Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Congenital Malformations of the Head and Neck pp 141–157Cite as

Congenital Malformations of the Trachea

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Tracheal malformations consist of a variety of anomalies related to abnormal development of the tracheobronchial tree. The most common clinical findings associated with tracheal narrowing include biphasic stridor with a prolonged expiratory component and cough that can be wet or bronchial in nature (from retained secretions). This chapter focuses on tracheomalacia, tracheal stenosis, tracheoesophageal fistula, tracheal bronchus, and bronchogenic cysts.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. O’Rahilly R, Müller F. Chevalier Jackson lecture. Respiratory and alimentary relations in staged human embryos. New embryological data and congenital anomalies. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1984;93(5 Pt 1):421–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Manoukian JJ, Tan AK. Embryology of the larynx. In: Tewfik TL, Der Kaloustian VM, editors. Congenital anomalies of the ear, nose, and throat. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Sprague H, Ernlund C, Albright F. Clinical aspects of persistent right aortic root. New Eng J Med. 1933;209:679–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Carden KA, Boiselle PM, Waltz DA, et al. Tracheomalacia and tracheobronchomalacia in children and adults: an in-depth review. Chest. 2005;127:984–1005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Mitchell DB, Koltai P, Matthew D, et al. Severe tracheobronchomalacia associated with laryngeal cleft. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1989;18(2):181–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Spitz L. Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 1993;5(3):347–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Shah RK, Mora BN, Bacha E, et al. The presentation and management of vascular rings: an otolaryngology perspective. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71(1):57–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Altman KW, Wetmore RF, Mahboubi S. Comparison of endoscopy and radiographic fluoroscopy in the evaluation of pediatric congenital airway abnormalities. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1998;44(1):43–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Jacobs IN, Wetmore RF, Tom LW, et al. Tracheobronchomalacia in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994;120(2):154–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Hockstein NG, McDonald-McGinn D, Zackai E, et al. Tracheal anomalies in Pfeiffer syndrome. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:1298–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Scheid SC, Spector AR, Luft JD. Tracheal cartilaginous sleeve in Crouzon syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2002;65:147–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Davis S, Bove KE, Wells TR, et al. Tracheal cartilaginous sleeve. Pediatr Pathol. 1992;12:349–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Inglis Jr AF, Kokesh J, Siebert J, et al. Vertically fused tracheal cartilage. An underrecognized anomaly. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118(4):436–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mixter RC, David DJ, Perloff WH, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in Apert’s and Pfeiffer’s syndromes: more than a craniofacial abnormality. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990;86(3):457–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Noorily MR, Farmer DL, Belenky WM, et al. Congenital tracheal anomalies in the craniosynostosis syndromes. J Pediatr Surg. 1999;34:1036–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Lin SY, Chen JC, Hotaling AJ, et al. Congenital tracheal cartilaginous sleeve. Laryngoscope. 1995;105:1213–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Faust RA, Stroh B, Rimell F. The near complete tracheal ring deformity. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1998;45(2):171–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Cohen SR, Landing BH. Tracheostenosis and bronchial abnormalities associated with pulmonary artery sling. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1976;85(5 Pt. 1):582–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Janik JS, Nagaraj HS, Yacoub U, et al. Congenital funnel-shaped tracheal stenosis: an asymptomatic lethal anomaly of early infancy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1982;83(5):761–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Idriss FS, DeLeon SY, Ilbawi MN, et al. Tracheoplasty with pericardial patch for extensive tracheal stenosis in infants and children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1984;88(4):527–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Rutter MJ, Willging JP, Cotton RT. Nonoperative management of complete tracheal rings. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:450–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Backer CL, Mavroudis C, Holinger LD. Repair of congenital tracheal stenosis. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu. 2002;5:173–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bravo MN, Kaul A, Rutter MJ, et al. Down syndrome and complete tracheal rings. J Pediatr. 