Abstract
Cancer-related lymphedema is an overwhelmingly common condition in cancer survivors worldwide. The causes are diverse, it may be due to surgery, staging procedures, radiation, and other treatments, or it may be secondary to lymphatic tumor invasion. Despite its prevalence, many health care providers are not well-versed in its diagnostic criteria, treatment, or management, owing to the lack of evidence-based literature available to support a true standard of care. In this text, we provide a comprehensive review of the pathophysiology, molecular biology, diagnostic techniques, treatment modalities, quality of life, and psychosocial issues related to this chronic condition. Access to lymphedema evaluation, care, and support is highly variable around the world. Although there are many tools used to treat and manage chronic lymphedema, again access is not uniform. Professional training in this field is not standardized globally, but international efforts to improve the standard of care and promote uniformity are ongoing.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Hayes SC, Janda M, Cornish B, Battistutta D, Newman B. Lymphedema after breast cancer: incidence, risk factors, and effect on upper body function. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(21):3536–3542.
Lawenda BD, Mondry TE, Johnstone PA. Lymphedema: a primer on the identification and management of a chronic condition in oncologic treatment. CA Cancer J Clin. 2009;59(1):8–24.
Nakamura K, Rockson SG. Molecular targets for therapeutic lymphangiogenesis in lymphatic dysfunction and disease. Lymphat Res Biol. 2008;6(3–4):181–189.
Ji RC. Lymphatic endothelial cells, lymphedematous lymphangiogenesis, and molecular control of edema formation. Lymphat Res Biol. 2008;6(3–4):123–137.
O’Brien P. Lymphedema Research 2001.
Cao Y. Why and how do tumors stimulate lymphangiogenesis? Lymphat Res Biol. 2008;6(3–4):145–148.
Sarnaik AA, Puleo CA, Zager JS, Sondak VK. Limiting the morbidity of inguinal lymphadenectomy for metastatic melanoma. Cancer Control. 2009;16(3):240–247.
Garmy-Susini B, Varner JA. Roles of integrins in tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Lymphat Res Biol. 2008;6(3–4):155–163.
Norman SA, Localio AR, Potashnik SL, et al. Lymphedema in breast cancer survivors: incidence, degree, time course, treatment, and symptoms. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(3):390–397.
Bar Ad V, Cheville A, Solin LJ, Dutta P, Both S, Harris EE. Time course of mild arm lymphedema after breast conservation treatment for early-stage breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;76(1):85–90.
Deutsch M, Land S, Begovic M, Sharif S. The incidence of arm edema in women with breast cancer randomized on the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project study B-04 to radical mastectomy versus total mastectomy and radiotherapy versus total mastectomy alone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;70(4):1020–1024.
Nesvold IL, Dahl AA, Lokkevik E, Marit Mengshoel A, Fossa SD. Arm and shoulder morbidity in breast cancer patients after breast-conserving therapy versus mastectomy. Acta Oncol. 2008;47(5):835–842.
Golshan M, Martin WJ, Dowlatshahi K. Sentinel lymph node biopsy lowers the rate of lymphedema when compared with standard axillary lymph node dissection. Am Surg. 2003;69(3):209–211; discussion 212.
Schijven MP, Vingerhoets AJ, Rutten HJ, et al. Comparison of morbidity between axillary lymph node dissection and sentinel node biopsy. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2003;29(4):341–350.
Chen JJ, Huang XY, Liu ZB, et al. Sentinel node biopsy and quality of life measures in a Chinese population. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2009;35(9):921–927.
Boneti C, Korourian S, Bland K, et al. Axillary reverse mapping: mapping and preserving arm lymphatics may be important in preventing lymphedema during sentinel lymph node biopsy. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206(5):1038–1042; discussion 1042–1044.
Hayes SB, Freedman GM, Li T, Anderson PR, Ross E. Does axillary boost increase lymphedema compared with supraclavicular radiation alone after breast conservation? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;72(5):1449–1455.
Moore RG, Robison K, Brown AK, et al. Isolated sentinel lymph node dissection with conservative management in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a prospective trial. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;109(1):65–70.
Bennett Britton TM, Wallace SM, Wilkinson IB, Mortimer PS, Peters AM, Purushotham AD. Sympathetic nerve damage as a potential cause of lymphoedema after axillary dissection for breast cancer. Br J Surg. 2009;96(8):865–869.
Pinell XA, Kirkpatrick SH, Hawkins K, Mondry TE, Johnstone PA. Manipulative therapy of secondary lymphedema in the presence of locoregional tumors. Cancer. 2008;112(4):950–954.
Ronka RH, Pamilo MS, von Smitten KA, Leidenius MH. Breast lymphedema after breast conserving treatment. Acta Oncol. 2004;43(6):551–557.
Petrek JA, Senie RT, Peters M, Rosen PP. Lymphedema in a cohort of breast carcinoma survivors 20 years after diagnosis. Cancer. 2001;92(6):1368–1377.
Poage E, Singer M, Armer J, Poundall M, Shellabarger MJ. Demystifying lymphedema: development of the lymphedema putting evidence into practice card. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2008;12(6):951–964.
Armer JM, Stewart BR. A comparison of four diagnostic criteria for lymphedema in a post-breast cancer population. Lymphat Res Biol. 2005;3(4):208–217.
Taylor ME, Keleti D, Perez CA, et al. The effect of medical co-mordbidities of diabetes, hypertension and obesity on the incidence of arm edema after breast conservation therapy for stage I and II breast cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;48(Supplement):144.
Schmitz KH, Ahmed RL, Troxel A, et al. Weight lifting in women with breast-cancer-related lymphedema. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(7):664–673.
Chachaj A, Malyszczak K, Pyszel K, et al. Physical and psychological impairments of women with upper limb lymphedema following breast cancer treatment. Psychooncology. 2009;19(3):299–305.
Hayes SC, Reul-Hirche H, Turner J. Exercise and secondary lymphedema: safety, potential benefits, and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(3):483–489.
Mak SS, Mo KF, Suen JJ, Chan SL, Ma WL, Yeo W. Lymphedema and quality of life in Chinese women after treatment for breast cancer. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2009;13(2):110–115.
Velanovich V, Szymanski W. Quality of life of breast cancer patients with lymphedema. Am J Surg. 1999;177(3):184–187; discussion 188.
Helpful Resources
The American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/MIT/content/MIT_7_2x_Understanding_Lymphedema.asp
Lymphedema Resources http://www.lymphedemaresources.org/
The National Lymphedema Network http://www.lymphnet.org
The Lymphatic Research Foundation http://www.lymphaticresearch.org
Fashionable Lymphedema Garments http://lymphedivas.com/
Lymphedema People http://www.lymphedemapeople.com/
Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation http://ww5.komen.org/
Solaris Supplies http://www.solarismed.com/index.php
Acknowledgments
The department of physical therapy at Fletcher Allen Health Care assisted in the patient photographs and the lymphedema-care summaries.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Steely, A.M., O’Brien, P. (2010). Lymphedema Care. In: Olver, I. (eds) The MASCC Textbook of Cancer Supportive Care and Survivorship. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1225-1_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1225-1_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1224-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-1225-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)