Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Evidence-Based Imaging pp 199–215Cite as

12 Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease and Stroke

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 1157 Accesses

Key Points

Implementation of the Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Cell Anemia (STOP) primary prevention strategy that uses transcranial Doppler (TCD) screening resulted in lower rates in stroke admissions in California (limited evidence). Presence of silent infarcts on magnetic resonance (MR) scans in asymptomatic children with SCD is associated with higher risk for future stroke (limited evidence). The risk of first stroke can be substantially reduced by chronic transfusions in asymptomatic children with SCD and hemoglobin (Hb) SS, in whom intracranial arterial mean velocities are over 200 cm/s on TCD examination (strong evidence). Management of children with SCD and acute stroke requires immediate non-contrast computed tomography (CT) to exclude intracranial hemorrhage (moderate–strong evidence). Children with symptoms of stroke and negative CT for hemorrhage require urgent MRI/diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)/ MR angiography (MRA) to assess the degree and extent of brain structural abnormalities and positron emission tomography (PET)/single photon emission CT (SPECT) or MRS to determine the degree of ischemia (moderate evidence). Presence of intracranial arterial stenosis and new lesions on MR imaging in patients with stroke history is associated with high risk for recurrent stroke (limited evidence). There are no specific neuroimaging findings which can suggest that blood transfusions be safely halted in children with SCD (strong evidence). No data were found that evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the different neuroimaging modalities in the evaluation of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with SCD and suspected stroke (limited evidence).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Pavlakis SG, Kingsley PB, Bialer MG. J Child Neurol 2000;15:308–315.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Prohovnik I, Pavlakis SG, Piomelli S, Bello J, Mohr JP, Hilal S et al. Neurology 1989;39:344–348.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Lipowsky H, Cram L, Justice W, Eppihimer M. Microvasc Res 1993;46:43–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Lipowsky H. Microcirculation 2005;12:5–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Zhao Y, Chien S, Skalak R, Lipowsky H. Ann Biomed Eng 2001;29:360–372.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Dong C, Cao J, Struble E, Lipowsky H. Ann Biomed Eng 1999;27:298–312.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Mulivor A, Lipowsky H. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004;286:H1672–H1680.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hebbel RP, Osarogiagbon R, Kaul D. Microcirculation 2004;11:129–151.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kaul DK, Fabry ME, Nagel RL. Blood Rev 1996;10:29–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Serjeant GR. Br J Haematol 2001;112:3–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Stuart MJ, Setty BNY. Pediatr Pathol Mol Med 2001;20:27–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ohene-Frempong K, Weiner SJ, Sleeper LA, Miller ST, Embury S, Moohr JW et al. Cooperative study sickle cell D. Blood 1998;91:288–294.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Embury SH. Microcirculation 2004;11:101–113.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Miller ST, Sleeper LA, Pegelow CH, Enos LE, Wang WC, Weiner SJ et al. New Engl J Med 2000;342:83–89.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Wethers DL. Am Fam Physician 2000;62:1309–1314.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Stevens M, Maude G, Beckford M, Grandison Y, Mason K, Taylor B et al. Blood 1986;67:411–414.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Scothorn DJ, Price C, Schwartz D, Terrill C, Buchanan GR, Shurney W et al. J Pediatr 2002;140:348–354.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Hulbert ML, Scothorn DJ, Panepinto JA, Scott JP, Buchanan GR, Sarnaik S et al. J Pediatr 2006;149:710–712.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Garcia J, Anderson M. Crit Rev Neurobiol 1989;4:303–324.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Di Roio C, Jourdan C, Terrier A, Artru F. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1997;16:967–969.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ganesan V, Prengler M, McShane M, Wade A, Kirkham F. Ann Neurol 2003;53:167–173.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kirkham FJ, Prengler M, Hewes DKM, Ganesan V. J Child Neurol 2000;15:299–307.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Earley CJ, Kittner SJ, Feeser BR, Gardner J, Epstein A, Wozniak MA et al. Neurology 1998;51:169–176.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Melek I, Akgul F, Duman T, Yalcin F, Gali E. Tohoku J Exp Med 2006;209:135–140.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Mercuri E, Faundez J, Roberts I, Flora S, Bouza H, Cowan F et al. Eur J Pediatr 1995;154:150–156.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Prengler M, Pavlakis SG, Boyd S, Connelly A, Calamante F, Chong WK et al. Ann Neurol 2005;58:290–302.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Huttenlocher P, Moohr J, Johns L, Brown F. Pediatrics 1984;73:615–621.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kirkham FJ, Calamante F, Bynevelt M, Gadian DG, Evans JPM, Cox TC et al. Ann Neurol 2001;49:477–485.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kirkham FJ, Hewes DKM, Prengler M, Wade A, Lane R et al. Lancet 2001;357:1656–1659.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Vichinsky E, Neumayr L, Earles A, Williams R, Lennette E, Dean D et al. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1855–1865.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Lee KH, McKie VC, Sekul EA, Adams RJ, Nichols FT. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2002;24:585–588.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Wierenga KJJ, Serjeant BE, Serjeant GR. J Pediatr 2001;139:438–442.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Makani J, Meda E, Rwezaula S, Mwamtemi K, Thein SL, Williams T et al. Blood 2006;108:26B.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Strouse JJ, Hulbert ML, DeBaun MR, Jordan LC, Casella JF. Pediatrics 2006;118:1916–1924.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Coley S, Porter D, Calamante F, Chong W, Connelly A. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:1507–1510.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Horton D, Ferriero D, Mentzer W. Pediatr Neurol 1995;12:77–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Gadian D, Calamante F, Kirkham F, Bynevelt M, Johnson C, Porter D et al. J Child Neurol 2000;15:279–283.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Sébire G, Tabarki B, Saunders D, Leroy I, Liesner R, Saint-Martin C et al. Brain 2005;128:477–489.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Powars D, Adams R, Nichols F, Milner P, Charache S, Sarnaik S. J Assoc Acad Minor Phys 1990;1:79–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Balkaran B, Char G, Morris J, Thomas P, Serjeant B, Serjeant G. J Pediatr 1992;120:360–366.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Pegelow C, Macklin E, Moser F, Wang W, Bello J, Miller S et al. Blood 2002;99:3014–3018.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Jeffries BF, Lipper MH, Kishore PR. Surg Neurol 1980;14:291–295.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Aluoch J, Jacobs P. S Afr Med J 1996;86:982–983.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Al-Riyami A, Ebrahim G. J Trop Pediatr 2003;49(Suppl 1):i1–i20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. De D. Br J Nurs 2005;14:447–450.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Balgir R. J Assoc Physicians India 1996;44:25–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Fattoum S. Tunis Med 2006;84:687–696.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Hamdallah M, Bhatia A. Lancet 1995;346:707–708.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kamble M, Chatruvedi P. Indian Pediatr 2000;37:391–396.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Williams T, Mwangi T, Wambua S, Alexander N, Kortok M, Snow R et al. J Infect Dis 2005;192:178–186.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Petrakis N, Wiesenfeld S, Sams B, Collen M, Cutler J, Siegelaub A. N Engl J Med 1970;282:767–770.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Scott R. N Engl J Med 1970;282:164–165.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Boyle EJ, Thompson C, Tyroler H. Arch Environ Health 1968;17:891–898.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Nietert P, Silverstein M, Abboud M. Pharmacoeconomics 2002;20:357–366.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Hicks E, Miller G, Horton R. Am J Public Health 1978;68:1135–1137.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Ashley-Koch A, Yang Q, Olney R. Am J Epidemiol 2000;151:839–845.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. National Human Genome Research Institute. Learning about SCD. http://www.genome.gov/10001219 [last accessed July 30, 2008].

