Abstract
Recently, development and implementation of the knowledge component of urban health are being promoted by knowledge management (KM) methodologies and the establishment of Communities of Practice. However, the existing health measuring tools used for formulating health policies are not yet very effective in synthesizing the operational links between knowledge of social determinants and health equity in urban settings. The rapid expansion of urban conglomerates requires a dynamic process of measuring the health status of city dwellers. Core indicators from different knowledge domains (social, demographic, economic, morbidity, mortality, access and utilization of health care) need to be systematically measured to identify their distributions. Socio-epidemiological measurements are recognized as essential tools for assessing the impact of health determinants on the unequal distributions of health risks, hazards, diseases, disability, premature mortality and quality of life.
The objective of this chapter is to discuss how developing new and revised health metrics for urban settings will provide useful tools and knowledge-based guidelines for local and national urban stakeholders. Evidence-based health metrics will improve the effectiveness of strategic interventions and responses to health and health care available to urban populations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Barten, F. et al. (2007). Integrated approaches to address the social determinants for health for reducing health inequality. J Urban Health. 2007 May; 84(Suppl 1): 164–173. Published online 2007 March 29. doi: 10.1007/s11524-007-9173-7.
Bell, ML. (2004). Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities. JAMA. 292: 2372
Big Cities Health Inventory: The Health of Urban America, 2007, National Association of County and City Health Officials, Benbow, N., editor. Washington, DC. 2007 http://www.who.or.jp/2008/urbanh/US_Big_Cities_Healt_Inventory_2007.pdf.
Burkart K, Endlicher W. (2009) Assessing the atmospheric impact on public health in the Megacity of Dhaka, Bangladesh. ERDE, 140(1) Special Issue, 93–109.
Castillo-Salgado, C. Los servicios de Salud en las Américas: Análisis de Indicadores Básicos. Cuaderno Técnico no. 14. Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Washington DC, 1988: 147-152, 221–230.
Castillo-Salgado, C. et al. (2004). Index for healthy conditions using geographic information systems. Epidemiological Bulletin. 23(4), 7–11.
Conselho Nacionl dos Secretários Municipais de Saúde – CONASEMS, http://www.conasems.org.br/cgi-bin/pagesvr.dll/Get?id_sec=2
Galea, S. et al. (2005). Cities and population health. Social Science and Medicine, 60: 1017-1033
Gibbons MC, Brock M, Alberg AJ, Glass T, LaVeist TA, Baylin S, Levine D, Fox CE. (2007).The Socio-biologic Integrative Model (SBIM): Enhancing the Integration of Socio-Behavioral, Environmental and Bio-Molecular Knowledge. J Urban Health. Mar;84(2): 198–211.
Glouberman, S. et al. (2006). A framework for improving health in cities: a discussion paper. Journal of Urban Health 83(2): 325–338.
Kawachi, I and Berkman, L. (2003). Neighborhoods and Health. Oxford University Press, New York.
Larsen K, Gilliland. Mapping the Evolution of ‘Food Deserts’ in a Canadian City: Supermarket Accessibility in London, Ontario, 1961-2005. International Journal of Health Geographics 2008, 7:16.
Martínez R, Vidaurre M, Najera P, Loyola E, Castillo-Salgado C. (2001) SIG-Epi: Geographic Information in Epidemiology and Public Health. Epidemiological Bulletin, 22(3), 1–3.
Mercado, S et al (2007). Urban as a determinant of health. J Urban Health, 2007 (Suppl 1): i7-i15. available at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/4q0235381254808n/fulltext.pdf
Metzler, MM. Research and practice – addressing Urban Health in Detroit, New York City, and seattle through community-based participatory research partnerships. American Journal of Public Health, 2003, 93(5): 803.
National Institutes of Health. Improving Health Literacy. 2005. Available at: http://www.nih.gov/icd/od/ocpl/resources/improvinghealthliteracy.htm
Office of Epidemiology and Planning. Baltimore City Health Department. Neighborhood Health Profiles – 2008. http://www.baltimorehealth.org/neighborhoodmap.html
Pan American Health Organization. Application and development of Geographic Information Systems in Public Health and Epidemiology. Available at: http://www.paho.org/English/DD/AIS/sigepi_web2003en.htm
Pan American Health Organization. Gobierno Federal, Mexico (2008). First Meeting of the Pan American Health Organization Regional Urban Health Forum. November 2007. Mexico City.
Pan American Health Organization. Health Analysis and Statistics Unit (HA); Washington DC 2008. http://www.paho.org/english/dd/ais/coredata.htm
Pan American Health Organization. Health Analysis and Statistics Unit (HIA). Health Situation Analysis in the Americas: Basic Indicators, 2008. Washington, DC, 2008, http://www.pho.org/english/dd/ais/cpredata.htm
Pan American Health Organization. Ten-Year Evaluation of the Regional Core Health Data Initiative. CD45/14 (Eng.). 45th Directing Council. Washington DC. July 29, 2004 http://www.paho.org/English/GOV/CD/CD45-14-e.pdf.
Population Division. Department of Economic and Social Affairs.United Nations Secretariat. The World at Six Billion. New York. Accessed on August 26, 2009. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/sixbillion/sixbillion.htm
RIPSA. Rede Interagencial de informacoes para a Saude. Ministerio da Saude. Brasil http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/idb2007/matriz.htm.
South East Public Health Observatory. Life expectancy calculator: LA and ward level http://www.sepho.org.uk/viewResource.aspx?id=8943.
The Association of Public Health Observatories (APHO). (2009). “Health Inequalities Intervention Tool”. http://www.lho.org.uk/LHO_Topics/Analytic_Tools/HealthInequalitiesSp earhead2007.aspx
The Association of Public Health Observatories (APHO) includes a network of 12 public health observatories (PHOs) located in England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. http://www.apho.org.uk/
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UNHabitat) 2004. Urban Indicators Guidelines. Monitoring the Habitat Agenda and the Millennium Development Goals. http://www.who.or.jp/2008/urbanh/Urban_Indicator_Guidelines_UNHABITAT.pdf
UN-HABITAT State of the World’ Cities Report 2006/7. http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/Press_SG_visit_Kibera07/SG%205.pdf
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision (2007).
Virtual Communities of practice. http://www.co-i-l.com/coil/knowledge-garden/vc/index.shtml
Vlahov, D et al (2007). Urban as a determinant of health. J Urban Health, 2007 84(1) (Suppl 1): i16-i26. available at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/2154400595567861/fulltext.pdf
WHO. Closing the Gap in a Generation. Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2008/WHO_IER_CSDH_08.1_eng.pdf
WHO. Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool (UrbanHEART). http://www.who.or.jp/urbanheart/index.html
Wenger E. (2006). Communities of practice. A brief introduction. http://www.ewenger.com/theory/
WHO. Commission on Social Determinants of Health - final report (2008). http://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/finalreport/en/index.html
Williams E, Dinsdale H, Eayres D, and Tahzib F. Technical Report – Calculating Life Expectancy in Small Areas. Oxford, England: Southeast England Public Health Observatory, 2005. (available at http://www.sepho.org.uk/Download/Public/9847/1/Life%20Expectancy%20Nov%2005.pdf)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Castillo-Salgado, C., Gibbons, M.C. (2010). Developing New Urban Health Metrics to Reduce the Know-Do Gap in Public Health. In: Gibbons, M., Bali, R., Wickramasinghe, N. (eds) Perspectives of Knowledge Management in Urban Health. Healthcare Delivery in the Information Age, vol 1. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5644-6_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5644-6_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-5643-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-5644-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)