Skip to main content

Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells as Cellular Vehicles for Tumor Targeting

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 813 Accesses

Part of the book series: Current Cancer Research ((CUCR))

Abstract

Data published over the last 10 years suggest that mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) possess the innate capacity to home to sites of inflammation, including tumors and wounding microenvironments. Evidence suggests that the increased production of inflammatory mediators found at these sites is potential attractants for recruitment and engraftment. This innate homing response can be exploited by using MSC as a cellular delivery vehicle to deliver anticancer agents directly to tumors. The high-level intratumoral production of these agents controls tumor growth and prolongs survival in numerous animal models. In this review, we examine the ability of MSC to selectively home to and engraft within the tumor microenvironment and the multiple gene products delivered by MSC when used as delivery vehicles for anticancer therapies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aboody KS, Brown A, Rainov NG, Bower KA, Liu S, Yang W, Small JE, Herrlinger U, Ourednik V, Black PM, Breakefield XO, Snyder EY. Neural stem cells display extensive tropism for pathology in adult brain: evidence from intracranial gliomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 7;97(23):12846–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akavia UD, Veinblat O, Benayahu D. Comparing the transcriptional profile of mesenchymal cells to cardiac and skeletal muscle cells. J Cell Physiol. 2008;216(3):663–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alison M, Lim S, Houghton JM. Bone Marrow derived cells and epithelial tumours: Nore than just inflammatory relationships. Curr Opin Oncol. 2009;21(1):77–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allers C, Sierralta WD, Neubauer S, Rivera F, Minguell JJ, Conget PA. Dynamic of distribution of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells after transplantation into adult unconditioned mice. Transplantation. 2004;78(4):503–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anton K, Glod J. Targeting the tumor stroma in cancer therapy. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2009;10(2):185–91. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ayala F, Dewar R, Kieran M, Kalluri R. Contribution of bone microenvironment to leukemogenesis and leukemia progression. Leukemia. 2009;23(12):2233–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bagley RG, Weber W, Rouleau C, Yao M, Honma N, Kataoka S, Ishida I, Roberts BL, Teicher BA. Human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow express tumor endothelial and stromal markers. Int J Oncol. 2009;34(3):619–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bexell D, Gunnarsson S, Tormin A, Darabi A, Gisselsson D, Roybon L, Scheding S, Bengzon J. Bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stroma cells act as pericyte-like migratory vehicles in experimental gliomas. Mol Ther. 2009;17(1):183–90. Epub 2008 Nov 4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bierie B, Moses HL. TGF-beta and cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2006;17(1–2):29–40. Epub 2005 Nov 10. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bissell MJ, Labarge MA. Context, tissue plasticity, and cancer: are tumor stem cells also regulated by the microenvironment? Cancer Cell. 2005;7(1):17–23. Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biswas S, Chytil A, Washington K, Romero-Gallo J, Gorska AE, Wirth PS, Gautam S, Moses HL, Grady WM. Transforming growth factor beta receptor type II inactivation promotes the establishment and progression of colon cancer. Cancer Res. 2004;64(14):4687–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breau RL, Clayman GL. Gene therapy for head and neck cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 1996;8(3):227–31. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown LF, Dvorak AM, Dvorak HF. Leaky vessels, fibrin deposition, and fibrosis: a sequence of events common to solid tumors and to many other types of disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989;140(4):1104–7. Review.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown AB, Yang W, Schmidt NO, Carroll R, Leishear KK, Rainov NG, Black PM, Breakefield XO, Aboody KS. Intravascular delivery of neural stem cell lines to target intracranial and extracranial tumors of neural and non-neural origin. Hum Gene Ther. 2003;14(18):1777–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castelló-Cros R, Cukierman E. Stromagenesis during tumorigenesis: characterization of tumor-associated fibroblasts and stroma-derived 3D matrices. Methods Mol Biol. 2009;522:275–305.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavarretta IT, Altanerova V, Matuskova M, Kucerova L, Culig Z, Altaner C. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells expressing prodrug-converting enzyme inhibit human prostate tumor growth. Mol Ther. 2010;18(1):223–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chanda D, Isayeva T, Kumar S, Hensel JA, Sawant A, Ramaswamy G, Siegal GP, Beatty MS, Ponnazhagan S. Therapeutic potential of adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in prostate cancer bone metastasis. