Skip to main content

Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Gender-Related Research

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ader, D. N., & Johnson, S. B. (1994). Sample description, reporting, and analysis of sex in psychological research: A look at APA and APA division journals in 1990. American Psychologist, 49, 216–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altemeyer, B. (2002). Changes in attitudes toward homosexuals. Journal of Homosexuality, 42, 63–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, C. A., & Sechler, E. S. (1986). Effects of explanation and counterexplanation the development and use of social theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 24–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • APA Publication Manual Task Force. (1977). Guidelines for non-sexist language in APA journals: Publication Manual change sheet 2. American Psychologist, 32, 487–494.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archer, J. (2006). The importance of theory for evaluating evidence on sex differences. American Psychologist, 61, 638–639.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bangerter, A. (2000). Transformation between scientific and social representations of conception: The method of serial reproduction. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 521–535.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baranowski, M. (2002). Current use of the epicene pronoun in written English. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 6, 378–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, M. (2007). Heteronormativity and the exclusion of bisexuality in psychology. In V. Clarke & E. Peel (Eds.), Out in psychology: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer perspectives (pp. 86–118). Chichester, UK: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, F.C. (1950). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F. (1988). Should we stop studying sex differences altogether? American Psychologist, 43, 1092–1095.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belenky, M. F., Clinchy, B. M., Goldberger, N. R., & Tarule, J. M. (1986). Women’s ways of knowing: The development of self, voice, and mind. New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bem, S. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 42, 155–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bem, S. L. (1993). The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bem, S. L. (1995). Dismantling gender polarization and compulsory heterosexuality: Should we turn the volume up or down? Journal of Sex Research, 32, 329–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernal, J. D. (1971). Science in history: The scientific and industrial revolutions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bevington, D. (Ed.). (2003). The complete works of Shakespeare (5th ed.). New York: Pearson Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, K. N., & Stevenson, M. R. (1984). The relationship of self-reported sex-role characteristics and attitudes toward homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 10, 83–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blanchette, I., & Dunbar, K. (2002). Representational change and analogy: How analogical inferences alter target representations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 672–685.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bodine, A. (1975). Androcentrism in prescriptive grammar: Singular ‘they,’ sex-indefinite ‘he,’ and ‘he or she.’ Language in Society, 4, 129–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boysen, G. A., & Vogel, D. L. (2007). Biased assimilation and attitude polarization in response to learning abut biological explanations of homosexuality. Sex Roles,57, 755–762.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braun, V., & Kitzinger, C. (2001a). “Snatch,” “hole,” or “honey-pot”? Semantic categories and the problem of nonspecificity in female genital slang. Journal of Sex Research, 38, 146–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun, V., & Kitzinger, C. (2001b). Telling it straight? Dictionary definitions of women’s genitals. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 5, 214–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brescoll, V., & LaFrance, M. (2004). The correlates and consequences of newspaper reports of research on sex differences. Psychological Science, 15, 515–520.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burman, E. (1994). Deconstructing feminist psychology. In E. Burman (Ed.), Deconstructing feminist psychology (pp. 1–29). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burman, E. (2007). Between Orientalism and normalization: Cross-cultural lessons from Japan for the history of psychology. History of Psychology, 10, 179–198.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 1–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buss, D. M. (1995). Psychological sex differences: Origins through sexual selection. American Psychologist, 50, 164–168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buss, D. M., & Malamuth, N. M. (1996). Sex, power, conflict: Evolutionary and feminist perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J. (1993). Bodies that matter: On the discursive limits ofsex.” New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, D. (Ed.). (1990). The feminist critique of language: A reader. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassidy, A. (2007). The (sexual) politics of evolution: Popular controversy in the late 20th century United Kingdom. History of Psychology, 10, 199–226.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chase, C. (1998). Hermaphrodites with attitude: Mapping the emergence of intersex political activism. GLQ, 4, 189–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, H. H. (1969). Linguistic processes in deductive reasoning. Psychological Review, 76, 387–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, E. R., & Stewart, A. J. (2001). Invidious comparisons: Imagining a psychology of race and gender beyond differences. Political Psychology, 22, 293–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, P., & Markens, S. (2001). Constructing the ‘gay gene’ in the news: Optimism and skepticism in the American and British press. Health, 5, 373–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Constantinople, A. (1973) Masculinity-femininity: An exception to a famous dictum? Psychological Bulletin, 80, 389–407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, M., & Marecek, J. (1989). Psychology reconstructs the female: 1968–1988. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 13, 147–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C. (1998). Social stigma. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 504–553). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danziger, K. (2006). Universalism and indigenization in the history of modern psychology. In A. C. Brock (Ed.), Internationalizing the history of psychology (pp. 208–255). New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dar-Nimrod, I., & Heine, S. J. (2006). Exposure to scientific theories affects women’s math performance. Science, 314, 435.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. P., & Shackelford, T. K. (2006). An evolutionary psychological perspective on gender similarities and differences. American Psychologist, 61, 640–641.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deaux, K., & Major, B. (1987). Putting gender into context: An integrative model of gender-related behavior. Psychological Review, 94, 369–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • deBeauvoir, S. (1949). The second sex. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devos, T., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). American = White? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 447–466.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, M. (1999). Pediatric management of ambiguous and traumatized genitalia. Journal of Urology, 162, 1021–1028.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, M., & Sigmundson, H. K. (1997). Sex reassignment at birth: A long term review and clinical implications. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 150, 298–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreger, A. D. (Ed.). (1999). Intersex in the age of ethics. Hagerstown, MD: University Publishing Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar, K., & Blanchette, I. (2003). The in vivo/in vitro approach to cognition: The case of analogy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5, 334–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H., & Kite, M. E. (1987). Are stereotypes of nationalities applied to both women and men? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 451–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H., Mladinic, A., & Otto, S. (1991). Are women evaluated more favorably than men? An analysis of attitudes, beliefs, and emotions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15, 203–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1999). The origins of sex differences in human behavior: Evolved dispositions versus social roles. American Psychologist, 54, 408–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egan, S. K., & Perry, D. G. (2001). Gender identity: A multidimensional analysis with implications for psychosocial adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 37, 451–463.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, S. (2007). Inclusion: The politics of difference in medical research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falomar-Pichastor, J. M., & Mugny, G. (2009). “I’m not gay… I’m a real man!” Heterosexual men’s gender self-esteem and sexual prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 1233–1243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fausto-Sterling, A. (1993, March/April). The five sexes: Why male and female are not enough. Sciences, 20–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the body: Gender politics and the construction of sexuality. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fedigan, L. M. (1986). The changing role of women in models of human evolution. Annual Review of Anthropology, 15, 25–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1925/1961). Some psychical consequences of the anatomical distinction between the sexes. In E. Jones (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. XIX, pp. 241–258). London: Hogarth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, R. A., & Keating, J. P. (1992). Measuring androcentrism in the Western God-concept. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 31, 366–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1976). Histoire de la sexualite: Volume 1 – La volonte de savoir. Paris: Gallimard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galton, F. (1883). Inquiries into human faculty. New York: Dutton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gannon, L., Luchetta, T., Rhodes, K., Pardie, L., & Segrist, D. (1992). Sex bias in psychological research: Progress or complacency? American Psychologist, 47, 389–396.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giacomini, M., Rozee-Koker, P., & Pepitone-Arreola-Rockwell, F. (1986). Gender bias in human anatomy textbook illustrations. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 10, 413–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gjerde, P. F. (2004). Culture, power, and experience: Toward a person-centered cultural psychology. Human Development, 47, 138–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glucksberg, S. (2003). The psycholinguistics of metaphor. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 92–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glucksberg, S., & Haught, C. (2006). Can Florida be the next Florida? When metaphoric comparisons fail. Psychological Science, 17, 935–938.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glucksberg, S., & Keysar, B. (1990). Understanding metaphorical comparisons: Beyond similarity. Psychological Review, 97, 3–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, A. (1980). The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. American Psychologist, 35, 603–618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haddock, G., Zanna, M. P., & Esses, V. (1993). Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes: The case of attitudes toward homosexuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1105–1118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, M. C. (1988). Using masculine generics: Does generic he increase male bias in the user’s imagery? Sex Roles, 19, 785–799.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, M. C. (1991). Masculine bias in the attribution of personhood: People = male, male = people. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15, 393–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haraway, D. J. (1991). Simians, cyborgs, and women. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare-Mustin, R. T., & Maracek, J. (1990). Gender and the meaning of difference: Postmodernism and psychology. In R. T. Hare-Mustin & J. Maracek (Eds.), Making a difference: Psychology and the construction of gender (pp. 22–64). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haslam, N., Rothschild, L., & Ernst, D. (2000). Essentialist beliefs about social categories. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 113–127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haslam, N., & Levy, S. R. (2006). Essentialist beliefs about homosexuality: Structure and implications for prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 471–485.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, P. (2001). ‘Real science,’ deception experiments, and the gender of my lab coat: Toward a new laboratory manual for lesbian and gay psychology. International Journal of Critical Psychology, 1, 91–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, P. (2003). ‘More feminine than 999 men out of 1,000:’ The construction of sex roles in psychology. In T. Lester (Ed.), Gender nonconformity, race, and sexuality: Charting the connections (pp. 62–83) Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, P. (2006). Undoing androcentric explanations of gender differences: Explaining ‘the effect to be predicted.’ Sex Roles, 55, 861–867.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, P., & Buechel, C. (2006). Androcentric reporting of gender differences in APA journals: 1965–2004. Review of General Psychology, 10, 377–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, P., Buechel, C., & Ungar, S. (2006). Androcentric preferences for visuospatial representations of gender differences. In D. Barker-Plummer, R. Cox, & N. Swoboda (Eds.), Diagrammatic representation and inference: 4th International Conference, Diagrams 2006 (pp. 263–266). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, P., & Chryssochoou, X. (2005). Why ‘our’ policies set the standard more than ‘theirs’: Category norms and generalization between European Union countries. Social Cognition, 23, 491–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, P., & Coyle, A. (2005). Special feature on ‘Masculinity-femininity: An exception to a famous dictum?’ by Anne Constantinople (1973). Feminism & Psychology, 15, 379–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, P., & Golden, A. M. (2008). Attributions about the controllability of stigmatized traits: Antecedents or justifications of prejudice? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38, 1023–1044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, P., Lemieux, A., & McQueen, G. (2008). Graphing the order of the sexes:Constructing, recalling, interpreting, and putting the self in gender difference graphs Manuscript under review.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, P., & Pratto, F. (2001a). Sexual orientation beliefs: Their relationshipto anti-gay attitudes and biological determinist arguments. Journal of Homosexuality, 41, 121–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, P., & Pratto, F. (2001b). The effects of category norms and stereotypes on explanations of intergroup differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 723–735.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, P., & Pratto, F. (2004). The differences that norms make: Empiricism, social constructionism, and the meaning of group differences. Sex Roles, 50, 445–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, E. T., Bargh, J. A., & Lombardi, W. J. (1985). Nature of priming effects on categorization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 11, 59–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, E. T., Rholes, W. S., & Jones, C. R. (1977). Category accessibility and impression formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 141–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, J. (1998). Language, race, and White public space. American Anthropologist, 100, 680–689.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hilton, J. L., & von Hippel, W. (1996). Stereotypes. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 237–271.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hitchcock, A. [Director]. (1959). North by northwest. Metro Goldwyn Mayer

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, C., & Hurst, N. (1990). Gender stereotypes: Perception or rationalization? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 197–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, M. (1998). In (to) visibility: Intersexuality in the field of queer. In D. Atkins (Ed.), Looking queer (pp. 221–225). Philadelphia: Haworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, J. S. (1984). Children’s understanding of sexist language. Developmental Psychology, 20, 697–706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, J. S. (1994). Should psychologists study gender differences? Yes, with some guidelines. Feminism & Psychology, 4, 507–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60, 581–592.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, J. S. (2006). Gender similarities still rule. American Psychologist, 61, 641–642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, J. S., & Plant, E. A. (1995). Magnitude of psychological gender differences: Another side of the story. American Psychologist, 50, 159–161.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacklin, C. N. (1981). Methodological issues in the study of sex-related differences. Developmental Review, 1, 266–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jayaratne, T. E., Ybarra, O., Sheldon, J. P., Brown, T. N., Feldbaum, M., Pfeffer, C. A., et al. (2006). White Americans’ genetic lay theories of race differences and sexual orientation: Their relationship toward Blacks and gay men and lesbians. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 9, 77–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E. E., & Harris, V. A. (1967). The attribution of attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 3, 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, N. [Director]. (1992). The crying game. British Screen Productions

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D., & Miller, D. T. (1986). Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives. Psychological Review, 93, 136–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanazawa, S. (1992). Outcome or expectancy? Antecedents of spontaneous causal attribution. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 659–668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, E. F. (1985). Reflections on gender and science. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, E. F. (1992). Secrets of life/secrets of death: Essays on language, gender, and science. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, H. H. (1973). The processes of causal attribution. American Psychologist, 28, 107–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, S. (1998). Lessons from the intersexed. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, S. J. (1990). The medical construction of gender: Case management of intersexed infants. Signs, 16, 3–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, S. J., & McKenna, W. (1978). Gender: An ethnomethodological approach. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitzinger, C. (1994). Should psychologists study sex differences? Feminism & Psychology, 4, 501–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitzinger, C. (1996). The token lesbian chapter. In S. Wilkinson (Ed.), Feminist social psychologies: International perspectives (pp. 119–144). Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitzinger, C. (2005). The myth of the two biological sexes. Psychologist, 17, 451–454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambdin, J., Greer, K. M., Jibotian, K. S., Wood, K. R., & Hamilton, M. C. (2003). The animal=male hypothesis: Children’s and adults’ beliefs about the sex of non sex-specific stuffed animals. Sex Roles, 48, 471–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landrine, H., Klonoff, E. A., & Brown-Collins, A. (1992). Cultural diversity and methodology in feminist psychology: Critique, proposal and empirical example. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 16, 145–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. (1990). Drawing things together. In M. Lynch & S. Woolgar (Eds.), Representation in scientific practice (pp. 19–68). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. (1993). We have never been modern. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leary, D. E. (1990). Psyche’s muse: The role of metaphor in the history of psychology. In D. E. Leary (Ed.), Metaphors in the history of psychology (pp. 1–78). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, P. A., Houk, C. P., Ahmed, F., & Hughes, I. A. (2006). Concensus statement on management of intersex disorders. Pediatrics, 118, 488–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lippa, R. A. (2005). Gender, nature, and nurture. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippa, R. A. (2006). The gender reality hypothesis. American Psychologist, 61, 639–640.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lorde, A. (1984). Sister outsider: Essays and speeches. Ithaca, NY: Crossing Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maccoby, E., & Jacklin, C. (1974) The psychology of sex differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie, B. D., & Mackenzie, S. L. (1974). The case for a revised systematic approach to the history of psychology. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 10, 324–347.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, E. (1991). The egg and the sperm: How science has constructed a romance based on stereotypical male-female roles. Signs, 16, 485–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martyna, W. (1980). Beyond the “he/man” approach: The case for nonsexist language. Signs, 5, 482–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer, B. (1995). Complex subjects: Offshore finance, complexity theory, and the dispersion of the modern. Socialist Review, 25, 114–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCaughy, M. (2008). The caveman mystique: Pop-darwinism and the debates over sex, violence, and science. New York: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • McHugh, M., Koeske, R. D., & Frieze, I. H. (1986). Issues to consider in conducting non-sexist psychological research. American Psychologist, 41, 879–889.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medin, D. L., & Waxman, S. (2007). Interpreting asymmetries of projection in children’s inductive reasoning. In A. Feeney & E. Heit (Eds.), Inductive reasoning: Experimental, developmental, and computational approaches (pp. 55–80). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mednick, M. T. (1989). On the politics of psychological constructs: Stop the bandwagon, I want to get off. American Psychologist, 44, 1118–1123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, D. T., & Prentice, D. A. (1997). The construction of social norms and standards. In A. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Ed.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 799–829). New York: Guildford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, D. T., Taylor, B., & Buck, M. (1991). Gender gaps: Who needs to be explained? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 5–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. (1984). Culture and the development of everyday social explanation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 961– 978.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moghaddam, F. M., & Lee, N. (2007). Double reification: The process or reifying psychology in the three worlds. In A. C. Brock (Ed.), Internationalizing the history of psychology (pp. 208–255). New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Money, J. (1955a). An examination of some basic sexual concepts: The evidence of human hermaphroditism. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 97, 301–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Money, J. (1955b). Sexual incongruities and psychopathology: The evidence of human hermaphroditism. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 97, 43–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Money, J., Hampson, J. G., & Hampson, J. L. (1955). Hermaphroditism: Recommendations concerning assignment of sex, change of sex, and psychologic management. Bulletin of Johns Hopkins Hospital, 97, 284–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, L. J. (2002). Extracting men from semen: Masculinity in scientific representations of sperm. Social Text, 20, 91–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morawski, J. G. (1990). Toward the unimagined: Feminism and epistemology in psychology. In R. T. Hare-Mustin & J. Marecek (Eds.), Making a difference: Psychology and the construction of gender (pp. 150–183). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morland, I. (2009). Editorial: Lessons from the octopus. GLQ, 15, 191–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, T. (1993). Playing in the dark: Whiteness and the literary imagination. New York: Vintage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morton, T. A., Haslam, S. A., Postmes, T., & Ryan, M. K. (2006). We value what values us: The appeal of identity-affirming science. Political Psychology, 27, 823–838.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moyer, R. (1997). Covering gender on memory’s front page: Men’s prominence and women’s prospects. Sex Roles, 37, 595–618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, S. H. (1990). Androcentric coding of man and his in memory by language users. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 455–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oldham, J. D., & Kasser, T. (1999). Attitude change in response to information that male homosexuality has a biological basis. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 25, 121–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oyama, S. (2000). The ontogeny of information: Developmental systems and evolution (2nd ed.). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parlee, M. B. (1996). Situated knowledges of personal embodiment: Transgender activists’ and psychological theorists’ perspectives on ‘sex’ and ‘gender.’ Theory and Psychology, 6, 625–645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pedhazur, E. J., & Tetenbaum, T. J. (1979). Bem Sex Role Inventory: A theoretical and methodological critique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 996–1016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perrott, D. A., Gentner, D., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2005). Resistance is futile: The unwitting insertion of analogical inferences in memory. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 12, 696–702.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, S. B., & Kroner, T. (1992). Gender biases in textbooks for introductory psychology and human development. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 16, 17–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phelan, S. (2001). Sexual strangers: Gays, lesbians, and dilemmas of citizenship. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinker, S. (1990). A theory of graph comprehension. In R. Freedle (Ed.), Artificial intelligence and the future of testing (pp. 73–126). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piskur, J., & Degelman, D. (1992). Effect of reading a summary of research about biological bases of homosexual orientation on attitudes toward homosexuals. Psychological Reports, 71 1219–1225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pols, H. (2007). Psychological knowledge in a colonial context: Theories on the nature of the ‘native mind’ in the former Dutch East Indies. History of Psychology, 10, 111–131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pomerantz, A. (1984). Giving a source or basis: The practice in conversation of telling ‘how I know.’ Journal of Pragmatics, 8, 607–625.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pratarelli, M. E., & Donaldson, J. S. (1997). Immediate effects of written material on attitudes toward homosexuality. Psychological Reports, 81, 1411–1415.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pratto, F. (1999). The puzzle of continuing group inequality: Piecing together psychological, social, and cultural forces in social dominance theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 191–263). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratto, F. (2002). Integrating experimental and social constructivist social psychology: Some of us are already doing it. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 194–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pratto, F., & Hegarty, P. (2000). The political strategy of reproductive strategies. Psychological Science, 11, 57–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pratto, F., Hegarty, P., & Korchmaros, J. (2007). Who gets stereotyped? How communication practices and category norms lead people to stereotype particular people and groups. In Y. Kashima, K. Fiedler, & P. Freytag (Eds.), Stereotype dynamics: Language-based approaches to stereotype formation, maintenance, and change (pp. 299–319). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratto, F., Korchmaros, J. N., & Hegarty, P. (2007). When race and gender go without saying. Social Cognition, 25, 221–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prentice, D. A. (1994). Do language reforms change our way of thinking? Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 13, 3–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prentice, D. A., & Carranza, E. (2002). What women and men should be, shouldn’t be, are allowed to be, and don’t have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 269–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Purdie-Vaughns, V., & Eibach, R. (2008). Intersectional invisibility: The distinctive advantages and disadvantages of multiple subordinate-group identities. Sex Roles, 59, 377–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reardon, P., & Prescott, S. (1977). Sex as reported in a recent sample of psychological research. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 2, 157–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, E., & Hegarty, P. (2005). Premise-based category norms and the explanation of age differences. New Review of Social Psychology, 4, 138–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosch, E., & Mervis, G. (1975). Family resemblances: Studies in the internal structure of categories. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 573–605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, N. (1996). Inventing our selves: Psychology, power, and personhood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, L., & Nisbett, R. E. (1991). The person and the situation: Perspectives of social psychology. New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Akimoto, S. A., & Biggs, E. (1993). Overestimating causality: Attributional effects of confirmatory processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 892–903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santos de Barona, M., & Reid, P. T. (1992). Ethnic issues in teaching the psychology of women. Teaching of Psychology, 19, 96–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savin-Williams, R. C. (2008). Then and now: Recruitment, definition, diversity, and positive attributes of same-sex populations. Developmental Psychology, 44, 135–138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scarr, S. (1988). Race and gender as psychological variables: Social and ethical issues. American Psychologist, 43, 56–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwabacher, S. (1972). Male vs. female representation in psychological research: An examination of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1970, 1971. Journal Supplement Abstract Service, 2, 20–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedgwick, E. K. (1991). How to bring your kids up gay: The war on effeminate boys. Social Text, 29, 18–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sekaquaptewa, D., & Espinoza, P. (2004). Biased processing of stereotype-incongruency is greater for low than high status group targets. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 128–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, P., Freedman, E. G., & Verini, I. (2005). The comprehension of quantitative information in graphical displays. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of visuospatial thinking (pp. 426–476). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, J. P., Pfeffer, C. A., Jayaratne, T. E., Feldbaum, M., & Petty, E. M. (2007). Beliefs about the etiology of homosexuality and about the ramifications of discovering its possible genetic origin. Journal of Homosexuality, 52, 11–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shields, S. (1982). The variability hypothesis: The history of a biological model of sex differences in intelligence. Signs, 7, 769–797.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simner, J., Mulvenna, C., Sagiv, N., Tsakanikos, E. Witherby, S. A., Fraser, C. et al. (2006). Synaesthesia: The prevalence of atypical cross-modal experiences. Perception, 35, 1024–1034.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sloman, S. A. (1993). Feature-based induction. Cognitive Psychology, 25, 231–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L. D., Best, L. A., Stubbs, A. D., Archibald, A. B., & Roberson-Nay, R. (2002). Constructing knowledge: The role of graphs and tables in hard and soft psychology. American Psychologist, 57, 749–761.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spence, J. T. (1985). Masculinity, femininity, and gender-related traits: A conceptual analysis and critique of current research. Progress in Experimental Research in Personality, 13, 1–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R. L., & Stapp, J. (1974). The Personal Attributes Questionnaire: A measure of sex-role stereotypes and masculinity-femininity. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 4, 1–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spender, D. (1980). Man made language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Srull, T. K., Lichtenstein, M., & Rothbart, M. (1985). Associative storage and retrieval processes in person memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 316–345.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Terman, L. M., & Miles, C. C. (1936). Sex and personality: Studies in masculinity and femininity. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tetlock, P. E. (1991). An alternative metaphor in the study of judgment and choice: People as politicians. Theory and Psychology, 1, 451–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954/2005). The lord of the rings (50th ann. ed). New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tversky, B. (2005). Functional significance of visuospatial representations. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of visuospatial thinking (pp. 1–34). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, R. K. (1979). Toward a redefinition of sex and gender. American Psychologist, 34, 1085–1094.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, M. (1993). Introduction. In M. Warner (Ed.), Fear of a queer planet (pp. vii–xxxi). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weatherall, A., & Walton, M. (1999). The metaphorical construction of sexual experience in a speech community of New Zealand university students. British Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 479–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, B. (1985). An attribution theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92, 548–573.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wetherell, M. (1997). Linguistic repertoires and literary criticism: New directions for a social psychology of gender. In M. M. Gergen & S. N. Davies (Eds.), Toward a new psychology of gender (pp. 149–167). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitley, B. E., Jr. (1990). The relationship of heterosexuals’ attributions for the causes of homosexuality to attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 369–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, S. (1997). Feminist psychology. In D. Fox & I. Pritteltensky (Eds.), Critical psychology: An introduction (pp. 247–264). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolsey, L. (1977). Psychology and the reconciliation of women’s double bind: To be feminine or to be fully human. Canadian Psychology, 18, 66–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuriff, G. E. (2006). Judgments of similarity are psychological: The importance of importance. American Psychologist, 61, 641.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hegarty, P., Pratto, F. (2010). Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Gender-Related Research. In: Chrisler, J., McCreary, D. (eds) Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1465-1_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics