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The Justice/Morality Link

Implied, then Ignored, yet Inevitable

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Part of the book series: Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research ((HSSR))

Abstract

Few social psychologists who study justice would deny its roots in moral philosophy. Yet, explicit linkages between justice and morality have been relatively rare until recently. This chapter first examines how conceptualizations of justice and morality reveal common abstract characteristics. A description of the evolution of the study of justice in social psychology then provides a basis for understanding why the linkage was ignored for many years as scholars investigated distributive, procedural, and interactional justice processes largely from a “rational” perspective. Recent theoretical formulations, however, identify the pivotal roles of moral communities, moral emotions, and moral convictions, especially in analysis of justice situations involving potential harms to others. After reviewing bodies of research focused on moral emotions and observers’ responses to others’ injustices, we outline an agenda for research on the revitalized and inevitable justice/morality link that integrates motivational, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Organizational justice researchers also add a fourth type: informational justice, which pertains to the organizational context and the use of explanations for procedures and reasons for outcome distributions (see Colquitt et al. 2001). Informational justice includes principles such as timeliness of communication, selection of information, and so forth.

  2. 2.

    Tyler and Lind (1992) suggest that procedural justice involves both a focus on decision-making rules and on interpersonal treatment. The relational model of authority highlights the latter with its emphasis on respect, trustworthiness, and neutrality. Others, however, suggest that the interpersonal element actually represents interactional justice (see Bies 2001; Cohen-Charash and Spector 2001; Colquitt et al. 2001). Except in specifically discussing Tyler and Lind’s work, we consider the interpersonal aspect of procedural justice as part of interactional justice.

  3. 3.

    At issue is the violation of rules such as respect or trust, although early studies place these rules under the procedural justice rubric and later studies under interactional justice.

  4. 4.

    Folger et al. (2005) label anger as “deonic” when it is in response to the violation of moral dictates and not simply a violation of individual interests.

  5. 5.

    The ITMC’s emphasis on moral emotions in the absence of significant deliberation is consistent with Haidt’s (2001) social intuitionist model of morality, which suggests that emotions are sources or predictors of moral judgment. As such, moral judgments result from autonomic and intuitive processes. The need to justify conclusions or persuade others (Haidt 2003) then prompts more controlled moral reasoning.

  6. 6.

    Although characterized by a focus on others, Haidt (2003) also recognizes that these emotions may provide indirect benefits to the self. The experience of moral emotions may lead to moral behavior that enhances the reputation of the actor and the likelihood that others will cooperate with him or her in the future (Haidt 2007).

  7. 7.

    Turner and Stets (2006) note, however, that guilt, empathy, and sympathy may be used to maintain power over others and thus undermine the moral order.

  8. 8.

    Shaming may be “disintegrative” when it stigmatizes and precludes affirmation of the offender’s basic goodness of character and membership in the community. Under such circumstances, offenders fail to re-establish ties with the law-abiding community and instead seek out criminal subcultures (Braithwaite 1989, Hay 2001). Disintegrative shaming may also stimulate illicit and self-destructive behaviors (Tangney 1994, Ahmed and Braithwaite 2005).

  9. 9.

    Lerner (2003) attributes the empirical evidence suggesting that justice evaluations reflect normative expectations associated with rational self-interests to the nature of the methodology of those studies and an emphasis on first party evaluations.

  10. 10.

    Of course, theory and research on social movements (e.g., Diani and McAdam 2003, Davis et al. 2005, Poletta and Jasper 2001) may inform questions about how observers join forces to rectify others’ injustice.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Steve Hitlin for his helpful feedback on this chapter. In addition, we are grateful to our colleagues Cathryn Johnson and Leslie Brody for their advice and encouragement.

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Correspondence to Karen A. Hegtvedt .

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Hegtvedt, K.A., Scheuerman, H.L. (2010). The Justice/Morality Link. In: Hitlin, S., Vaisey, S. (eds) Handbook of the Sociology of Morality. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6896-8_18

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