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Alcohol: Clinical Aspects

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Abstract

Alcohol is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world, and alcohol dependence is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. One of the most widely recognized alcohol-related disorders is liver disease. While there are many risk factors for becoming dependent on alcohol, such as the age of onset of drinking behavior, ethnicity, gender, place of residence, and religion, it is the clinical picture of the individual that most decidedly points to the progression of excessive drinking to alcohol dependence. The pathophysiology of alcohol presents as particular signs and symptoms. Systems affected by alcohol use include the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hepatic, endocrine, immune, hematologic, integumentary, central nervous, and peripheral nervous systems. The clinical picture of alcohol dependence also takes into account nutritional status, the risk of cancer, and the impact of alcohol use on fetal development. The psychological and psychiatric complications of alcohol dependence can be divided into acute and chronic effects, with the acute effects depending on the blood alcohol concentration of the individual and the chronic effects potentially being decreased by changes in drinking behavior.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Catharine Helms and Robert H. Cormier, Jr. for their assistance with manuscript preparation.

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  1. Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, Medicine, and Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA

    Bankole A. Johnson

  2. Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, Medicine, and Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Gabrielle Marzani-Nissen

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    Bankole A. Johnson

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Johnson, B.A., Marzani-Nissen, G. (2010). Alcohol: Clinical Aspects. In: Johnson, B. (eds) Addiction Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0338-9_17

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