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(23):7175–85. Epub 2009 Nov 17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X.C.,Wang, R., Zhao, X.,Wei, Y.Q., Hu,M.,Wang, Y.S., Zhang, X.W., Zhang, R., Zhang, L., and Yao, B., et al. Prophylaxis against carcinogenesis in three kinds of unestablished tumor models via IL12-gene-engineered MSCs. Carcinogenesis. (2006) 27, 2434–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X., Lin, X., Zhao, J., Shi, W., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Kan, B., Du, L., Wang, B., and Wei, Y., et al. A Tumor-selective biotherapy with prolonged impact on established metastases based on cytokine gene-engineered MSCs. Mol Ther. 2008;16(4):749–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng N, Bhowmick NA, Chytil A, Gorksa AE, Brown KA, Muraoka R, Arteaga CL, Neilson EG, Hayward SW, Moses HL. Loss of TGF-beta type II receptor in fibroblasts promotes mammary carcinoma growth and invasion through upregulation of TGF-alpha-, MSP- and HGF-mediated signaling networks. Oncogene. 2005;24(32):5053–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho KR. Ovarian cancer update: lessons from morphology, molecules, and mice. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2009;133(11):1775–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coffelt SB, Marini FC, Watson K, Zwezdaryk KJ, Dembinski JL, LaMarca HL, Tomchuck SL, Honer zu Bentrup K, Danka ES, Henkle SL, Scandurro AB. The pro-inflammatory peptide LL-37 promotes ovarian tumor progression through recruitment of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(10):3806–11. Epub 2009 Feb 20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalerba P, Cho RW, Clarke MF. Cancer stem cells: models and concepts. Annu Rev Med. 2007;58:267–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis ID, Desai J. Clinical use of therapies targeting tumor vasculature and stroma. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2008;8(6):498–508. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Wever O, Demetter P, Mareel M, Bracke M. Stromal myofibroblasts are drivers of invasive cancer growth. Int J Cancer. 2008;123(10):2229–38. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dembinski JL, Krauss S. Characterization and functional analysis of a slow cycling stem cell-like subpopulation in pancreas adenocarcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2009;26(7):611–23. Epub 2009 May 7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dembinski JL, Spaeth EL, Fueyo J, Gomez-Manzano C, Studeny M, Andreeff M, Marini FC. Reduction of nontarget infection and systemic toxicity by targeted delivery of conditionally replicating viruses transported in mesenchymal stem cells. Cancer Gene Ther. 2009 Oct 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denys H, Derycke L, Hendrix A, Westbroek W, Gheldof A, Narine K, Pauwels P, Gespach C, Bracke M, De Wever O. Differential impact of TGF-beta and EGF on fibroblast differentiation and invasion reciprocally promotes colon cancer cell invasion. Cancer Lett. 2008;266(2):263–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devine SM, Bartholomew AM, Mahmud N, Nelson M, Patil S, Hardy W, Sturgeon C, Hewett T, Chung T, Stock W, Sher D, Weissman S, Ferrer K, Mosca J, Deans R, Moseley A, HoffmanR. Mesenchymal stem cells are capable of homing to the bone marrow of non-human primates following systemic infusion. Exp Hematol. 2001;29(2):244–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding YT, Kumar S, Yu DC. The role of endothelial progenitor cells in tumour vasculogenesis. Pathobiology. 2008;75(5):265–73. Epub 2008 Oct 15. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duan X, Guan H, Cao Y, Kleinerman ES. Murine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells as vehicles for interleukin-12 gene delivery into Ewing sarcoma tumors. Cancer. 2009;115(1):13–22. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duband JL, Blavet C, Jarov A, Fournier-Thibault C. Spatio-temporal control of neural epithelial cell migration and epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition during avian neural tube development. Dev Growth Differ. 2009;51(1):25–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dvorak HF. Tumors: wounds that do not heal. Similarities between tumor stroma generation and wound healing. N Engl J Med. 1986;315(26):1650–9. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dvorak HF. Thrombosis and cancer. Hum Pathol. 1987;18(3):275–84. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erices AA, Allers CI, Conget PA, Rojas CV, Minguell JJ. Human cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells home and survive in the marrow of immunodeficient mice after systemic infusion. Cell Transplant. 2003;12(6):555–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson AC, Barcellos-Hoff MH. The not-so innocent bystander: the microenvironment as a therapeutic target in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2003;7(1):71–88. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falanga V, Iwamoto S, Chartier M, Yufit T, Butmarc J, Kouttab N, Shrayer D, Carson P. Autologous bone marrow-derived cultured mesenchymal stem cells delivered in a fibrin spray accelerate healing in murine and human cutaneous wounds. Tissue Eng. 2007;13(6):1299–312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao D, Mittal V. The role of bone-marrow-derived cells in tumor growth, metastasis initiation and progression rends Mol Med. 2009;15(8):333–43. Epub 2009 Aug 7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber PA, Hippe A, Buhren BA, Müller A, Homey B. Chemokines in tumor-associated angiogenesis. Biol Chem. 2009;390(12):1213–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert CA, Ross AH. Cancer stem cells: cell culture, markers, and targets for new therapies. J Cell Biochem. 2009;108(5):1031–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonda TA, Varro A, Wang TC, Tycko B. Molecular biology of cancer-associated fibroblasts: Can these cells be targeted in anti-cancer therapy? Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2010;21(1):2–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grande MT, López-Novoa JM. Fibroblast activation and myofibroblast generation in obstructive nephropathy. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2009;5(6):319–28. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gu C, Li S, Tokuyama T, Yokota N, Namba H. Therapeutic effect of genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells in rat experimental leptomeningeal glioma model. Cancer Lett. 2010;291(2):256–62. Epub 2009 Nov 27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guest I, Ilic Z, Ma J, Grant D, Glinsky G, Sell S. Direct and indirect contribution of bone marrow derived cells to cancer. Int J Cancer. 2010;126(10):2308–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guturu P, Shah V, Urrutia R. Interplay of tumor microenvironment cell types with parenchymal cells in pancreatic cancer development and therapeutic implications. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2009;40(1–2):1–9. Epub 2009 Jun 10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hakkarainen T, Särkioja M, Lehenkari P, Miettinen S, Ylikomi T, Suuronen R, Desmond RA, Kanerva A, Hemminki A. Human mesenchymal stem cells lack tumor tropism but enhance the antitumor activity of oncolytic adenoviruses in orthotopic lung and breast tumors. Hum Gene Ther. 2007;18(7):627–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall B, Andreeff M, Marini F. The participation of mesenchymal stem cells in tumor stroma formation and their application as targeted-gene delivery vehicles. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2007;(180):263–83. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall B, Dembinski J, Sasser AK, Studeny M, Andreeff M, Marini F. Mesenchymal stem cells in cancer: tumor-associated fibroblasts and cell-based delivery vehicles. Int J Hematol. 2007;86(1):8–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamada H, Kobune M, Nakamura K, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) as therapeutic cytoreagents for gene therapy. Cancer Sci. 2005;96:149–156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hata N, Shinojima N, Gumin J, Yong R, Marini F, Andreeff M, Lang FF. Platelet-derived growth factor BB mediates the tropism of human mesenchymal stem cells for malignant gliomas. Neurosurgery. 2010;66(1):144–56; discussion 156–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera MB, Bussolati B, Bruno S, Fonsato V, Romanazzi GM, Camussi G. Mesenchymal stem cells contribute to the renal repair of acute tubular epithelial injury. Int J Mol Med. 2004;14(6):1035–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hofer EL, La Russa V, Honegger AE, Bullorsky EO, Bordenave RH, Chasseing NA. Alteration on the expression of IL-1, PDGF, TGF-beta, EGF, and FGF receptors and c-Fos and c-Myc proteins in bone marrow mesenchymal stroma cells from advanced untreated lung and breast cancer patients. Stem Cells Dev. 2005;14(5):587–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishii G, Sangai T, Ito T, et al. In vivo and in vitro characterization of human fibroblasts recruited selectively into human cancer stroma. Int J Cancer. 2005;117:212–220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jayanthi NV, Rowan-Hull AM, Teague WJ, Johnson PR. The importance of pancreatic embryonic epithelium for mesenchyme-to-epithelial transition during islet development. Transplant Proc. 2005;37(8):3485–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang J, Chen W, Zhuang R, Song T, Li P. The effect of endostatin mediated by human mesenchymal stem cells on ovarian cancer cells in vitro. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2010;136(6):873–81. Epub 2009 Nov 17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson B, Osada T, Clay T, Lyerly H, Morse M. Physiology and therapeutics of vascular endothelial growth factor in tumor immunosuppression. Curr Mol Med. 2009;9(6):702–7. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kähler CM, Wechselberger J, Hilbe W, Gschwendtner A, Colleselli D, Niederegger H, Boneberg EM, Spizzo G, Wendel A, Gunsilius E, Patsch JR, Hamacher J. Peripheral infusion of rat bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells leads to homing in acute lung injury. Respir Res. 2007;8:50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kallifatidis G, Beckermann BM, Groth A, Schubert M, Apel A, Khamidjanov A, Ryschich E, Wenger T, Wagner W, Diehlmann A, Saffrich R, Krause U, Eckstein V, Mattern J, Chai M, Schütz G, Ho AD, Gebhard MM, Büchler MW, Friess H, Büchler P, Herr I. Improved lentiviral transduction of human mesenchymal stem cells for therapeutic intervention in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Gene Ther. 2008;15(4):231–40. Epub 2008 Jan 18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalluri R, Zeisberg M. Fibroblasts in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6(5):392–401. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanehira M, Xin H, Hoshino K, Maemondo M, Mizuguchi H, Hayakawa T, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T, Nukiwa T, and Saijo Y. Targeted delivery of NK4 to multiple lung tumors by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Cancer Gene Ther (2007)14, 894–903.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keeley EC, Mehrad B, Strieter RM. The role of circulating mesenchymal progenitor cells (fibrocytes) in the pathogenesis of fibrotic disorders. Thromb Haemost. 2009;101(4):613–8. Review.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kenny PA, Lee GY, Bissell MJ. Targeting the tumor microenvironment. Front Biosci. 2007;12:3468–74. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kidd S, Spaeth E, Klopp A, Andreeff M, Hall B, Marini FC. The (in) auspicious role of mesenchymal stromal cells in cancer: be it friend or foe. Cytotherapy. 2008;10(7):657–67. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SK, Kim SU, Park IH, Bang JH, Aboody KS, Wang KC, Cho BK, Kim M, Menon LG, Black PM, Carroll RS. Human neural stem cells target experimental intracranial medulloblastoma and deliver a therapeutic gene leading to tumor regression. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(18):5550–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SM, Lim JY, Park SI, Jeong CH, Oh JH, Jeong M, Oh W, Park SH, Sung YC, Jeun SS. Gene therapy using TRAIL-secreting human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells against intracranial glioma. Cancer Res. 2008;68(23):9614–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klopp AH, Spaeth EL, Dembinski JL, Woodward WA, Munshi A, Meyn RE, Cox JD, Andreeff M, Marini FC. Tumor irradiation increases the recruitment of circulating mesenchymal stem cells into the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res. 2007;67(24):11687–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kopfstein L, Christofori G. Metastasis: cell-autonomous mechanisms versus contributions by the tumor microenvironment. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2006;63(4):449–68. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korc M. Pancreatic cancer-associated stroma production. Am J Surg. 2007;194(4 Suppl):S84–6. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krampera M, Pasini A, Rigo A, Scupoli MT, Tecchio C, Malpeli G, Scarpa A, Dazzi F, Pizzolo G, Vinante F. HB-EGF/HER-1 signaling in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: inducing cell expansion and reversibly preventing multilineage differentiation. Blood. 2005;106(1):59–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kucerova L, Matuskova M, Pastorakova A, Tyciakova S, Jakubikova J, Bohovic R, Altanerova V, and Altaner C. Cytosine deaminase expressing human mesenchymal stem cells mediated tumour regression in melanoma bearing mice. J Gene Med. 2008;10(10):1071–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumamoto M, Nishiwaki T, Matsuo N, Kimura H, Matsushima K. Minimally cultured bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate fibrotic lung injury. Eur Respir J. 2009;34(3):740–8. Epub 2009 Mar 26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kyriakou CA, Yong KL, Benjamin R, Pizzey A, Dogan A, Singh N, Davidoff AM, Nathwani AC. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) expressing truncated soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (tsFlk-1) following lentiviral-mediated gene transfer inhibit growth of Burkitt’s lymphoma in a murine model. J Gene Med. 2006;8(3):253–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Blanc K. Mesenchymal stromal cells: Tissue repair and immune modulation. Cytotherapy. 2006;8(6):559–61. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Blanc K, Frassoni F, Ball L, Locatelli F, Roelofs H, Lewis I, Lanino E, Sundberg B, Bernardo ME, Remberger M, Dini G, Egeler RM, Bacigalupo A, Fibbe W, Ringdén O; Developmental Committee of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of steroid-resistant, severe, acute graft-versus-host disease: a phase II study. Lancet. 2008;371(9624):1579–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liao D, Luo Y, Markowitz D, Xiang R, Reisfeld RA. Cancer associated fibroblasts promote tumor growth and metastasis by modulating the tumor immune microenvironment in a 4T1 murine breast cancer model. PLoS One. 2009;4(11):e7965.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liao W, Zhong J, Yu J, Xie J, Liu Y, Du L, Yang S, Liu P, Xu J, Wang J, Han Z, Han ZC. Therapeutic benefit of human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stromal cells in intracerebral hemorrhage rat: implications of anti-inflammation and angiogenesis. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2009;24(3–4):307–16. Epub 2009 Aug 3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin EY, Li JF, Bricard G, Wang W, Deng Y, Sellers R, Porcelli SA, Pollard JW. Vascular endothelial growth factor restores delayed tumor progression in tumors depleted of macrophages. Mol Oncol. 2007;1(3):288–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loebinger MR, Eddaoudi A, Davies D, Janes SM. Mesenchymal stem cell delivery of TRAIL can eliminate metastatic cancer. Cancer Res. 2009;69(10):4134–42. Epub 2009 May 12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorusso G, Rüegg C. The tumor microenvironment and its contribution to tumor evolution toward metastasis. Histochem Cell Biol. 2008;130(6):1091–103. Epub 2008 Nov 6. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luetzkendorf J, Mueller LP, Mueller T, Caysa H, Nerger K, Schmoll HJ. Growth-inhibition of colorectal carcinoma by lentiviral TRAIL-transgenic human mesenchymal stem cells requires their substantial intratumoral presence. J Cell Mol Med. 2009 Jun 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahadevan D, Von Hoff DD. Tumor-stroma interactions in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther. 2007;6(4):1186–97. Epub 2007 Apr 3. Review

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maijenburg MW, Noort WA, Kleijer M, Kompier CJ, Weijer K, van Buul JD, van der Schoot CE, Voermans C. Cell cycle and tissue of origin contribute to the migratory behaviour of human fetal and adult mesenchymal stromal cells. Br J Haematol. 2010;148(3):428–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mani SA, Guo W, Liao MJ, Eaton EN, Ayyanan A, Zhou AY, Brooks M, Reinhard F, Zhang CC, Shipitsin M, Campbell LL, Polyak K, Brisken C, Yang J, Weinberg RA. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells. Cell. 2008;133(4):704–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansilla E, Marín GH, Drago H, Sturla F, Salas E, Gardiner C, Bossi S, Lamonega R, Guzmán A, Nuñez A, Gil MA, Piccinelli G, Ibar R, Soratti C. Bloodstream cells phenotypically identical to human mesenchymal bone marrow stem cells circulate in large amounts under the influence of acute large skin damage: new evidence for their use in regenerative medicine. Transplant Proc. 2006;38(3):967–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markowitz CE. Interferon-beta: mechanism of action and dosing issues. Neurology. 2007;68(24 Suppl 4):S8–11. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto G, Sunamura M, Shimamura H, Kodama T, Hashimoto W, Kobari M, Kato K, Takeda K, Yagita H, Okumura K, Hamada H, Matsuno S. Adjuvant immunotherapy using fibroblasts genetically engineered to secrete interleukin 12 prevents recurrence after surgical resection of established tumors in a murine adenocarcinoma model. Surgery. 1999;125(3):257–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matuskova M, Hlubinova K, Pastorakova A, Hunakova L, Altanerova V, Altaner C, Kucerova L. HSV-tk expressing mesenchymal stem cells exert bystander effect on human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Lett. 2010;290(1):58–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menon LG, Kelly K, Yang HW, Kim SK, Black PM, Carroll RS. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells expressing S-TRAIL as a cellular delivery vehicle for human glioma therapy. Stem Cells. 2009;27(9):2320–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menon LG, Kelly K, Yang HW, Kim SK, Black PM, Carroll RS. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells expressing S-TRAIL as a cellular delivery vehicle for human glioma therapy. Stem Cells. 2009;27(9):2320–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohr A, Lyons M, Deedigan L, Harte T, Shaw G, Howard L, Barry F, O’Brien T, Zwacka R. Mesenchymal stem cells expressing TRAIL lead to tumour growth inhibition in an experimental lung cancer model. J Cell Mol Med. 2008;12(6B):2628–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moserle L, Amadori A, Indraccolo S. The angiogenic switch: implications in the regulation of tumor dormancy. Curr Mol Med. 2009;9(8):935–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muehlberg FL, Song YH, Krohn A, Pinilla SP, Droll LH, Leng X, Seidensticker M, Ricke J, Altman AM, Devarajan E, Liu W, Arlinghaus RB, Alt EU. Tissue-resident stem cells promote breast cancer growth and metastasis. Carcinogenesis. 2009;30(4):589–97. Epub 2009 Jan 30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamizo A, Marini F, Amano T, Khan A, Studeny M, Gumin J, Chen J, Hentschel S, Vecil G, Dembinski J, Andreeff M, Lang FF. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of gliomas. Cancer Res. 2005;65(8):3307–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura K, Ito Y, Kawano Y, Kurozumi K, Kobune M, Tsuda H, Bizen A, Honmou O, Niitsu Y, and Hamada H. Antitumor effect of genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells in a rat glioma model. Gene Ther 2004;11:1155–1164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson CM, Bissell MJ. Of extracellular matrix, scaffolds, and signaling: tissue architecture regulates development, homeostasis, and cancer. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2006;22:287–309.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nyberg P, Salo T, Kalluri R. Tumor microenvironment and angiogenesis. Front Biosci. 2008;13:6537–53. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okamoto S, Okamoto A, Nikaido T, Saito M, Takao M, Yanaihara N, Takakura S, Ochiai K, Tanaka T. Mesenchymal to epithelial transition in the human ovarian surface epithelium focusing on inclusion cysts. Exp Cell Res. 2009;315(11):1819–31. Epub 2009 Apr 8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmero EI, Achatz MI, Ashton-Prolla P, Olivier M, Hainaut P. bTumor protein 53 mutations and inherited cancer: beyond Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Curr Opin Oncol. 2010;22(1):64–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park CC, Bissell MJ, Barcellos-Hoff MH. The influence of the microenvironment on the malignant phenotype. Mol Med Today. 2000;6(8):324–9. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira RF, Halford KW, O’Hara MD, Leeper DB, Sokolov BP, Pollard MD, Bagasra O, Prockop DJ. Cultured adherent cells from marrow can serve as long-lasting precursor cells for bone, cartilage, and lung in irradiated mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92(11):4857–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petrulio CA, Kim-Schulze S, Kaufman HL. The tumour microenvironment and implications for cancer immunotherapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2006;6(7):671–84. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pittet MJ. Behavior of immune players in the tumor microenvironment. Curr Opin Oncol. 2009;21(1):53–9. Review.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard JW. Macrophages define the invasive microenvironment in breast cancer. J Leukoc Biol. 2008;84(3):623–30. Epub 2008 May 8. Review

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ponte AL, Marais E, Gallay N, Langonné A, Delorme B, Hérault O, Charbord P, Domenech J. The in vitro migration capacity of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: comparison of chemokine and growth factor chemotactic activities. Stem Cells. 2007;25(7):1737–45. Epub 2007 Mar 29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quirici N, Scavullo C, de Girolamo L, Lopa S, Arrigoni E, Lambertenghi Deliliers G, Brini AT. Anti-L-NGFR and -CD34 Monoclonal Antibodies identify multipotent mesenchymal stem cells in human adipose tissue. Stem Cells Dev. 2009 Nov 23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rachakatla RS, Marini F, Weiss ML, Tamura M, Troyer D. Development of human umbilical cord matrix stem cell-based gene therapy for experimental lung tumors. Cancer Gene Ther. 2007;14(10):828–35. Epub 2007 Jun 29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rachakatla RS, Pyle MM, Ayuzawa R, Edwards SM, Marini FC, Weiss ML, Tamura M, Troyer D. Combination treatment of human umbilical cord matrix stem cell-based interferon-beta gene therapy and 5-fluorouracil significantly reduces growth of metastatic human breast cancer in SCID mouse lungs. Cancer Invest. 2008;26(7):662–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radisky ES, Radisky DC. Stromal induction of breast cancer: inflammation and invasion. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2007;8(3):279–87. Review.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy K, Zhou Z, Schadler K, Jia SF, Kleinerman ES. Bone marrow subsets differentiate into endothelial cells and pericytes contributing to Ewing’s tumor vessels. Mol Cancer Res. 2008;6(6):929–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ren C, Kumar S, Chanda D, Kallman L, Chen J, Mountz JD, Ponnazhagan S. Cancer gene therapy using mesenchymal stem cells expressing interferon-beta in a mouse prostate cancer lung metastasis model. Gene Ther. 2008;15(21):1446–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF, Weissman IL. Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature. 2001;414(6859):105–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sangai T, Ishii G, Kodama K, et al. Effect of differences in cancer cells and tumor growth sites on recruiting bone marrow-derived endothelial cells and myofibroblasts in cancer-induced stroma. Int J Cancer. 2005;115:885–892.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sasportas LS, Kasmieh R, Wakimoto H, Hingtgen S, van de Water JA, Mohapatra G, Figueiredo JL, Martuza RL, Weissleder R, Shah K. Assessment of therapeutic efficacy and fate of engineered human mesenchymal stem cells for cancer therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(12):4822–7. Epub 2009 Mar 5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satoh H, Kishi K, Tanaka T, Kubota Y, Nakajima T, Akasaka Y, Ishii T. Transplanted mesenchymal stem cells are effective for skin regeneration in acute cutaneous wounds. Cell Transplant. 2004;13(4):405–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schatton T, Frank NY, Frank MH. Identification and targeting of cancer stem cells. Bioessays. 2009;31(10):1038–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid SA, Dietrich A, Schulte S, Gaumann A, Kunz-Schughart LA. Fibroblastic reaction and vascular maturation in human colon cancers. Int J Radiat Biol. 2009;85(11):1013–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Secchiero P, Melloni E, Corallini F, Beltrami AP, Alviano F, Milani D, D’Aurizio F, di Iasio MG, Cesselli D, Bagnara GP, Zauli G. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand promotes migration of human bone marrow multipotent stromal cells. Stem Cells. 2008;26(11):2955–63. Epub 2008 Sep 4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Semedo P, Correa-Costa M, Cenedeze MA, Malheiros DM, Antonia Dos Reis M, Shimizu MH, Seguro AC, Pacheco-Silva A, Câmara NO. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate Renal Fibrosis Through Immune Modulation and Remodeling Properties in a Rat Remnant Kidney Model. Stem Cells. 2009 Sep 11. [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

  • Shake JG, Gruber PJ, Baumgartner WA, Senechal G, Meyers J, Redmond JM, Pittenger MF, Martin BJ. Mesenchymal stem cell implantation in a swine myocardial infarct model: engraftment and functional effects. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73(6):1919–25; discussion 1926.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silzle T, Kreutz M, Dobler MA, Brockhoff G, Knuechel R, Kunz-Schughart LA. Tumor-associated fibroblasts recruit blood monocytes into tumor tissue. Eur J Immunol. 2003;33(5):1311–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spaeth E, Klopp A, Dembinski J, Andreeff M, Marini F. Inflammation and tumor microenvironments: defining the migratory itinerary of mesenchymal stem cells. Gene Ther. 2008;15(10):730–8. Epub 2008 Apr 10. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spaeth EL, Dembinski JL, Sasser AK, Watson K, Klopp A, Hall B, Andreeff M, Marini F. Mesenchymal stem cell transition to tumor-associated fibroblasts contributes to fibrovascular network expansion and tumor progression. PLoS One. 2009;4(4):e4992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stagg J, Lejeune L, Paquin A, and Galipeau J. Marrow stromal cells for interleukin-2 delivery in cancer immunotherapy. Hum Gene Ther 2004;75:597–608.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoff-Khalili MA, Rivera AA, Mathis JM, Banerjee NS, Moon AS, Hess A, Rocconi RP, Numnum TM, Everts M, Chow LT, Douglas JT, Siegal GP, Zhu ZB, Bender HG, Dall P, Stoff A, Pereboeva L, Curiel DT. Mesenchymal stem cells as a vehicle for targeted delivery of CRAds to lung metastases of breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007;105(2):157–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Studeny M, Marini FC, Champlin RE, Zompetta C, Fidler IJ, Andreeff M. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells as vehicles for interferon-beta delivery into tumors. Cancer Res. 2002;62(13):3603–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Studeny M, Marini FC, Dembinski JL, Zompetta C, Cabreira-Hansen M, Bekele BN, Champlin RE, Andreeff M. Mesenchymal stem cells: potential precursors for tumor stroma and targeted-delivery vehicles for anticancer agents. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96(21):1593–603.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugimoto H, Mundel TM, Kieran MW, Kalluri R. Identification of fibroblast heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Biol Ther. 2006;5(12):1640–6. Epub 2006 Dec 5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun B, Roh KH, Park JR, Lee SR, Park SB, Jung JW, Kang SK, Lee YS, Kang KS Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal cells in a mouse breast cancer metastasis model. Cytotherapy. 2009;11(3):289–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sund M, Kalluri R. Tumor stroma derived biomarkers in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2009;28(1–2):177–83. Review.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szegezdi E, O’Reilly A, Davy Y, Vawda R, Taylor DL, Murphy M, Samali A, Mehmet H. Stem cells are resistant to TRAIL receptor-mediated apoptosis. J Cell Mol Med. 2009;13(11–12):4409–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thu MS, Najbauer J, Kendall SE, Harutyunyan I, Sangalang N, Gutova M, Metz MZ, Garcia E, Frank RT, Kim SU, Moats RA, Aboody KS. Iron labeling and pre-clinical MRI visualization of therapeutic human neural stem cells in a murine glioma model. PLoS One. 2009;4(9):e7218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tolar J, Nauta AJ, Osborn MJ, Panoskaltsis Mortari A, McElmurry RT, Bell S, Xia L, Zhou N, Riddle M, Schroeder TM, Westendorf JJ, McIvor RS, Hogendoorn PC, Szuhai K, Oseth L, Hirsch B, Yant SR, Kay MA, Peister A, Prockop DJ, Fibbe WE, Blazar BR. Sarcoma derived from cultured mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells. 2007;25(2):371–9. Epub 2006 Oct 12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Troyer DL, Weiss ML. Wharton’s jelly derived cells are a primitive stromal cell population. Stem Cells. 2008;26(3):591–9. Review.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uchibori R, Okada T, Ito T, Urabe M, Mizukami H, Kume A, Ozawa K. Retroviral vector-producing mesenchymal stem cells for targeted suicide cancer gene therapy. J Gene Med. 2009;11(5):373–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Velthoven CT, Kavelaars A, van Bel F, Heijnen CJ. Mesenchymal stem cell treatment after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury improves behavioral outcome and induces neuronal and oligodendrocyte regeneration. Brain Behav Immun. 2010;24(3):387–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vitale G, van Eijck CH, van Koetsveld Ing PM, Erdmann JI, Speel EJ, van der Wansem Ing K, Mooij DM, Colao A, Lombardi G, Croze E, Lamberts SW, Hofland LJ. Type I interferons in the treatment of pancreatic cancer: mechanisms of action and role of related receptors. Ann Surg. 2007;246(2):259–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang JF, Wang LJ, Wu YF, Xiang Y, Xie CG, Jia BB, Harrington J, McNiece IK. Mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells in human umbilical cord blood as support for ex vivo expansion of CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells and for chondrogenic differentiation. Haematologica. 2004;89(7):837–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang M, Crisostomo PR, Herring C, Meldrum KK, Meldrum DR. Human progenitor cells from bone marrow or adipose tissue produce VEGF, HGF, and IGF-I in response to TNF by a p38 MAPK-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006;291(4):R880–4. Epub 2006 May 25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang P, Bowl MR, Bender S, Peng J, Farber L, Chen J, Ali A, Zhang Z, Alberts AS, Thakker RV, Shilatifard A, Williams BO, Teh BT. Parafibromin, a component of the human PAF complex, regulates growth factors and is required for embryonic development and survival in adult mice. Mol Cell Biol. 2008;28(9):2930–40. Epub 2008 Jan 22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Crisostomo PR, Wang M, Markel TA, Novotny NM, Meldrum DR. TGF-alpha increases human mesenchymal stem cell-secreted VEGF by MEK- and PI3-K- but not JNK- or ERK-dependent mechanisms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008;295(4):R1115–23. Epub 2008 Aug 6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver VM, Howlett AR, Langton-Webster B, Petersen OW, Bissell MJ. The development of a functionally relevant cell culture model of progressive human breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol. 1995;6(3):175–84. Review.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang J, Tang J, Song C, Yang Z, Hirst DG, Zheng QJ, Li G. Mesenchymal stem cells as a gene therapy carrier for treatment of fibrosarcoma. Cytotherapy. 2009;11(5):516–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xin, H., Kanehira, M., Mizuguchi, H., Hayakawa, T., Kikuchi, T., Nukiwa, T., and Saijo, Y. Targeted deliveryof CX3CL1 to multiple lung tumors by mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells (2007) 25, 1618–1626.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xin H, Sun R, Kanehira M, Takahata T, Itoh J, Mizuguchi H, Saijo Y. Intratracheal delivery of CX3CL1-expressing mesenchymal stem cells to multiple lung tumors. Mol Med. 2009;15(9–10):321–7. Epub 2009 Jun 18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang B, Wu X, Mao Y, Bao W, Gao L, Zhou P, Xie R, Zhou L, Zhu J. Dual-targeted antitumor effects against brainstem glioma by intravenous delivery of tumor necrosis factor-related, apoptosis-inducing, ligand-engineered human mesenchymal stem cells. Neurosurgery. 2009;65(3):610–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yong RL, Shinojima N, Fueyo J, Gumin J, Vecil GG, Marini FC, Bogler O, Andreeff M, Lang FF. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for intravascular delivery of oncolytic adenovirus Delta24-RGD to human gliomas. Cancer Res. 2009;69(23):8932–40. Epub 2009 Nov 17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • You MH, Kim WJ, Shim W, Lee SR, Lee G, Choi S, Kim DY, Kim YM, Kim H, Han SU. Cytosine deaminase-producing human mesenchymal stem cells mediate an antitumor effect in a mouse xenograft model. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24(8):1393–400. Epub 2009 May 28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeisberg EM, Potenta S, Xie L, Zeisberg M, Kalluri R. Discovery of endothelial to mesenchymal transition as a source for carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. Cancer Res. 2007;67(21):10123–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zipori D, Reichman N, Arcavi L, Shtalrid M, Berrebi A, Resnitzky P. In vitro functions of stromal cells from human and mouse bone marrow. Exp Hematol. 1985;13(7):603–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zischek C, Niess H, Ischenko I, Conrad C, Huss R, Jauch KW, Nelson PJ, Bruns C.Targeting tumor stroma using engineered mesenchymal stem cells reduces the growth of pancreatic carcinoma. Ann Surg. 2009;250(5):747–53. Erratum in: Ann Surg. 2010;251(1):187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zumsteg A, Christofori G. Corrupt policemen: inflammatory cells promote tumor angiogenesis. Curr Opin Oncol. 2009;21(1):60–70. Review.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Frank Marini .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Marini, F. et al. (2010). Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells as Cellular Vehicles for Tumor Targeting. In: Roth, J. (eds) Gene-Based Therapies for Cancer. Current Cancer Research. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6102-0_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6102-0_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-6101-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-6102-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics