated to the products and byproducts/useful effect (kW)

B reject :

Exergy rate or flow rate of the rejects (kW)

B utilities :

Exergy rate or flow rate required by the utilities of the process (kW)

C :

Cost ($)

C:

Cost rate ($/s)

c :

Specific heat, J/(kg K), specific cost (kJ/kJ, $/kJ, $/kg)

c p :

Specific heat at constant pressure, J/(kgK)

Ceq, Cr:

Equipment cost of a given capacity ($); Equipment cost of a reference capacity ($)

E :

Energy (kJ)

E :

Energy rate/flow rate (kW)

f O&M :

Annual operational and maintenance factor

f a :

Capital recovery factor

g :

Gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/s2); molar Gibbs free energy of formation (kJ/kmol)

∆G o :

Gibbs free energy variation in the direction of a given chemical reaction (kJ/kmol)

H; h:

Enthalpy flow rate (kW); specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)

HR:

Enthalpy of reactants (kJ/kmol)

HP:

Enthalpy of products (kJ/kmol)

I e :

Energy investment (kJ)

I VC :

Investment rate of equipment inside control volume ($/h, $/s)

i :

Interest rate (%)

LHV:

Lower heating value (kJ/kg)

m :

Mass flow rate (kg/s)

N :

Capital recovery period, operating time (year)

N i :

Number of moles of species i

Q; q:

Heat rate (kW); heat rate per unit of mass flow rate (kJ/kg)

P :

Pressure (kPa)

R, \( \bar{R} \):

Ideal gas constant (kJ/kg K), universal gas constant (kJ/kmol K)

S; s:

Entropy rate/flow rate (kW/K); specific entropy (kJ/kg K)

S, Sr:

Component size, component reference size (see Table 2.8)

Sger; sger:

Entropy generation rate (kW/K); entropy generation rate per unit of mass flow rate (kJ/kg K)

T :

Temperature (°C, K)

U; u:

Specific internal energy (kJ/kg), internal energy (kJ)

v :

Specific volume (m3/kg); value scale

V :

Volume (m3)

W; w:

Power (kW); power per unit of mass flow rate (kJ/kg)

x :

Mole or mass fraction

z :

Elevation (m)

α:

Angle in Fig. 2.11, percent excess air, exponent of Eq. 2.84

γ i :

Activity coefficient of species i

Δcomb :

Ratio between destroyed exergy and reactants exergy

η:

Efficiency

θ:

Carnot factor

λ:

Renewability exergy index

µ i :

Chemical potential of species i (J/mol)

ν:

Stoichiometric coefficient

υ:

Velocity (m/s)

φ:

Ratio between chemical exergy and lower heating value

−:

Molar

*:

Restricted reference state

s:

System

0:

Dead state; reference state

00:

partial pressure

a :

Input

ab:

Absorber

air:

Inlet air

B, b:

Exergy, reboiler

btt:

Heat transformer

carnot:

Related to Carnot cycle

C, c, cd :

Condenser

ch:

Chemical

coreactants:

Coereactants

de:

Desorber

dest:

Destroyed

e:

Outlet, exit, electricity, energy

ef:

Effective, effluents

env:

Environmental

eq, equipment:

Equipment

eqt:

Equipment total

ev:

Evaporator

f:

Fossil

flue gases:

Related to flue gases

fuel:

Fuel

i:

inlet, input, component

j, k:

Component, species

kin:

Kinetic

H:

enthalpy

hp:

High pressure

lp:

Low pressure

m:

Average, mass basis

max:

Maximum

mix:

Mixer

mr:

Reversible engine

net:

Net

o:

Operational, outlet

P, p:

Product, pump, perfection, process

ph:

Physical

pot:

Potential

process:

Process

products; prod:

Products

Q, q:

Heat

r:

Reference, renewable

reactants, react:

Reactants

sep:

Separator

sg:

Steam generator

t:

Thermal, during lifetime, turbine

tt:

Heat transformer

u:

Useful

VC:

Control volume

w:

Waste

W:

Work

water:

Water

wp:

Production waste

wu:

Utilization waste

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-970, Brazil

    Silvio de Oliveira

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de Oliveira, S. (2013). Exergy, Exergy Costing, and Renewability Analysis of Energy Conversion Processes. In: Exergy. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4165-5_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4165-5_2

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