2006;148(3):392–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Rutter MJ, Cotton RT, Azizkhan RG, et al. Slide tracheoplasty for the management of complete tracheal rings. J Pediatr Surg. 2003;38(6):928–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Haight C, Towsley HA. Congenital atresia of the esophagus with tracheoesophageal fistula. Surg Gynec Obstet. 1943;76:672.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Diaz LK, Akpek EA, Dinavahi R, et al. Tracheoesophageal fistula and associated congenital heart disease: implications for anesthetic management and survival. Paediatr Anaesth. 2005;15:862–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hall BD. Vater/vacterl association. In: Cassidy SB, Allanson JE, editors. Management of genetic syndromes. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2010. p. 871–9.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Quan L, Smith DW. The VATER association: vertebral defects, anal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia, radial dysplasia. Birth Defects. 1972;8:75–8.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Lander TA, Schauer G, Bendel-Stenzel E, et al. Tracheal agenesis in newborns. Laryngoscope. 2004;114:1633–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Payne WA. Congenital absence of the trachea. Brooklyn Med J. 1900;14:568.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Bercker S, Kornak U, Bührer C, et al. Tracheal atresia as part of an exceptional combination of malformations. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70(6):1137–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Evans JA, Reggin H, Greenberg C. Tracheal agenesis and associated malformations: a comparison with tracheoeso-phageal fistula and the VACTERL association. Am J Med Genet. 1985;21:21–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Wei JL, Rodeberg D, Thompson DM. Tracheal agenesis with anomalies found in both VACTERL and TACRD associations. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2003;67(9):1013–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Sankaran K, Bhagirath CP, Bingham WT, et al. Tracheal atresia, proximal esophageal atresia, and distal tracheoesophageal fistula: report of two cases and review of literature. Pediatrics. 1983;71(5):821–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. van Veenendaal MB, Liem KD, Marres HA. Congenital absence of the trachea. Eur J Pediatr. 2000;159:8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Forsen Jr JW, Lusk RP, Huddleston CB. Costal cartilage tracheoplasty for congenital long-segment tracheal stenosis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;128(10):1165–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Cooper JD, Grillo HC. The evolution of tracheal injury due to ventilatory assistance through cuffed tubes: a pathologic study. Ann Surg. 1969;169(3):334–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Wolpoe ME, Braverman N, Lin SY. Severe tracheobronchial stenosis in the X-linked recessive form of chondrodysplasia punctata. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130(12):1423–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Filler RM, Forte V, Chait P. Tracheobronchial stenting for the treatment of airway obstruction. J Pediatr Surg. 1998;33(2):304–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ghaye B, Szapiro D, Fanchamps JM, et al. Congenital bronchial abnormalities revisited. Radiographics. 2001;21(1):105–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Frenkiel S, Assimes IK, Rosales JK. Congenital tracheal diverticulum. A case report. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1980;89(5 Pt 1):406–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Early EK, Bothwell MR. Congenital tracheal diverticulum. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;127(1):119–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Evans JA. Aberrant bronchi and cardiac vascular anomalies. Am J Med Genet. 1990;35:46–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Tsunezuka Y, Shimizu Y, Tanaka N, et al. Progressive intraparenchymal bronchogenic cyst in a neonate. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;14(1):32–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Cooke FN, Blades B. Cystic disease of the lungs. J Thorac Surg. 1952;23:546–69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Cuillier F, Bideault J, Daguindeau D, Alessandri JL, Cartault JF, Michel JL. Bronchogenic cyst. http://www.sonoworld.com/TheFetus/page.aspx?id=1504. Accessed 26 Sept 2012.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Center for Pediatric Airway Disorders, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, 1 Wood ENT, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Karen B. Zur M.D.

  2. Department of Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Karen B. Zur M.D.

Authors
  1. Karen B. Zur M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Karen B. Zur M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pediatric Otolaryngology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Lisa M. Elden

  2. Pediatric Otolaryngology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Karen B. Zur

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zur, K.B. (2014). Congenital Malformations of the Trachea. In: Elden, L., Zur, K. (eds) Congenital Malformations of the Head and Neck. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1714-0_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1714-0_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1713-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-1714-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation