Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Psychological Co-morbidities of Physical Illness pp 275–310Cite as

Psychological Co-morbidities in Patients with Pain

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Pain is a biopsychosocial phenomenon which may be variously affected by a host of anatomical, physiological, psychosocial, and environmental factors. Pain is among the most common reasons that patients pursue professional evaluation and treatment, and at present, a rate that is posing substantial strain on the healthcare system. Multiple challenges confront medical providers attempting to accurately diagnose and treat patients presenting with pain including diffuse symptom presentations, common absence of physical findings, and insufficient physician training. Psychological factors such as depression, anxiety, somatization, personality, and maladaptive coping are disproportionately represented in individuals reporting pain, and these psychosocial factors have been empirically shown to exert a strongly negative influence on treatment outcome and functional improvement. This chapter reviews prevalence of mood issues in individuals reporting pain, influence of psychosocial factors on functional treatment outcome, and assessment and treatment challenges faced by multidisciplinary providers. The additional phenomena of fear of pain and associated activity avoidance (e.g., kinesiophobia) and pain catastrophizing have emerged as significantly impacting pain treatment outcomes, and assessment and treatment issues regarding these phenomena are investigated. Efficacy of psychological interventions, particularly cognitive and behavioral interventions to reduce pain and improve patient function, is reviewed. Diagnostic challenges incumbent in the DSM system are discussed, and recommendations for future work are offered.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Affleck, G., Tennen, H., Urrows, S., & Higgens, P. (1992). Neuroticism and the pain-mood relation in rheumatoid arthritis: Insights from a prospective daily study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 119–126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, L. A., Gara, M. A., & Escobar, J. I. (2001). Somatization: A debilitating syndrome in primary care. Psychosomatics, 42, 63–67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, L. A., & Woolfolk, R. L. (2010). Cognitive behavioral therapy for somatoform disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 33, 579–593.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, L. A., Woolfolk, R. L., Escobar, J. I., Gara, M. A., & Hamer, R. M. (2006). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for somatization disorder: A randomized clinical trial. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 1512–1518.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Obaidi, S. M., Nelson, R. M., Al-Awadhi, S., & Al-Shuwaie, N. (2000). The role of anticipation and fear of pain in the persistence of avoidance behavior in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine, 25, 1126–1131.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, H. I. (1994). The epidemiology of chronic pain in a Swedish rural area. Quality of Life Research, 3, S19–S26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, G. B. (1999). Epidemiological features of chronic low back pain. The Lancet, 354, 581–585.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Applegate, K., Keefe, F., & Siegler, I. (2005). Does personality at college entry predict number of reported pain conditions at mid-life? A longitudinal study. The Journal of Pain, 6(2), 92–97.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ash, A., Zhao, Y., Ellis, R. P., & Kramer, M. S. (2001). Finding future high cost cases: Comparing prior cost versus diagnosis-based methods. Health Services Research, 36, 194–206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, J. H., Slater, M. A., Patterson, T. L., Grant, I., & Garfin, S. R. (1991). Prevalence, onset, and risk of psychiatric disorders in men with chronic low back pain: A controlled study. Pain, 45, 111–121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Badger, L. W., deGruy, F. V., Hartman, J., Plant, M. A., Leeper, J., Ficken, R., et al. (1994). Psychosocial interest, medical interviews, and the recognition of depression. Archives of Family Medicine, 3, 862–864.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bair, M. J., Robinson, R. L., Eckert, G. J., Stang, P. E., Croghan, T. W., & Kroenke, K. (2004). Impact of pain on depression treatment response in primary care. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66, 17–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bair, M. J., Robinson, R. L., Katon, W. J., & Kroenke, K. (2003). Depression and pain comorbidity: A literature review. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163, 2433–2445.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bane, C., Hughes, C. M., & McElnay, J. C. (2006). The impact of depressive symptoms and psychosocial factors on medication adherence in cardiovascular disease. Patient Education and Counseling, 60, 187–193.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barsky, A. J., Orav, E. J., & Bates, D. W. (2005). Somatization increases medical utilization and costs independent of psychiatric and medical comorbidity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 903–910.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bass, C., & Murphy, M. (1991). Somatization disorder in a British teaching hospital. British Journal of Clinical Practice, 45, 237–244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bassett, D. L., & Pilowsky, I. (1985). A study of brief psychotherapy for chronic pain. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29, 259–264.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belar, C. D., & Deardorff, W. W. (1995). Clinical health psychology in medical settings. Washington: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • BenDebba, M., Torgerson, W., & Long, D. (1997). Personality traits, pain duration and severity, functional impairment, and psychological distress in patients with persistent low back pain. Pain, 72, 115–125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berman, B. M., Bausell, R. B., & Lee, W. L. (2000). Use and referral patterns for 22 complimentary and alternative medical therapies by members of the American College of Rheumatology: Results of a national survey. Archives of Internal Medicine, 162, 766–770.

    Google Scholar 

  • Betrus, P. A., Elmore, S. K., & Hamilton, P. A. (1995). Women and somatization: Unrecognized depression. Health Care for Women International, 16, 287–297.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bigos, S. J., Bowyer, O. R., & Braen, G. R. (1994). Acute low back problems in adults: Clinical practice guideline. No. 14. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; Publication 95-0642.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birket-Smith, M., & Mortenson, E. L. (2002). Pain in somatoform disorders: Is somatoform pain disorder a valid diagnosis? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106, 103–108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, S. R., & Warr, D. (2003). Coping, catastrophizing and chronic pain in breast cancer. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 26, 265–281.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boersma, K., Linton, S., Overmeer, T., Jansson, M., Vlaeyen, J., & de Jong, J. (2004). Lowering fear-avoidance and enhancing function through exposure in vivo: A multiple baseline study across six patients with back pain. Pain, 108, 8–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boothby, J. L., Thorn, B. E., Stroud, M. W., & Jensen, M. P. (1999). Coping with pain. In R. J. Gatchel & D. C. Turk (Eds.), Psychosocial factors in pain: Critical perspectives (pp. 345–359). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, J. H., & Weisman, M. M. (1986). Epidemiology. In E. S. Payke (Ed.), Handbook of affective disorders. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breckenridge, J., & Clark, J. D. (2003). Patient characteristics associated with opioid versus nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug management of chronic low back pain. The Journal of Pain, 4, 344–350.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brox, J. L., Sorenson, R., Friis, P. T., Nygaard, O., Indahl, A., & Keller, A. (2003). Randomized clinical trials of lumbar instrumented fusion and cognitive intervention and exercises in patients with chronic low back pain and disc degneration. Spine, 28, 1913–1921.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruns, D., & Disorbio, J. M. (2003). The battery for health improvement-II. Minneapolis: NCS Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruns, D., & Disorbio, J. M. (2009). Assessment of biopsychosocial risk factors for medical treatment: A collaborative approach. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 16, 127–147.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R. W., Damarin, F. L., Beaulieu, C., Schwebel, A. I., & Thorn, B. E. (1989). Assessing cognitive coping strategies for acute postsurgical pain. Psychol Assess, 1, 41–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buer, N., & Linton, S. J. (2002). Fear-avoidance beliefs and catastrophizing: Occurrence and risk factor in back pain and ADL in the general population. Pain, 99, 485–491.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, A. K., Tillotson, K. M., Main, C. J., & Hollus, S. (1995). Psychosocial predictors of outcome in acute and subchronic low back trouble. Spine, 20, 722–728.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calabrese, S., Lyness, J., Sorensen, S., & Duberstein, P. (2006). Personality and the association of pain and depression. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14(6), 546–549.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casarett, D., Karlawish, J., Sankar, P., Hirschman, K., & Asch, D. A. (2001). Designing pain research for the patient’s perspective: What trial end points are important to patients with chronic pain? Pain Medicine, 2, 309–316.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cepeda, M. S., & Carr, D. B. (2003). Women experience more pain and require more morphine than men to achieve similar degree of analgesia. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 97, 1464–1468.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cherkin, D. C., Deyo, R. A., Street, J. H., & Barlow, W. (1996). Predicting poor outcomes from back pain seen in primary care using patients’ own criteria. Spine, 21, 2900–2907.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, M. R., Katon, W., Russo, J., Kith, P., Sintay, M., & Buchwalk, D. (1995). Risk factors for symptom persistence in a 2½ year follow-up study. The American Journal of Medicine, 98, 187–195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleeland, C. S., Cleeland, L. M., Dar, R., & Rinehardt, L. C. (1986). Factors influencing physician management of cancer pain. Cancer, 58, 796–800.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cloninger, C. (1994). The temperment and character inventory (TCI): A guide to its development and use. St. Louis: Center for Psychobiology of Personality, Washington University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloninger, C., Svrakic, D. M., & Przybeck, T. R. (1993). A psychobiological model of temperment and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 975–990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, R., Schilling, G., Bausch, C., Nadstawek, J., Wartenberg, H., & Wegener, I. (2007). Temperament and character personality profiles and personality disorders in chronic pain patients. Pain, 133, 192–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coryell, W., & Norton, S. G. (1981). Briquet’s syndrome (somatization disorder) and primary depression: Comparison of background and outcome. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 22, 249–256.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, P., & McCrae, R. (1992). NEO PI-R professional manual: Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI). Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coyne, J. C., Schwenk, T. L., & Fechner-Bates, S. (1995). Nondetection of depression by primary care physicians reconsidered. General Hospital Psychiatry, 17, 3–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cramer, J. A., & Rosenheck, R. (1998). Compliance with medication regimens for mental and physical disorders. Psychiatric Services, 49, 196–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crombez, G., Vlaeyen, J. W., Heuts, P. H., & Lysens, R. (1999). Pain-related fear is more disabling than pain itself: Evidence on the role of pain-related fear in chronic back pain disability. Pain, 80, 329–339.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Groot, K. I., Boeke, S., van den Berge, H. J., Duivenvoorden, H. J., Bonke, B., & Passchier, J. (1997). The influence of psychological variables on postoperative anxiety and physical complaints in patients undergoing lumbar surgery. Pain, 69, 19–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • den Boer, J. J., Oostendorp, R. A., Beems, T., Munneke, M., Oerlemans, M., & Evers, A. W. (2006). A systematic review of bio-psychosocial risk factors for an unfavourable outcome after lumbar disc surgery. Euro Spine J, 15, 527–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., & Covi, L. (1973). SCL-90: An outpatient psychiatric rating scale – preliminary report. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 9, 13–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deyo, R. A. (1986). The early diagnostic evaluation of patients with low back pain. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 1, 328–335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Di Iorio, D., Henley, E., & Doughty, A. (2000). A survey of primary care physician practice patterns and adherence to acute low back problem guidelines. Archives of Family Medicine, 9, 1015–1021.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiMatteo, M. R., Lepper, H. S., & Croghan, T. W. (2000). Depression is a risk factor for non-compliance with medical treatment: Meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160, 2101–2107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dionne, C. E., Koepsell, T. D., Von Korff, M., Deyo, R. A., Barlow, W. E., & Checkoway, H. (1997). Predicting long-term functional limitations among back pain patients in primary care settings. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 50, 31–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doan, B. D., & Wadden, N. P. (1989). Relationship between depressive symptoms and descriptions of chronic pain. Pain, 36, 75–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dolce, J. J., Crocker, M. F., & Doleys, D. M. (1986). Prediction of outcome among chronic pain patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 313–319.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dworkin, R. H., & Gitlin, M. J. (1991). Clinical aspects of depression in chronic pain patients. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 7, 79–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dworkin, R., Hetzel, R., & Banks, S. (1999). Toward a model of the pathogenesis of chronic pain. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 4(3), 176–185.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dworkin, S. F., Turner, J. A., Mancl, L., Wilson, L., Massoth, D., Huggins, K. H., et al. (2002). A randomized clinical trial of a tailored comprehensive care treatment program for temporomandibular disorders. Journal of Orofacial Pain, 16, 259–276.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eccleston, C., Morley, S., Williams, A., Yorke, L., & Mastroyannopoulou, K. (2002). Systematic review of randomised controlled trials of psychological therapy for chronic pain in children and adolescents, with a subset of meta-analysis of pain relief. Pain, 99, 157–165.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, A. M., Smith, B. H., Penny, K. I., Smith, W. C., & Chambers, W. A. (1999). The epidemiology of chronic pain in the community. The Lancet, 354, 1248–1252.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engel, G. L. (1959). “Psychogenic” pain and the pain-prone patient. American Journal of Medicine, 26, 899–918.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science, 196, 129–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, S. A., Kay, G., Clauw, D., Heaton, R., Klein, D., & Krupp, L. (1999). Psychiatric disorders in patients with fibromyalgia: A multicenter investigation. Psychosomatics, 40, 57–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Escobar, J. I., Gara, M. A., Diaz-Martinez, A. M., Interian, A., Warman, M., & Allen, L. A. (2007). Effectiveness of a time-limited cognitive behavior therapy-type intervention among primary care patients with medically unexplained symptoms. Annals of Family Medicine, 5, 328–335.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Escobar, J. I., Waitzkin, H., & Silver, R. C. (1998). Abridged somatization: A study in primary care. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60, 466–472.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fava, G. A., Freyberger, H. J., Bech, P., Ghristodoulou, T., Sensky, T., Theorell, T., et al. (1995). Diagnostic criteria for use in psychosomatic research. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 63, 1–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • First, M., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R., Williams, J., & Benjamin, L. (1997). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis II personality disorders (SCID-II). Washington: American Psychiatric Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishbain, D., Cole, B., Cutler, R., Lewis, J., Rosomoff, H., & Rosomoff, R. (2006). Chronic pain and the measurement of personality: Do states influence traits? Pain Medicine, 7, 509–529.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleet, R. P., Dupuis, G., Marchand, A., Burelle, D., Arsenault, A., & Bernard, D. (1996). Panic disorder in emergency department chest pain patients: Prevalence, comorbidity, suicidal ideation, and physician recognition. The American Journal of Medicine, 101, 371–380.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flor, H., Fydrich, T., & Turk, D. C. (1992). Efficacy of multidisciplinary pain treatment centers: A meta-analytic review. Pain, 49, 221–230.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forrest, A. J., & Wolkind, S. N. (1974). Masked depression in men with low back pain. Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 13, 148–153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, R. G., Elliott, T., Corcoran, J., & Wonderlich, S. (1987). Depression following spinal cord injury: Is it necessary? Clinical Psychology Review, 7, 611–630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatchel, R. J. (1996). Psychological disorders and chronic Pain: Cause and effect relationships. In D. C. Turk & R. Gatchel (Eds.), Psychosocial approaches to pain management: A practitioner’s handbook (pp. 33–52). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatchel, R. J., Peng, Y. B., Fuchs, P. N., Peters, M. L., & Turk, D. C. (2007). The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain: Scientific advances and future directions. Psychological Bullentin, 133, 581–624.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatchel, R. J., & Turk, D. (1996). Psychological approaches to pain management: A practitioner’s handbook. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatchel, R. J., & Weisberg, J. (2000). Personality characteristics of patients with pain. Washington: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatchel, R. J., & Okifuji, A. (2006). Evidence-based scientific data documenting the treatment and cost-effectiveness of comprehensive pain programs for chronic pain management. J Pain, 7, 779–793.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaynes, B. N., Magruder, K. M., & Burns, B. J. (1995). Does a coexisting anxiety disorder predict persistence of depressive illness in primary care patients with major depression? General Hospital Psychiatry, 21, 158–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaynes, B. N., Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Wisniewski, S. R., Balasubramani, G. K., & Spencer, D. C. (2007). Major depression symptoms in primary care and psychiatric settings: A cross-sectional analysis. Annals of Family Medicine, 5, 126–134.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gehi, A., Haas, D., Pipkin, S., & Whooley, M. A. (2005). Depression and medication adherence in outpatients with coronary heart disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165, 2508–2515.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gentry, W. D., Shows, W. D., & Thomas, M. (1974). Chronic low back pain: A psychological profile. Psychosomatics, XV, 174–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerber, P. D., Barrett, J., Barrett, J., Manheimer, E., Whitting, R., & Smith, R. (1989). Recognition of depression by internists in primary care: A comparison of internist and “gold standard” psychiatric assessments. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 4, 7–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gil, K. M., Abrams, M. R., & Phillips, G. (1993). Sickle cell disease pain: Predicting health care use and activity level at 0-month follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 267–273.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gil, K. M., Thompson, R. J., & Keith, B. R. (1992). Sickle cell disease pain in children and adolescents: Change in pain frequency and coping strategies over time. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 18, 621–637.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gran, J. T. (2003). The epidemiology of chronic generalized musculoskeletal pain. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology, 17, 547–561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granot, M., & Ferber, S. G. (2005). The roles of pain catastrophizing and anxiety in the prediction of postoperative pain intensity: a prospective study. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 21, 439–445.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grotle, M., Vollstad, N. K., Veierod, M. B., & Brox, J. I. (2004). Fear-avoidance beliefs and distress in relation to disability in acute and chronic low back pain. Pain, 112, 343–352.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gureje, O., Simon, G. E., & Ustun, T. (1997). Somatization in cross-cultural perspective: A World Health Organization study in primary care. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 989–995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gureje, O., Von Korff, M., Kola, L., Demyttenaere, K., He, Y., & Posada-Villa, J. (2008). The relation between multiple pains and mental disorders: Results for the World Mental Health Surveys. Pain, 135, 82–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guzman, J., Esmail, R., Karjalainen, K., Malmivaara, A., Irvin, E., & Bombardier, C. (2002). Interdisciplinary bio-psycho-social rehabilitation for chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, 1, CD000963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagg, O., Fritzell, P., Ekselius, L., & Nordwall, A. (2003). Predictors of outcome in fusion surgery for chronic low back pain. A report from the Swedish Lumbar Spine Study. European Spine Journal, 12, 22–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, S. R. (2001). Physical symptoms and physician-experienced difficulty in the physician-patient relationship. Annals of Internal Medicine, 134, 897–904.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanvik, L. J. (1951). MMPI profiles in patients with low back pain. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 15, 350–353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hathaway, S. R., & McKinley, J. (1943). Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henningsen, P., Zimmerman, T., & Sattel, H. (2003). Medically unexplained physical symptoms, anxiety, and depression: A meta-analytic review. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 528–533.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, A. T., George, S. Z., & Robinson, M. E. (2009). Pain assessment and treatment disparities: A virtual human technology investigation. Pain, 143, 106–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, D. E., & Tarzian, A. J. (2001). The girl who cried pain: A bias against women in the treatment of pain. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 29, 12–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, I. M., Silman, A. J., & Benjamin, S. (1999). The prevalence and associated features of chronic widespread pain in the community using the “Manchester” definition of chronic widespread pain. Rheumatology, 38, 275–279.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Institute of Medicine. (2004). Improving medical education: Enhancing the behavioral and social science content of medical school curricula. Washington: The National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • IOM (Institute of Medicine). (2011). Relieving pain in America: A blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education, and research. Washington DC: The National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J., & Browning, R. (2005). Impact of national low back pain guidelines on clinical practice. Southern Medical Journal, 98, 139–142.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, P. B., & Butler, R. W. (1996). Relation of cogntive coping and catastrophizing to acute pain and analgesic use following breast cancer surgery. J Behav Med, 19, 17–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, M. P., & Karoly, P. (1991). Control beliefs, coping efforts, and adjustment to chronic pian. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 431–438.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, M. P., Turner, J. A., & Romano, J. M. (2001). Change in beliefs, catastrophizing, and coping are associated with improvement in multidisciplinary pain treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 655–662.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johannes, C. B., Le, T. K., Zhou, X., Johnston, J. A., & Dworkin, R. H. (2010). The prevalence of chronic pain in United States adults: Results of an internet based study. The Journal of Pain, 11, 1230–1239.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. (2000). Implementing the new pain management standards. Oakbrook Terrace: JCAHO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalkman, C. J., Visser, K., Moen, J., Bonsel, G. J., Grobbee, D. E., & Moons, K. G. (2003). Preoperative prediction of severe postoperative pain. Pain, 105, 415–423.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katon, W. J., Lin, E., & Kroenke, K. (2007). The association of depressive and anxiety with medical symptom burden in patients with chronic medical illness. General Hospital Psychiatry, 29, 147–155.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katon, W. J., Lin, E., Von Korff, M., Russo, J., Lipscomb, P., & Bush, T. (1991). Somatization: A spectrum of severity. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 34–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katon, W. J., & Sullivan, M. D. (1990). Depression and chronic medical illness. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51, 3–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katon, W. J., Sullivan, M. D., & Walker, E. (2001). Medical symptoms without identified pathology: Relationship to psychiatric disorders, childhood and adult trauma and personality traits. Annals of Internal Medicine, 134, 917–925.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keefe, F. J., Brown, G. K., Wallston, K. A., & Caldwell, D. S. (1989). Coping with rheumatoid arthritis pain: Catastrophizing as a maladaptive strategy. Pain, 37, 51–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keefe, F. J., Lebebvre, J. C., Egert, J. R., Affleck, G., Sullivan, M. J., & Caldwell, D. S. (2001). The relationship of gender to pain, pain behavior, and disability in osteoarthritis patients: The role of catastrophizing. Pain, 87, 325–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerns, R. D., & Haythornthwaite, J. A. (1988). Depression among chronic pain patients: Cognitive-behavioral analysis and effect on rehabilitation outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 870–876.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., et al. (2003). The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA, 289, 3095–3105.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Co-morbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593–602.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Wat Tat Chiu, A. M., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and co-morbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Co-morbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617–627.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Komaroff, A. L. (1990). “Minor” illness symptoms: The magnitude of their burden and of our ignorance. Archives of Internal Medicine, 150, 1586–1587.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kori, S. H., Miller, R. P., & Todd, D. D. (1990). Kinesiophobia: A new view of chronic pain behavior. Pain Manage, 3, 35–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroenke, K. (2001). Studying symptoms: Sampling and measuring issues. Annals of Internal Medicine, 134, 844–853.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kroenke, K. (2007). Efficacy of treatment for somatoform disorders: A review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 881–888.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kroenke, K., Jackson, J. L., & Chamberlin, J. (1997). Depressive and anxiety disorders in patients presenting with physical complaints: Clinical predictors and outcomes. American Journal of Medicine, 103, 339–347.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kroenke, K., Shen, J., Oxman, T. E., Williams, J. W., & Dietrich, A. J. (2008). Impact of pain on the outcomes of depression treatment: Results from the RESPECT trial. Pain, 134, 209–215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (1994). Physical symptoms in primary care: Predictors of psychiatric disorders and functional impairment. Archives of Family Medicine, 3, 774–779.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, R., Tackett, J., & Markon, K. (2004). Structural models of comorbidity among common mental disorders: Connections to chronic pain. Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine, 25, 63–77.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, S. E., Guralnik, J. M., & Buchner, D. M. (2000). Factors that modify the association between knee pain and mobility limitation in older women: The Women’s Health and Aging Study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 59, 331–337.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lanes, T. C., Gauron, E. F., Spratt, K. F., Wernimont, T. J., Found, E. M., & Weinstein, J. N. (1995). Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic back pain treated in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program. Spine, 20, 801–806.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, E., Leibig, K., Kastner, S., Neundorfer, B., & Heuschmann, P. (2003). Interdisciplinary rehabilitation versus usual care for chronic low back pain in the community: Effects of quality of life. The Spine Journal, 3, 270–276.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lauver, S., & Johnson, J. (1997). The role of neuroticism and social support in older adults with chronic pain behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 165–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, E. H., Katon, W., & Von Korff, M. (1991). Frustrated patients: Physician and patient perspectives among distressed high users of medical services. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 6, 241–246.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, E. H., Katon, W., Von Korff, M., Tang, L., Willimas, J. W., & Kroenke, K. (2003). Effect of improving depressoin care on pain and functioal outcomes among older adults with arthritis. JAMA, 290, 2428–2434.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linton, S. J., Overmeer, T., Janson, M., Vlaeyen, J. W., & de Jong, J. R. (2002). Graded in vivo exposure treatment for fear-avoidant pain patients with functional disability: A case study. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 31, 49–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loeser, J. D., & Melzack, R. (1999). Pain: An overview. The Lancet, 3535, 1607–1609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lohnberg, J. A. (2007). A review of outcomes studies on cognitive-behavioral therapy for reducing fear-avoidance beliefs among individuals with chronic pain. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 14, 113–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, C. E., Vlahos, A. L., & Ledgerwood, A. M. (2007). Kindness kills: The negative impact of pain as the fifth vital sign. Journal of the American College of Surgery, 205, 101–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mannion, A. F., Elfering, A., Staerkle, R., Junge, A., Grob, D., Dvorak, J., et al. (2007). Predictors of multidimensional outcome after spinal surgery. European Spine Journal, 16, 777–786.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marquie, L., Raufaste, E., Lauque, D., Marine, C., Ecoiffier, M., & Sorum, P. (2003). Pain ratings by patients and physicians: Evidence of a systematic pain miscalibration. Pain, 102, 289–296.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayou, R., Kirmayer, L. J., Simon, G., Kroenke, K., & Sharpe, M. (2005). Somatoform disorders: Time for a new approach in DSM-V. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 847–855.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCracken, L. M., Faber, S. D., & Janeck, A. S. (1998). Pain-related anxiety predicts non-specific physical complaints in persons with chronic pain. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 621–630.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCreary, C., Turner, J., & Dawson, E. (1977). Differences between functional versus organic low back pain patients. Pain, 4, 73–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCreary, C., Turner, J., & Sawson, E. (1979). The MMPI as a predictor of response to conservative treatment for low back pain. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 3, 278–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeil, D. W., & Rainwater, A. J. (1998). Development of the Fear of Pain Questionnaire-III. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 389–410.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melzack, R., & Wall, P. D. (1965). Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Science, 150, 971–979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Middleton, N., Gunnell, D., Whitley, E., Darling, D., & Fankel, S. (2001). Secular trends in antidepressant prescribing in the IK, 1975-1998. Journal of Public Health Medicine, 23, 262–267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millon, T., Davis, R., Millon, C., & Grossman, S. (2009). The Millon Clinical Mulitaxial Inventory-III (3rd ed.). Minneapolis: National Computer Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miro, J., Huguet, A., & Nieto, R. (2007). Predictive factors of chronic pediatric pain and disability: A delphi poll. The Journal of Pain, 8, 774–792.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monsen, K., & Monsen, J. T. (2000). Chronic pain and psychodynamic body therapy: A controlled outcome study. Psychotherapy, 37, 257–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morley, S., Eccleston, C., & Williams, A. (1999). Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behavioral therapy and behavior therapy for chronic pain in adults, excluding headache. Pain, 80, 1–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moulin, D. E., Clark, A. J., Speechley, M., & Morley-Foster, P. K. (2002). Chronic pain in Canada: Prevalence, treatment, impact and the role of opioid analgesia. Pain Research and Management, 7, 179–184.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mularski, R. A., White-Chu, F., Overbay, D., Miller, L., Asch, S. M., & Ganzini, L. (2006). Measuring pain as the 5th vital sign does not improve quality of pain management. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, 607–612.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murskey, H., & Bogduk, N. (1994). Classification of chronic pain (p. 210). Seattle: International Association for the Study of Pain Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naessens, J. M., Baird, M. A., Van Hourten, H. K., Vanness, D. J., & Campbell, C. R. (2005). Predicting persistently high primary care use. Annals of Family Medicine, 3, 324–330.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., & Lombardo, E. R. (2001). Cognitive-behavior therapy for medically unexplained symptoms: A critical review of the treatment literature. Behavior Therapy, 32, 537–583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niles, B. L., Mori, D. L., Lambert, J. F., & Wolf, E. J. (2005). Depression in primary care: Comorbid disorders and related problems. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 12, 71–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, E. M., Staud, R. M., Hassinger, A. D., McCulloch, R. C., Craggs, J. G., Atchison, J. W., et al. (2010). Patient-centered perspective on treatment outcomes in chronic pain. Pain Medicine, 11, 6–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donohue, W., & Cucciare, M. A. (2005). The role of psychological factors in medical presentations. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 12, 13–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ojifuji, A., Turk, D. C., & Kalauokalani, D. (1999). Clinical outcomes and economic evaluation of the multidisciplinary pain centers. In A. Block, E. Kremer, & E. Fernandez (Eds.), Handbook of pain syndromes (pp. 77–99). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osman, A., Barrios, F. X., Gutierrez, P. M., Kopper, B., Merrifield, T., & Grittmann, L. (2000). The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Further psychometric evaluation with adult samples. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 23, 351–365.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ostelo, R.W., van Tulder, M.W., Vlayen, J.W., Linton, S.J., Morley, S.J., & Assendelft, W.J. (2005). Behavioural treatment for chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systemic Review, 1, CD002014. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002014.pub2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Painter, J. R., Seres, J. L., & Newman, R. I. (1980). Assessing the benefits of the pain center: Why some patients regress. Pain, 8, 101–113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palermo, T. M., Eccleston, C., Lewandowski, A. S., Williams, A., & Morley, S. (2010). Randomized controlled trials of psychological therapies for management of chronic pain in children and adolescents: An updated meta-analytic review. Pain, 148, 387–397.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paquet, C., Kergoal, M. J., & Dube, L. (2005). The role of everyday emotion regulation on pain in hospitalized elderly: Insights from a prospective within-day assessment. Pain, 115, 355–363.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Stable, E. J., Miranda, J., Munoz, R. F., & Ying, Y. (1990). Depression in medical outpatients: Underrecognition and misdiagnosis. Archives of Internal Medicine, 150, 1083–1088.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peter, E., & Watt-Watson, J. (2008). Improving pain management eduction. In S. Rachiq, D. Schlopflocher, P. Taenzer, & E. Jonsson (Eds.), Chronic pain: A health policy perspective. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, M. (2009). Optimism as a resiliency for chronic pain. European Journal of Pain, 13, S7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, M. L., & Vancleef, L. M. G. (2008). The role of personality traits in pain perception and disability. Review in Analgesia, 10, 11–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilowsky, I., & Barrow, C. (1990). A controlled study of psychotherapy and Amitriptyline used individually and in combination in the treatment of chronic intractable “psychogenic” pain. Pain, 40, 3–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pincus, T., Burton, K., Vogel, S., & Field, A. P. (2002). A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/disability in prospective cohorts of low back pain. Spine, 27, E109–E120.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, J., & Thompson, D. (1987). DSM-III personality disorder clusters in three populations. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 471–475.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, M. C., Engles-Horton, L. L., Weber, M. B., Kerns, R. D., Rogers, E. L., & O’Connor, P. G. (2002). Use of opioid medications for chronic noncancer pain syndromes in primary care. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 17, 173–179.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, M. E., Brown, J. L., George, S. Z., Edwards, P. S., Atchison, J. W., Hirsh, A. T., Waxenberg, L. B., Wittmer, V., & Fillingham, R. B. (2005). Multidimensional success criteria and expectations for treatment of chronic pain: The patient perspective. Pain Med, 6, 336–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roelofs, J., Goubert, L., Peters, M. L., Vlaeyen, J. W., & Crombez, G. (2004). The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia: Further examination of psychometric properties in patients with chronic low back pain and fibromyalgia. European Journal of Pain, 8, 495–502.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Romano, J. M., & Turner, J. A. (1985). Chronic pain and depression: Does the evidence support a relationship? Psychological Bulletin, 97, 18–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenstiel, A. K., & Keefe, F. J. (1983). The use of coping strategies in chronic low back pain: Relationship to patient characteristics and current adjustment. Pain, 17, 33–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samwel, H. J., Kraaimaat, F. W., Crul, B. J., & Evers, A. W. (2007). The role of fear avoidance and helplessness in explaining functional disability in chronic pain: A prospective study. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 14, 237–241.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sansone, R. A., Sansone, L. A., & Wiederman, M. W. (1996). Borderline personality disorder and health care utilization in a primary care setting. Southern Medical Journal, 89, 1367–1372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sengstaken, E. A., & King, S. A. (1994). Primary care physicians and pain: Education during residency. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 10, 303–308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Severeijns, R., Vlaeyen, J. W., & van den Hout, M. (2004). Do we need a communal coping model of pain catastrophizing? An alternative explanation. Pain, 111, 226–229.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, A. (1992). The burden of psychiatric disorders in primary care. International Review of Psychiatry, 4, 243–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmonds, M. J., & Scudds, R. J. (2001). Pain, disability, and physical therapy in older adults: Issues of patients and pain, practitioners and practice. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, 16, 12–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, G. E. (1992). Psychiatric disorder and functional somatic symptoms as predictors of health care use. Psychiatric Medicine, 10, 49–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, G. E., & Von Korff, M. (1991). Somatization and psychiatric disorder in the NIMH epidemiological catchment area study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1494–1500.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, G. E., Von Korff, M., Piccinelli, M., Fullerton, C., & Ormel, J. (1999). An international study of the relationship between somatic symptoms and depression. The New England Journal of Medicine, 341, 1329–1335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, R. J., Kazmierczak, T., Power, K. G., & Sharp, D. M. (1994). Controlled comparison of the characteristics of patients with panic disorder. British Journal of General Practice, 44, 352–356.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. R., Monson, R. A., & Ray, D. C. (1986). Patients with multiple unexplained symptoms: Their characteristics, functional health, and health care utilization. Archives of Internal Medicine, 146, 69–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smeets, R. J., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Kester, A. D., & Knottnerus, J. A. (2006). Reduction of pain catastrophizing mediates the outcome of both physical and cognitive-behavioral treatment in chronic low back pain. J Pain, 7, 261–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soni, A. (2010). Back problems: Use and expenditures for the U.S. adult population, 2007. Statistical brief #289, July 2010. Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, from http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/data_files/publications/st289/stat289.shtml

  • Spinhoven, P., ter Kuile, M., Kole-Snijders, A. M., Mansfield, M. H., den Ouden, D. J., & Vlaeyen, J. W. (2004). Catastrophizing and internal pain control as mediators of outcome in the multidisciplinary treatment of low back pain. European Journal of Pain, 8, 211–219.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stafford, R. S., MacDonald, E. A., & Finkelstein, S. N. (2001). National patterns of medication treatment for depression, 1987-2001. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 3, 232–235.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, M. B., Kirk, P., Prabhu, V., Grott, M., & Terepa, M. (1995). Mixed anxiety-depression in a primary care clinic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 34, 79–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, J., Murphy, M., & Bass, C. (1993). Attitudes of British psychiatrists to the diagnosis of somatization disorder: A questionnaire survey. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 463–466.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sternbach, R. A. (1974). Pain patients: Traits and treatment. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stover, B. D., Turner, J. A., Franklin, G., Gluck, J. V., Fulton-Kehoe, D., Sheppard, L., et al. (2006). Factors associated with early opioid prescription among workers with low back injuries. The Journal of Pain, 7, 718–725.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, M. J., Tripp, D. A., & Santor, D. (2000). Gender differences in pain and pain behavior: The role of catastrophizing. Cog Res Ther, 21, 555–568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, M. J., Adams, H., Rhodenizer, T., & Stanish, W. D. (2006). A psychosocial risk factor-targeted intervention for the prevention of chronic pain and disability following whiplash injury. Physical Therapy, 86, 8–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, M. D., Edlund, M. J., Steffick, D., & Unutzer, J. (2005). Regular use of prescribed opioids: Association with common psychiatric disorders. Pain, 119, 95–103.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, M. J., Feuerstein, M., Gatchel, R. J., Linton, S. J., & Pransky, G. (2005). Integrating psychosocial and behavioral interventions to achieve optimal rehabilitation outcomes. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 15, 475–489.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, M. J., Reesor, K., Mikail, S., & Fisher, R. (1992). The treatment of depression in chronic low back pain: Review and recommendations. Pain, 50, 5–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, M. J., Thorn, B. E., Haythornthwaite, J. A., Keefe, F., Martin, M., Bradley, L. A., et al. (2001). Theoretical perspectives on the relation between catastrophizing and pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 17, 52–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swinkels-Meewisse, E. J., Swinkels, R. A., Verbeek, A. L., Vlaeyen, J. W., & Oostendorp, R. A. (2003). Psychometric properties of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia and the fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire in acute low back pain. Manual Therapy, 8, 29–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taenzer, P., Melzack, R., & Jeans, M. E. (1986). Influence of psychological factors on postoperative pain, mood and analgesic requirements. Pain, 24, 331–342.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, G., Jensen, M. P., Robinson-Whelen, S., Thornby, J. I., & Monga, T. N. (2001). Coping with chronic pain: A comparison of two measures. Pain, 90, 127–133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torrence, N., Smith, B. H., Bennett, M. I., & Lee, A. J. (2006). The epidemiology of chronic pain of predominately neuropathic origin. Results from a general population study. Journal of Pain, 7, 281–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorn, B. E., Boothy, J. L., & Sullivan, M. J. (2002). Targeted treatment of catastrophizing for the management of pain. Cog Beh Prac, 9, 127–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorn, B. E., Pence, L. B., Ward, L. C., Kilgo, G., Clements, K. L., Cross, T. H., Davis, A. M., & Tsui, P. W. (2007). A randomized clinical trial of targeted cognitive behavioral treatment to reduce catastrophizing in chronic headache sufferers. J Pain, 8, 938–949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turk, D. C., & Flor, H. (1999). Chronic pain: A biobehavioral perspective. In R. J. Gatchel & D. C. Turk (Eds.), Psychosocial factors in pain: Critical perspectives (pp. 18–34). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turk, D. C., Loeser, J. D., & Monarch, E. S. (2002). Chronic pian: Purposes and costs of interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation programs. Trends in Evidence Based Neuropsychiatry, 4, 64–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turk, D. C., & Okifuji, A. (1997). What factors affect physicians’ decisions to prescribe opioids for chronic non-cancer pain patients? The Clinical Journal of Pain, 13, 330–336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turk, D. C., & Okifuji, A. (1998). Treatment of chronic pain patients: Clinical outcomes, cost-effectiveness and cost-benefits of multidisciplinary pain centers. Critical Reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 10, 181–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turk, D. C., & Okifuji, A. (2002). Psychological factors in chronic pain: Evolution and revolution. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 678–690.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turk, D. C., Swanson, K. S., & Tunks, E. R. (2008). Psychological approaches in the treatment of chronic pain patients – When pills, scalpels and needles are not enough. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 213–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. A., Dworkin, S. F., Mancl, L., Huggins, K. H., & Truelove, E. L. (2001). The role of beliefs, catastrophizing, and coping in the functioning of patients with temporomandibular disorders. Pain, 92, 41–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. A., & Jensen, M. P. (1993). Efficacy of cognitive therapy for chronic low back pain. Pain, 52, 169–177.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Upshur, C. C., Luckmann, R. S., & Savageau, J. A. (2006). Primary care provider concerns about management of chronic pain in community clinic populations. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, 652–655.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dorsten, B. (2006). Psychological considerations in preparing patients for implantation procedures. Pain Medicine, 7, S47–S57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dorsten, B., Dingmann, C., Brewer, A., Bridgewater, J., Davies, H.R., & Benchekroun, S. (2005). A re-assessment of pain education in primary care residency in the United States. 11th World Congress on Pain, International Association for the Study of Pain, Sydney, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dorsten, B., & Lindley, E. M. (2010). Improving outcomes via behavioral assessment of spine surgery candidates (pp. 15–20). Jan/Feb: SpineLine.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Tulder, M. W., Koes, B., & Malmivaara, A. (2005). Outcome of non-invasive treatment modalities on back pain: An evidence-based review. European Spine Journal, 10, 1017–1045.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vlaeyen, J. W. S., de Jong, J., Geilen, M., Heuts, P. H., & Van Breukelen, G. (2001a). Graded exposure in vivo in the treatment of pain related fear: A replicated single-case experimental design in four patients with chronic low back pain. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 151–166.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vlaeyen, J. W. S., de Jong, J., Geilen, M., Heuts, P. H., & Van Breukelen, G. (2001b). The treatment of fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain: Further evidence on the effectiveness of exposure in vivo. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 18, 251–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vlaeyen, J. W., Kole-Snijders, A. M., Boeren, R. G., & van Eck, H. (1995). Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance. Pain, 62, 363–373.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vlaeyen, J. W., & Linton, S. J. (2000). Fear avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: A state of the art. Pain, 85, 317–332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Von Korff, M., Ormel, J., Katon, W., & Lin, E. H. (1992). Disability and depression among hugh utilizers of health care: A longitudinal analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 91–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Korff, M., Shapiro, S., & Burke, J. D. (1987). Anxiety and depression in a primary care clinic: Comparison of Diagnostic Interview Schedule, General Health Questionnaire and practitioner assessments. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 152–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Korff, M., & Simon, G. (1996). The relationship between pain and depression. The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement, 30, 101–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Roenn, J. H., Cleeland, C. S., Gonin, R., Hatfield, A. K., & Pandya, K. J. (1993). Physician attitudes and practice in cancer pain management: A survey from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Annals of Internal Medicine, 119, 121–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vossen, H., Van Os, J., Hermens, H., & Lousberg, R. (2006). Evidence that trait-anxiety and trait-depression differentially moderate cortical processing of pain. Clinical Journal of Pain, 22, 725–729.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waddell, G., Newton, M., Henderson, I., Somerville, D., & Main, C. J. (1993). A Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) and the role of fear avoidance beliefs in chronic pain and disability. Pain, 52, 157–168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wade, J. B., Price, D. D., Hamer, R. M., Schwartz, S. M., & Hart, R. P. (1990). An emotional component analysis of chronic pain. Pain, 40, 303–310.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, B. F. (2000). The prevalence of low back pain: A systematic review of the literature from 1966-1998. Journal of Spinal Disorders, 13, 205–217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, C., Ogloff, J., & Morrissey, S. (2006). The psychology of injured workers: Health and cost of vocational rehabilitation. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 16, 513–528.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, S. M., Laux, L. F., Thornby, J. L., Lorimor, R. J., Hill, C. S., Thorpe, D. M., et al. (2000). Physician’s attitudes toward pain and the use of opioid analgesics: Results of a survey from the Texas Cancer Pain Initiative. Southern Medical Journal, 93, 479–487.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisberg, J. (2000). Personality and personality disorders in chronic pain. Current Review of Pain, 4(1), 60–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisberg, J., & Keefe, F. (1997). Personality disorders in the chronic pain population: basic concepts, empirical findings, and clinical implications. The Journal of Pain, 6, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, K. B., Golding, J. M., & Burnam, M. A. (1989). Affective, substance use, and anxiety disorders in persons with arthritis, diabetes, heart disease, high bold pressure, or chronic lung conditions. General Hospital Psychiatry, 11, 320–327.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widiger, T. A., Trull, T. J., Hurt, S. W., Clarkin, J., & Frances, A. (1987). A multidimensional scaling of the DSM-III personality disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 557–563.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. A. (1999). Acute pain (with emphasis on painful medical procedures). In R. J. Gatchel & D. C. Turk (Eds.), Psychosocial factors in pain: Critical perspectives (pp. 151–163). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiltse, L. L., & Rocchio, P. D. (1975). Preoperative psychological tests as predictors of success of chemonucleolysis in the treatment of the low back syndrome. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 57, 478–483.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wise, T. N., & Birket-Smith, M. (2002). The somatoform disorders for DSM-V: The need for changes in process and content. Psychosomatics, 43, 437–440.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolfolk, R. L., & Allen, L. A. (2007). Treating somatization: A cognitive-behavioral approach. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, F-493, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 1635 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA

    B. Van Dorsten PhD

  2. Department of Orthopedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

    James N. Weisberg PhD

Authors
  1. B. Van Dorsten PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. James N. Weisberg PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to B. Van Dorsten PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Medical School, Div. Preventive & Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts, N. Lake Ave. 55, Worcester, 01655, Massachusetts, USA

    Sherry Pagoto

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Van Dorsten, B., Weisberg, J.N. (2011). Psychological Co-morbidities in Patients with Pain. In: Pagoto, S. (eds) Psychological Co-morbidities of Physical Illness. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0029-6_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0029-6_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-0030-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-0029-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation