Abstract
Nanotechnology as a concept is usually credited to Feynman [1] who presented the idea in a 1959 after-dinner speech entitled, “There’s plenty of room at the bottom.” Interest in nanotechnology at the national level grew to the point that the United States Government launched the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) in 1999 [2]. From a programmatic standpoint, materials related disciplines were combined using the unifying principle that some feature of the material should fall within the nanoscale size range. Nanoscale is defined as the size from approximately 1–100 nm [3]. Also some well-known materials associated with nanotechnology, such as fullerene and single wall carbon nanotubes were discovered in only the last 25 years [4, 5]. Much of the supporting science is well established in fields such as electronics, polymers, powders, colloids, and aerosols. However, the nanotechnology field is currently expanding rapidly with the discovery of new techniques, insights, applications and materials. It is clear that unifying principles and appropriate standards need to be developed to allow a systematic approach to managing the applications and risks of nanotechnology. These challenges have been faced by ISO Technical Committee 229 “Nanotechnologies” in its program to develop documents consistent with the goals of international standardization. The purposes of international standardization are to facilitate international trade; improvement of quality, safety, security, environmental and consumer protection, as well as the rational use of natural resources; and global dissemination of technologies and good practices [6].
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Feynman, R.P.: There’s plenty of room at the bottom. http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html (1959). Accessed July 2010
Roco, M.C., Williams, R.S., Alivisatos, P. (eds.): Nanotechnology research directions. U.S. National Science and Technology Council, Washington, DC (1999). http://www.wtec.org/loyola/nano/IWGN.Research.Directions/. Accessed July 2010
ISO TS 27687. Nanotechnologies – Terminology and definitions for nano-objects – nanoparticle, nanofibre and nanoplate (2008)
Kroto, H.W., Heath, J.R., O’Brian, S.C., Curl, R.F., Smalley, R.E.: C60: Buckminsterfullerene. Nature 318, 162–163 (1985)
Iijima, S.: Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354, 56–58 (1991)
ISO strategic plan. http://www.iso.org/iso/isostrategies_2004-en.pdf. Accessed July 2010
Oberdörster, G., Maynard, A., Donaldson, K., Castranova, V., Fitzpatrick, J., Ausman, K., Carter, J., Karn, B., Kreyling, W., Lai, D., Olin, S., Monteiro-Riviere, N., Warheit, D., Yang, H.: Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials: elements of a screening strategy. Part. Fiber Toxicol. 2, 8 (2005).http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/2/1/8. Accessed July 2010
Borm, P.J.A., Robbins, D., Haubold, S., Kuhibusch, T., Fissan, H., Donaldson, K., Schins, R., Stone, V., Kreyling, W., Lademann, J., Kertmann, J., Warheit, D., Oberdörster, E.: The potential risks of nanomaterials: a review carried out for ECETC. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 3, 11 (2006). http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/3/1/11. Accessed July 2010
Maynard, A.D., Kuempel, E.D.: Airborne nanostructured particle and occupational health. J. Nanopart. Res. 7, 587–614 (2005)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The NRC risk assessment paradigm. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/toxsource/paradigm.html. Accessed July 2010
U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. National Academy Press, Washington, DC (2008). http://books.nap.edu. Accessed July 2010
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Nanotechnology white paper, EPA 100/B-07/001, February 2007. http://www.epa.gov/osa. Accessed July 2010
Hatto, P.: Nanotechnologies – ISO/TC 229, ISO, IEC, NIST and OECD International workshop on documentary standards for measurement and characterization for nanotechnologies, NIST, Gathersburg, MD, 26–28 February 2008
Dixon, A.M., Ensor, D.S., Michael, D.: Applying the principles of contamination control standardization to nanotechnology facilities, IESC 2010, Tokyo, Japan, 6–9 October 2010
ISO 14644-1. Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments – Part 1: classification of air cleanliness (1999)
Moore’s Law 40th Anniversary. http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/events/moores_law_40th/ (2005). Accessed July 2010
ISO/CD 12025. Nanomaterials – General framework for determining nanoparticle content in nanomaterials by generation of aerosols
ISO ISO/TC 229. http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=381983development=on (2010). Accessed July 2010
Hinds, W.C.: Aerosol Technology. Wiley, New York, NY (1982)
Hamelmann, F., Schmidt, E.: Methods of estimating the dustiness of industrial powders – A review. KONA 21, 7–18 (2003)
Pinke, M.A.E., Leith, D., Boundy, M.G., Loffler, F.: Dust generation from handling powders in industry. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 56, 251–257 (1995)
EN 15051. Workplace atmospheres – measurement of the dustiness of bulk materials – requirements and test methods (2006)
Maynard, A.D., Baron, P.A., Foley, M., Shvedova, A.A., Kisin, E.R., Castranova, V.: Exposure to carbon nanotube material: Aerosol release during the handling of unrefined single-walled carbon nanotube material. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 67, 87–107 (2004)
Boundy, M., Leith, D., Polton, T.: Method to evaluate the dustiness of pharmaceutical powders. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 50(5), 453–458 (2006)
ISO/TR 27628. Workplace atmospheres – Ultrafine, nanoarticle and nano-structured aerosols – inhalation exposure characterization and assessment (2007)
ISO 15900. Determination of particle size distribution – Differential electrical mobility analysis for aerosol particles
Schneider, T., Jensen, K.A.: Relevance of aerosol dynamics and dustiness for personal exposure to manufactured nanoparticles. J. Nanopart. Res.11, 1637–1650 (2009)
ISO/IEC. Directives, Part 2: Rules for the structure and drafting of International Standards. http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink?func=llobjId=4230456objAction=browsesort=subtype. Accessed July 2010
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. A Nanotechnology Consumer Products Inventory. Washington, DC (2010). http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/. Accessed July 2010
Chen, X., Schluesener, H.J.: Nanosilver: A nanoproduct in medical application. Toxicol. Lett. 176, 1–12 (2008)
Quadros, M.E., Marr, L.C.: Environmental and human health risks of aerosolized silver nanoparticles. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 60, 770–781 (2010)
Ku, B.K., Maynard, A.D.: Comparing aerosol surface-area measurement of monodisperse ultrafine silver agglomerates using mobility analysis, transmission electron microscopy and diffusion charging. J. Aerosol Sci. 36, 110–1124 (2005)
Jung, J.H., Oh, H.C., Noh, H.S., Ji, J.H., Kim, S.S.: Metal nanoparticle generation using a small ceramic heater with a local heating area. J. Aerosol Sci. 37, 1662–1670 (2006)
Ji, J.H., Jung, J.H., Kim, S.S., Yoon, J.U., Park, J.D., Choi, B.S., Chung, Y.H., Kwon, I.H., Jeong, J., Han, B.S., Shin, J.H., Sung, J.H., Song, K.S., Yu, I.J.: Twenty-eight-day inhalation toxicity study of silver nanoparticles in Sprague Dawley Rats. Inhal. Toxicol. 19(10), 857–871 (2007)
ISO/DIS 10801. Nanotechnologies – Generation of metal nanoparticles by evaporation/condensation method for inhalation toxicity testing
ISO/DIS 10808. Nanotechnologies – Characterization of nanoparticles in inhalation exposure chambers for inhalation toxicity testing
OECD: Guidline for Testing of Chemicals 413 Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-Day Study. OECD, Paris (1995)
Esch, R.K., Han, L., Ensor, D.S., Foarde, K.K.: Endotoxin contamination of engineered nanomaterials. Nanotoxicology 4, 73–83 (2010)
Inaba, K.: Standardization of endotoxin test. Presented at the 2nd ISO/TC229 Plenary Meeting as document TC229/N149, Tokyo, Japan, June 2006
ISO/FDIS 29701. Nanotechnologies – Endotoxin test on nanomaterial samples for in vitro systems – Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test
Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, NCL Method STE-1. http://ncl.cancer.gov/NCL_Method_STE-1.pdf. Accessed July 2010
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ensor, D.S. (2011). Implications of Measurement Standards for Characterizing and Minimizing Risk of Nanomaterials. In: Murashov, V., Howard, J. (eds) Nanotechnology Standards. Nanostructure Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7853-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7853-0_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-7852-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-7853-0
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)