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Long-Term Durability of Polymeric Matrix Composites pp 237–309Cite as

Physical Aging in Glasses and Composites

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Abstract

Physical aging is observed in all glassy materials because of the fact that they are out of equilibrium. The ways in which aging manifests itself are the results of the thermal history of the materials, the environment, and even the constraint of, e.g., fibers or particles. In the present chapter, the fundamentals of aging of glasses are summarized by considering first structural recovery, which is the kinetics of the thermodynamic-type variables such as volume or enthalpy, and its impact on the mechanical response, which is the physical aging. Linear viscoelastic and nonlinear viscoelastic properties as well as yield behaviors will be considered. Furthermore, we will consider environmental effects on physical aging behaviors. The work will end with a perspective on aging in composites and where further research is needed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Silica glass at 1,000°C has a viscosity of 1015.82 Pa s41 and at room temperature, from the reported activation energy, one would estimate the value to be >> 1030 Pa s. In this case, since the Maxwell model [34] estimation of the relaxation time is \( \tau = {\eta_0}/G \) and G ≈ 28 GPa for a window glass [41], then \( t \approx {10^{{30}}}{/}28 \times {10^9}\;{\hbox{s}} \approx {10^{{12}}}\;{\hbox{years}} \) which is much longer than the times available for European cathedral windows to have flowed.

  2. 2.

    We remark that the concept of rejuvenation is not completely clear. The idea of a freshly quenched state is often used when one talks of thermal rejuvenation. However, other workers sometimes refer to mechanical rejuvenation and this is more controversial. The reader is advised to see the paper by the current author on mechanical rejuvenation [100] and also the more recent work of Isner and Lacks [132] that investigate the issue using molecular simulations.

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Acknowledgments

The author is grateful for the generous support of the National Science Foundation under grant DMR-0804438, the Office of Naval Research under project number N00014-06-1-0922, and the John R. Bradford Endowment at Texas Tech University for partial support of this work. He is also thankful to Arts et Métiers ParisTech in Paris, France for partial support of the work during the summer of 2009. The author is also grateful to Ben Xu for help in creating figures.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-3121, USA

    Gregory B. McKenna

  2. Procédés et Ingénierie en Mécanique et Matériaux (UMR CNRS 8006), Arts et Métiers ParisTech, 151 Boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France

    Gregory B. McKenna

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point of Hudson, Hoboken, 07030, New Jersey, USA

    Kishore V. Pochiraju

  2. Dept. Materials Engineering, University of Dayton, College Park 300, Dayton, 45469-0160, Ohio, USA

    Gyaneshwar P. Tandon

  3. Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Lab., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, 45433-7702, Ohio, USA

    Gregory A. Schoeppner

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McKenna, G.B. (2012). Physical Aging in Glasses and Composites. In: Pochiraju, K., Tandon, G., Schoeppner, G. (eds) Long-Term Durability of Polymeric Matrix Composites. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9308-3_7

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