  58. Das L. Indian J Malariol 2000;37:34–38.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Rodríguez-Ojea Menéndez A, García de la Osa M. Rev Cubana Med Trop 1992;44:62–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. deVeber G, Roach ES, Riela AR, Wiznitzer M. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2000;7:309–317.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Steen R, Emudianughe T, Hankins G, Wynn L, Wang W, Xiong X et al. Radiology 2003;228:216–225.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Miller S, Macklin E, Pegelow C, Kinney T, Sleeper L, Bello J et al. J Pediatr 2001;139:385–390.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Charache S, Terrin ML, Moore RD, Dover GJ, Barton FB, Eckert SV et al. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1317–1322.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Hankins JS, Ware RE, Rogers ZR, Wynn LW, Lane PA, Scott JP et al. Blood 2005;106:2269–2275.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Gulbis B, Haberman D, Dufour D, Christophe C, Vermylen C, Kagambega F et al. Blood 2005;105:2685–2690.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Moser F, Miller S, Bello J, Pegelow C, Zimmerman R, Wang W et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996;17:965–972.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Bernaudin F, Verlhac S, Fréard F, Roudot-Thoraval F, Benkerrou M, Thuret I et al. J Child Neurol 2000;15:333–343.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Kinney T, Sleeper L, Wang W, Zimmerman R, Pegelow C, Ohene-Frempong K et al. Pediatrics 1999;103:640–645.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Baldeweg T, Hogan A, Saunders D, Telfer P, Gadian D, Vargha-Khadem F et al. Ann Neurol 2006;59:662–672.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. DeBaun M, Schatz J, Siegel M, Koby M, Craft S, Resar L et al. Neurology 1998;50:1678–1682.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Watkins K, Hewes D, Connelly A, Kendall B, Kingsley D, Evans J et al. Dev Med Child Neurol 1998;40:536–543.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Hogan A, Kirkham F, Prengler M, Telfer P, Lane R, Vargha-Khadem F et al. Br J Haematol 2006;132:99–107.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Wang W, Enos L, Gallagher D, Thompson R, Guarini L, Vichinsky E et al. J Pediatr 2001;139:391–397.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Schatz J, Buzan R. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2006;12:24–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Davis H, Moore RJ, Gergen P. Public Health Rep 1997;112:40–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Wayne A, Schoenike S, Pegelow C. Blood 2000;96:2369–2372.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Bernaudin F, Verlhac S, Coïc L, Lesprit E, Brugières P et al. Pediatr Radiol 2005;35:242–248.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Kidwell C, Chalela J, Saver J, Starkman S, Hill M, Demchuk A et al. JAMA 2004;292:1823–1830.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Fiebach J, Schellinger P, Gass A, Kucinski T, Siebler M, Villringer A et al. Stroke 2004;35:502–506.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Mokri B, Sundt TM Jr, Houser OW, Piepgras DG. Ann Neurol 1986;19:126–138.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. de Bruijn SF, Stam J. Stroke 1999;30:481–483.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Adams R, Nichols F, McKie V, McKie K, Milner P et al. Neurology 1988;38:1012–1017.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Brambilla D, Miller S, Adams R. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:318–322.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Seibert J, Miller S, Kirby R, Becton D, James C, Glasier C et al. Radiology 1993;189:457–466.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Switzer J, Hess D, Nichols F, Adams R. Lancet Neurol 2006;5(6):501–512.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Kirkham F. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2007;3:264–278.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Unit CEE. Stroke in Childhood: Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosis, Management and Rehabilitation. http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/pubs/books/childstroke/childstroke_guidelines.pdf. London: Royal College of Physicians [online November 2004].

  88. Winrow N, Melhem E. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2003;13:185–196.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Lev MH, Farkas J, Gemmete JJ et al. Radiology 1999;213:150–155.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Lin K, Rapalino O, Law M, Babb JS, Siller KA, Pramanik BK. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29:931–936.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Katz DA, Marks MP, Napel SA, Bracci PM, Roberts SL. Radiology 1995;195:445–449.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Bash S, Villablanca JP, Jahan R, Duckwiler G, Tillis M, Kidwell C et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005;26:1012–1021.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Beyer J, Platt A, Kinney T, Treadwell M. J Soc Pediatr Nurs 1999;4(2):61–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Pavlakis S, Bello J, Prohovnik I, Sutton M, Ince C, Mohr J et al. Ann Neurol 1988;23:125–130.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. DeBaun M, Glauser T, Siegel M, Borders J, Lee B. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1995;17:29–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Marks MP, de Crespigny A, Lentz D, Enzmann DR, Albers GW et al. Radiology 1996;199:403–408.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. González RG, Schaefer PW, Buonanno FS, Schwamm LH, Budzik RF, Rordorf G et al. Radiology 1999;210:155–162.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Lövblad KO, Laubach HJ, Baird AE, Curtin F, Schlaug G, Edelman RR et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19:1061–1066.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Mullins M, Schaefer P, Sorensen A, Halpern E, Ay H, He J et al. Radiology. 2002;224:353–360.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Lansberg M, Albers G, Beaulieu C, Marks M. Neurology 2000;54(8):1557–1561.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Lansberg M, Norbash A, Marks M, Tong D, Moseley M, Albers G. Arch Neurol 2000;57:1311–1316.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Rovira A, Grivé E, Alvarez-Sabin J. Eur Radiol 2005;15:416–426.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Kandeel AY, Zimmerman RA, Ohene-Frempong K. Neuroradiology 1996;38:409–416.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Gillams AR, McMahon L, Weinberg G, Carter AP. Pediatr Radiol 1998;28:283–287.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Korogi Y, Takahashi M, Nakagawa T et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997;18:135–143.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Kielpinska K, Walecki J, Giedrojc J, Turowska A, Kordecki K. Acad Radiol 2002;9:283–289.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Srinivasan A, Goyal M, Al Azri F, Lum C. Radiographics 2006;26:S75–S95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Adams R, Nichols F, Figueroa R, McKie V, Lott T. Stroke 1992;23:1073–1077.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Dawkins A, Evans A, Wattam J, Romanowski C, Connolly D et al. Neuroradiology 2007;49:753–759.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Rao K, Lee M. Radiology 1983;147:600–601.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Coley S, Wild J, Wilkinson I, Griffiths P. Neuroradiology 2003;45:843–850.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Qureshi N, Lubin B, Walters M. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006;6:1087–1098.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Verlhac S, Bernaudin F, Tortrat D, Brugieres P, Mage K, Gaston A. Pediatr Radiol 1995;25(Suppl 1): S14–S19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Chooi W, Woodhouse N, Coley S, Griffiths P. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25:1251–1255.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Reed W, Jagust W, Al-Mateen M, Vichinsky E. Am J Hematol 1999;60:268–272.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Powars D, Conti P, Wong W, Groncy P, Hyman C, Smith E et al. Blood 1999;93:71–79.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Rodgers GP, Clark CM, Larson SM, Rapoport SI, Nienhuis AW et al. Arch Neurol 1988;45:78–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Herold S, Brozovic M, Gibbs J, Lammertsma AA, Leenders KL, Carr D et al. Stroke 1986;17:692–698.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Adams R, McKie V, Hsu L, Files B, Vichinsky E, Pegelow C et al. N Engl J Med 1998;339:5–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Adams R, Brambilla D, Granger S, Gallagher D, Vichinsky E, Abboud M et al. Blood 2004;103:3689–3694.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Russell M, Goldberg H, Hodson A, Kim H, Halus J, Reivich M et al. Blood 1984;63:162–169.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Pegelow CH, Adams RJ, McKie V, Abboud M, Berman B, Miller ST et al. J Pediatr 1995;126:896–899.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Wilimas J, Goff J, Anderson HJ, Langston J, Thompson E. J Pediatr 1980;96:205–208.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Ausavarungnirun P, Sabio H, Kim J, Tegeler CH. J Neuroimaging 2006;16:311–317.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Adams R, Pavlakis S, Roach E. Ann Neurol 2003;54:559–563.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Krejza J, Rudzinski W, Pawlak M, Tomaszewski M, Ichord R, Kwiatkowski J et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007;28:1613–1618.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Adams R. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1996;18:331–334.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical alert: periodic transfusions lower stroke risk in children with sickle cell anemia. http://www.nim.nih.gov/databases/alerts/sickle97.html.

  129. Lee M, Piomelli S, Granger S, Miller S, Harkness S, Brambilla D et al. Blood 2006;108:847–852.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Bulas D. Pediatr Radiol 2005;35:235–241.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Fullerton H, Adams R, Zhao S, Johnston S. Blood 2004;104:336–339.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Trial. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00072761.CgWsSCIM-CC.

  133. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00122980.CgWsSwTCtHS.

  134. Jones A, Seibert J, Nichols F, Kinder D, Cox K, Luden J et al. Pediatr Radiol 2001;31:461–469.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Malouf AJ, Hamrick-Turner J, Doherty M, Dhillon G, Iyer R, Smith M. Radiology 2001;219:359–365.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. McCarville M, Li C, Xiong X, Wang W. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004;183:1117–1122.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Riebel T, Kebelmann-Betzing C, Götze R, Overberg U. Eur Radiol 2003;13:563–570.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Lowe L, Bulas D. Pediatr Radiol 2005;35:54–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Abboud M, Cure J, Granger S, Gallagher D, Hsu L, Wang W et al. Blood 2004;103:2822–2826.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Wang W, Gallagher D, Pegelow C, Wright E, Vichinsky E, Abboud M et al. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2000;22:335–339.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Wiznitzer M, Ruggieri P, Masaryk T, Ross J, Modic M, Berman B. J Pediatr 1990;117:551–555.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Kirkham F, Lerner N, Noetzel M, DeBaun M, Datta A, Rees D et al. Pediatr Neurol 2006;34:450–458.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Dobson S, Holden K, Nietert P, Cure J, Laver J, Disco D et al. Blood 2002;99:3144–3150.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Ganesan V, Prengler M, Wade A, Kirkham F. Circulation 2006;114:2170–2177.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Woodard P, Helton K, Khan R, Hale G, Phipps S, Wang W et al. Br J Haematol 2005;129:550–552.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Kirkham F, DeBaun M. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2004;6:357–375.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Fryer R, Anderson R, Chiriboga C, Feldstein N. Pediatr Neurol 2003;29:124–130.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Walters M, Storb R, Patience M, Leisenring W, Taylor T, Sanders J et al. Blood 2000;95:1918–1924.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Steen R, Helton K, Horwitz E, Benaim E, Thompson S, Bowman L et al. Ann Neurol 2001;49:222–229.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Adams R, Brambilla D. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2769–2778.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Minniti C, Gidvani V, Bulas D, Brown W, Vezina G, Driscoll M. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2004;26:626–630.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Mazumdar M, Heeney M, Sox C, Lieu T. Pediatrics 2007;120:e1107–e1116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Adams HP Jr, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ, Bhatt DL, Brass L, Furlan A et al.; American Heart Association; American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council; Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups. Stroke 2007;38:1655–1711.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Powars D, Wilson B, Imbus C, Pegelow C, Allen J. Am J Med 1978;65:461–471.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Diggs LW, Brookoff D. South Med J 1993;86:377–379.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Royal JE, Seeler RA. Lancet 1978;2(8101):1207.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Stockman JA, Nigro MA, Mishkin MM, Oski FA. N Engl J Med 1972;287:846–849.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Henderson JN, Noetzel MJ, McKinstry RC, White DA, Armstrong M et al. Blood 2003;101:415–419.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Wardlaw JM, Keir SL, Seymour J, Lewis S, Sandercock PA, Dennis MS et al. Health Technol Assess 2004;8(iii, ix–x):1–180.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Singer OC, Sitzer M, du Mesnil de Rochemont R, Neumann-Haefelin T. Neurology 2004;62:1848–1849.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Wardlaw JM, White PM. Brain 2000;123:205–221.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Chappell ET, Moure FC, Good MC. Neurosurgery 2003;52:624–631.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Willinsky RA, Taylor SM, TerBrugge K et al. Radiology 2003;227:522–528.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Burger IM et al. Stroke 2006;37:2535–2539.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Lysakowski C, Walder B, Costanza MC, Tramèr MR. Stroke 2001;32:2292–2298.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Jaroslaw Krejza

Authors
  1. Jaroslaw Krejza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maciej Swiat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Maciej Tomaszewski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Elias R. Melhem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jaroslaw Krejza .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Department of Radiology, Miami Children's Hospital, SW 114 Street 7420, Miami, 33156, Florida, USA

    L. Santiago Medina

  2. Harborview Medical Center, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Ninth Avenue 325, Seattle, 98104-2499, Washington, USA

    C. Craig Blackmore

  3. , Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Road, NE Suite D112, Atlanta, 30322, USA

    Kimberly Applegate

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Krejza, J., Swiat, M., Tomaszewski, M., Melhem, E.R. (2011). 12 Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease and Stroke. In: Medina, L., Blackmore, C., Applegate, K. (eds) Evidence-Based Imaging. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7777-9_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7777-9_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-7776-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-7777-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation