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ASTER Imaging and Analysis of Glacier Hazards

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Land Remote Sensing and Global Environmental Change

Part of the book series: Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing ((RDIP,volume 11))

Abstract

Most scientific attention to glaciers, including ASTER and other satellite-derived applications in glacier science, pertains to their roles in the following seven functions: (1) as signposts of climate change (Kaser et al. 1990; Williams and Ferrigno 1999, 2002; Williams et al. 2008; Kargel et al. 2005; Oerlemans 2005), (2) as natural reservoirs of fresh water (Yamada and Motoyama 1988; Yang and Hu 1992; Shiyin et al. 2003; Juen et al. 2007), (3) as contributors to sea-level change (Arendt et al. 2002), (4) as sources of hydropower (Reynolds 1993); much work also relates to the basic science of glaciology, especially (5) the physical phenomeno­logy of glacier flow processes and glacier change (DeAngelis and Skvarca 2003; Berthier et al. 2007; Rivera et al. 2007), (6) glacial geomorphology (Bishop et al. 1999, 2003), and (7) the technology required to acquire and analyze satellite images of glaciers (Bishop et al. 1999, 2000, 2003, 2004; Quincey et al. 2005, 2007; Raup et al. 2000, 2006ab; Khalsa et al. 2004; Paul et al. 2004a, b). These seven functions define the important areas of glaciological science and technology, yet a more pressing issue in parts of the world is the direct danger to people and infrastructure posed by some glaciers (Trask 2005; Morales 1969; Lliboutry et al. 1977; Evans and Clague 1988; Xu and Feng 1989; Reynolds 1993, 1998, 1999; Yamada and Sharma 1993; Hastenrath and Ames 1995; Mool 1995; Ames 1998; Chikita et al. 1999; Williams and Ferrigno 1999; Richardson and Reynolds 2000a, b; Zapata 2002; Huggel et al. 2002, 2004; Xiangsong 1992; Kääb et al. 2003, 2005, 2005c; Salzmann et al. 2004; Noetzli et al. 2006).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    “Cocha” is Quechua for “lake,” and “palca” means “valley” or “divided in two,” and is the specific lake, probably named for the nearby peak, Ranrapalca.

  2. 2.

    The Million Dollar Bridge, 128 other bridges, a highway, the Copper River and Northwestern Railway, and a telegraph line were built by the Kennecott Copper Corporation to move copper ore from the Kennecott mines to the Alaskan port of Cordova. Completed in 1911, the railway included 8 km built on a stagnant, forested, debris-covered surge lobe of Allen Glacier. The Million Dollar Bridge across the Copper River, damaged during construction in 1909 by a deadly winter GLOF, narrowly escaped destruction by a surge of Childs Glacier in 1911; from 1911 to 1938 it was used to move 600,000 metric tons of copper (10-year value of $200 million; at July 2008 prices, $5 billion). The $20-million project paid for itself and the purchase of Alaska from Russia seven times over, despite risks from glacier surges and floods, thaw of buried ground ice, and seismicity. The Million Dollar Bridge partly collapsed during the 1964 earthquake; it was repaired in 2005. The story highlights both hazards and lucrative possibilities even in precarious situations.

  3. 3.

    Terminology: Spanish aluvión (pl., aluviones), used in Andean geomorphology, refers to a flood or fast-moving debris flow – typically a flood moving abundant boulders and cobbles or low-viscosity mud with suspended gravel, boulders, and ice, descending rapidly through a glacial valley. Aluvión derives from the Latin alluvi and alluvin-, from alluere, meaning to wash against, and is related to the Latin alluvies, alluviei, alluvio, and alluvionis: sediment or flood plain deposited by a river; or lapping of waves, inundation, or flood. Variations on use of aluvión refer either to (1) any debris flow, hyperconcentrated flow, or flood emanating from mountains, or (2) mass flows and floods triggered by or involving glaciers (this is our use). In the Himalaya, a subset of aluviones is termed Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs). Icelandic jökulhlaup refers to outburst floods or debris floods from glacier-stored waters, with or without involvement of volcanic activity (Thorarinsson 1939). A lahar (Javanese) is any aqueous mass flow from a volcano; many, but not all lahars involve volcanic interactions with glaciers.

  4. 4.

    GLIMS was not consulted before NASA issued the press releases, and had no role in making or disseminating the interpretation that spurred the Palcacocha Crisis public relations disaster. Several GLIMS researchers (including some authors) played a back-scene role in quickly identifying weaknesses of NASA’s interpretation. The first author also helped to calm the public, to deflect some further inaccurate media reporting, and to defuse the explosive mix of anxiety, anger, and mistrust that developed among Huaraz residents; he also helped potential litigants to see the likely unintended destructive effect of a class action on NASA’s Earth Observing System (which was under severe budgetary and political stress) and on the interests of all the nations utilizing Earth remote sensing data.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Hydrology & Water Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA

    Jeffrey Kargel

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  1. Jeffrey Kargel
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  2. Roberto Furfaro
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  11. Marco Zapata
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Correspondence to Jeffrey Kargel .

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  1. USGS at the EROS Data Center, Satellite Systems Branch, NASA EOS-ESE, Sioux Falls, 57198-0001, South Dakota, USA

    Bhaskar Ramachandran

  2. Dept. Geography, University of Maryland, Lefrak Hall 2181, College Park, 20742, Maryland, USA

    Christopher O. Justice

  3. Jet Propulsion Lab., California Institute of Technology, Oak Grove Drive 4800, Pasadena, 91109-8099, California, USA

    Michael J. Abrams

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Kargel, J. et al. (2010). ASTER Imaging and Analysis of Glacier Hazards. In: Ramachandran, B., Justice, C., Abrams, M. (eds) Land Remote Sensing and Global Environmental Change. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing, vol 11. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6749-7_15

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