Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Angiogenesis in the Metabolic Syndrome pp 101–121Cite as

Role of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in the Metabolic Syndrome

  • Chapter

Abstract

The discovery of postnatal vasculogenesis and of the important roles played by Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) was a landmark in vascular biology that forever has changed the concept of neovascularization. In Metabolic Syndrome (MS) most of EPCs biological functions seem to be impaired and associated with deficient vascular repair, with the maintenance of endothelial dysfunction conditions and the progression of atherosclerosis. The therapeutic control of MS-associated cardiovascular risk factors may restore some of EPCs abrogated functional activities preventing cardiovascular disease development.

This review summarizes current data concerning EPCs biological features in MS and provides a therapeutic outline on the beneficial effects of restoring endogenous vasculogenesis mechanisms in the MS clinical setting.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Reference

  • Ahima RS, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2000a; 11: 327–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahima RS, Flier JS. Leptin. Annu Rev Physiol. 2000b; 62: 413–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aicher A, Heeschen C, Mildner-Rihm C, Urbich C, Ihling C, Technau-Ihling K, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Essential role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase for mobilization of stem and progenitor cells. Nat Med. 2003; 9: 1370–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aicher A, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Mobilizing endothelial progenitor cells. Hypertension. 2005; 45: 321–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anagnostoulis S, Karayiannakis AJ, Lambropoulou M, Efthimiadou A, Polychronidis A, Simopoulos C. Human leptin induces angiogenesis in vivo. Cytokine. 2008; 42: 353–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, Takahashi M, Maeda K, Miyagawa J, Hotta K, Shimomura I, Nakamura T, Miyaoka K, Kuriyama H, Nishida M, Yamashita S, Okubo K, Matsubara K, Muraguchi M, Ohmoto Y, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999; 257: 79–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aronson D. Hyperglycemia and the pathobiology of diabetic complications. Adv Cardiol. 2008; 45: 1–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asahara T, Murohara T, Sullivan A, Silver M, van der Zee R, Li T, Witzenbichler B, Schatteman G, Isner JM. Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science. 1997; 275: 964–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asahara T, Takahashi T, Masuda H, Kalka C, Chen D, Iwaguro H, Inai Y, Silver M, Isner JM. VEGF contributes to postnatal neovascularization by mobilizing bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells. EMBO J. 1999a; 18: 3964–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asahara T, Masuda H, Takahashi T, Kalka C, Pastore C, Silver M, Kearne M, Magner M, Isner JM. Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization. Circ Res. 1999b; 85: 221–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balestrieri ML, Rienzo M, Felice F, Rossiello R, Grimaldi V, Milone L, Casamassimi A, Servillo L, Farzati B, Giovane A, Napoli C. High glucose downregulates endothelial progenitor cell number via SIRT1. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008a; 1784: 936–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balestrieri ML, Fiorito C, Crimi E, Felice F, Schiano C, Milone L, Casamassimi A, Giovane A, Grimaldi V, del Giudice V, Minucci PB, Mancini FP, Servillo L, D’Armiento FP, Farzati B, Napoli C. Effect of red wine antioxidants and minor polyphenolic constituents on endothelial progenitor cells after physical training in mice. Int J Cardiol. 2008b; 126: 295–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balestrieri ML, Schiano C, Felice F, Casamassimi A, Balestrieri A, Milone L, Servillo L, Napoli C. Effect of low doses of red wine and pure resveratrol on circulating endothelial progenitor cells. J Biochem. 2008c; 143: 179–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boak L, Chin-Dusting JP. Hypercholesterolemia and endothelium dysfunction: role of dietary supplementation as vascular protective agents. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2004; 2: 45–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callaghan MJ, Ceradini DJ, Gurtner GC. Hyperglycemia-induced reactive oxygen species and impaired endothelial progenitor cell function. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2005; 7:1476–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen JZ, Zhang FR, Tao QM, Wang XX, Zhu JH, Zhu JH. Number and activity of endothelial progenitor cells from peripheral blood in patients with hypercholesterolaemia. Clin Sci. 2004; 107: 273–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen YH, Lin SJ, Lin FY, Wu TC, Tsao CR, Huang PH, Liu PL, Chen YL, Chen JW. High glucose impairs early and late endothelial progenitor cells by modifying nitric oxide-related but not oxidative stress-mediated mechanisms. Diabetes. 2007; 56: 1559–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costa C, Incio J, Soares R. Angiogenesis and chronic inflammation: cause or consequence? Angiogenesis. 2007; 10: 149–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costa C, Vendeira P. Penis and endothelium – Extra genital aspects of erectile dysfunction. Rev Int Androl. 2007; 5: 50–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creager MA, Luscher TF, Cosentino F, Beckman JA. Diabetes and vascular disease: pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and medical therapy, part I. Circulation. 2003; 108: 1527–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cubbon RM, Rajwani A, Wheatcroft SB. The impact of insulin resistance on endothelial function, progenitor cells and repair. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2007; 4: 103–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dallabrida SM, Zurakowski D, Shih SC, Smith LE, Folkman J, Moulton KS, Rupnick MA. Adipose tissue growth and regression are regulated by angiopoietin-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003; 311: 563–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dandona P, Aljada A, Chaudhuri A, Bandyopadhyay A. The potential influence of inflammation and insulin resistance on the pathogenesis and treatment of atherosclerosis-related complications in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003; 88: 2422–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dandona P, Aljada A, Bandyopadhyay A. Inflammation: the link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes. Trends Immunol. 2004; 25: 4–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Palma M, Venneri MA, Galli R, Sergi L, Politi LS, Sampaolesi M, Naldini L. Tie2 identifies a hematopoietic lineage of proangiogenic monocytes required for tumor vessel formation and a mesenchymal population of pericyte progenitors. Cancer Cell. 2005; 8: 211–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delva P, Degan M, Vallerio P, Arosio E, Minuz P, Amen G, Di Chio M, Lechi A. Endothelial progenitor cells in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 2007; 25: 127–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DePrimo SE, Bello C. Surrogate biomarkers in evaluating response to anti-angiogenic agents: focus on sunitinib. Ann Oncol. 2007; 18 Suppl 10: x11–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deschaseaux F, Selmani Z, Falcoz PE, Mersin N, Meneveau N, Penfornis A, Kleinclauss C, Chocron S, Etievent JP, Tiberghien P, Kantelip JP, Davani S. Two types of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients receiving long term therapy by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007; 562: 111–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fadini GP, de Kreutzenberg SV, Coracina A, Baesso I, Agostini C, Tiengo A, Avogaro A. Circulating CD34$+$ cells, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2006a; 27: 2247–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fadini GP, Sartore S, Albiero M, Baesso I, Murphy E, Menegolo M, Grego F, Vigili de Kreutzenberg S, Tiengo A, Agostini C, Avogaro A. Number and function of endothelial progenitor cells as a marker of severity for diabetic vasculopathy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006b; 26: 2140–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fadini GP, Agostini C, Sartore S, Avogaro A. Endothelial progenitor cells in the natural history of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2007; 194:46–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fiorito C, Rienzo M, Crimi E, Rossiello R, Luisa Balestrieri M, Casamassimi A, Muto F, Grimaldi V, Giovane A, Farzati B, Mancini FP, Napoli C. Antioxidants increase number of progenitor endothelial cells through multiple gene expression pathways. Free Radic Res. 2008; 42: 754–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman J. What is the role of endothelial cells in angiogenesis? Lab Invest. 1984; 51: 601–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francois M, Kojda G. Effect of hypercholesterolemia and of oxidative stress on the nitric oxide-cGMP pathway. Neurochem Int. 2004; 45: 955–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frühbeck G. Overview of adipose tissue and its role in obesity and metabolic disorders. Methods Mol Biol. 2008; 456: 1–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher KA, Liu ZJ, Xiao M, Chen H, Goldstein LJ, Buerk DG, Nedeau A, Thom SR, Velazquez OC. Diabetic impairments in NO-mediated endothelial progenitor cell mobilization and homing are reversed by hyperoxia and SDF-1 alpha. J Clin Invest. 2007; 117:1249–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galle J, Bengen J, Schollmeyer P, Wanner C. Impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation in rabbit renal arteries by oxidized lipoprotein (a): Role of oxygen-derived radicals. Circulation. 1995; 92: 1582–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gensch C, Clever YP, Werner C, Hanhoun M, Böhm M, Laufs U. The PPAR-gamma agonist pioglitazone increases neoangiogenesis and prevents apoptosis of endothelial progenitor cells. Atherosclerosis. 2007; 192: 67–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gill M, Dias S, Hattori K, Rivera ML, Hicklin D, Witte L, Girardi L, Yurt R, Himel H, Rafii S. Vascular trauma induces rapid but transient mobilization of VEGFR2$(+)$AC133$(+)$ endothelial precursor cells. Circ Res. 2001; 88: 167–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griendling KK, FitzGerald GA. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular injury. Part II. Animal and human studies. Circulation. 2003; 108: 2034–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grunewald M, Avraham I, Dor Y, Bachar-Lustig E, Itin A, Jung S, Chimenti S, Landsman L, Abramovitch R, Keshet E. VEGF-induced adult neovascularization: recruitment, retention, and role of accessory cells. Cell. 2006; 124:175–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulati R, Jevremovic D, Peterson TE, Chatterjee S, Shah V, Vile RG, Simari RD. Diverse origin and function of cells with endothelial phenotype obtained from adult human blood. Circ Res. 2003; 93: 1023–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hausman GJ, Richardson RL. Adipose tissue angiogenesis. J Anim Sci. 2004; 82: 925–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heissig B, Hattori K, Dias S, Friedrich M, Ferris B, Hackett NR, Crystal RG, Besmer P, Lyden D, Moore MA, Werb Z, Rafii S. Recruitment of stem and progenitor cells from the bone marrow niche requires MMP-9 mediated release of kit-ligand. Cell. 2002; 109: 625–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higashi Y, Sasaki S, Nakagawa K, et al. Endothelial function and oxidative stress in renovascular hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 1954–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill JM, Zalos G, Halcox JP, Schenke WH, Waclawiw MA, Quyyumi AA, Finkel T. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, vascular function, and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 593–00.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho JW, Pang RW, Lau C, Sun CK, Yu WC, Fan ST, Poon RT. Significance of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2006; 44: 836–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holvoet P, Lee DH, Steffes M, Gross M, Jacobs DR Jr. Association between circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein and incidence of the metabolic syndrome. JAMA. 2008; 299:2287–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Houstis N, Rosen ED, Lander ES. Reactive oxygen species have a causal role in multiple forms of insulin resistance. Nature. 2006; 440: 944–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hristov M, Erl W, Weber PC. Endothelial progenitor cells: isolation and characterization. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2003; 13: 201–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hur J, Yoon CH, Kim HS, Choi JH, Kang HJ, Hwang KK, Oh BH, Lee MM, Park YB. Characterization of two types of endothelial progenitor cells and their different contributions to neovasculogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004; 24: 288–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imanishi T, Hano T, Matsuo Y, Nishio I. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-induced endothelial progenitor cell differentiation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2003; 30: 665–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imanishi T, Hano T, Sawamura T, Nishio I. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein induces endothelial progenitor cell senescence, leading to cellular dysfunction. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2004; 31: 407–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imanishi T, Moriwaki C, Hano T, Nishio I. Endothelial progenitor cell senescence is accelerated in both experimental hypertensive rats and patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 2005; 23: 1831–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingram DA, Lien IZ, Mead LE, Estes M, Prater DN, Derr-Yellin E, DiMeglio LA, Haneline LS. In vitro hyperglycemia or a diabetic intrauterine environment reduces neonatal endothelial colony-forming cell numbers and function. Diabetes. 2008; 57: 724–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishikawa M, Asahara T. Endothelial progenitor cell culture for vascular regeneration. Stem Cells Dev. 2004; 13: 344–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jandeleit-Dahm K, Cooper ME. The role of AGEs in cardiovascular disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2008; 14: 979–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jizhong C, Ruwen C, Chu-Huang C, Jie D. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein stimulates p53-dependent activation of proapoptotic bax leading to apoptosis of differentiated endothelial progenitor cells. Endocrinology. 2007; 148: 2085–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan RN, Riba RD, Zacharoulis S, Bramley AH, Vincent L, Costa C, MacDonald DD, Jin DK, Shido K, Kerns SA, Zhu Z, Hicklin D, Wu Y, Port JL, Altorki N, Port ER, Ruggero D, Shmelkov SV, Jensen KK, Rafii S, Lyden D. VEGFR1-positive haematopoietic bone marrow progenitors initiate the pre-metastatic niche. Nature. 2005; 438: 820–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JA, Montagnani M, Koh KK, Quon MJ. Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Circulation. 2006; 113: 1888–04.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krönkel N, Adams V, Linke A, Gielen S, Erbs S, Lenk K, Schuler G, Hambrecht R. Hyperglycemia reduces survival and impairs function of circulating blood-derived progenitor cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005; 25: 698–03.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kugiyama K, Kerns SA, Morrisett JD, Roberts R, Henry PD. Impairment of endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation by lysolecithin in modified low-density lipoproteins. Nature. 1990; 344: 160–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuki S, Imanishi T, Kobayashi K, Matsuo Y, Obana M, Akasaka T. Hyperglycemia accelerated endothelial progenitor cell senescence via the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Circ J. 2006; 70: 1076–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumada M, Kihara S, Sumitsuji S, Kawamoto T, Matsumoto S, Ouchi N, Arita Y, Okamoto Y, Shimomura I, Hiraoka H, Nakamura T, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y; Osaka CAD Study Group. Coronary artery disease. Association of hypoadiponectinemia with coronary artery disease in men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003; 23: 85–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kusuyama T, Omura T, Nishiya D, Enomoto S, Matsumoto R, Murata T, Takeuchi K, Yoshikawa J, Yoshiyama M. The effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor on vascular progenitor cells. J Pharmacol Sci. 2006; 101: 344–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuzkaya N, Weissmann N, Harrison DG, Dikalov S. Interactions of peroxynitrite, tetrahydrobiopterin, ascorbic acid, and thiols: implications for uncoupling endothelial nitric-oxide synthase. J Biol Chem. 2003; 278: 22546–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Xu B. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor regulates endothelial progenitor function through the phosphatidylinositol 3’-Kinase/AKT signal transduction pathway. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2008 Jun 18. [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

  • Llevadot J, Murasawa S, Kureishi Y, Uchida S, Masuda H, Kawamoto A, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor mobilizes bone marrow – derived endothelial progenitor cells. J Clin Invest. 2001; 108: 399–05.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyden D, Hattori K, Dias S, Costa C, Blaikie P, Butros L, Chadburn A, Heissig B, Marks W, Witte L, Wu Y, Hicklin D, Zhu Z, Hackett NR, Crystal RG, Moore MA, Hajjar KA, Manova K, Benezra R, Rafii S. Impaired recruitment of bone-marrow-derived endothelial and hematopoietic precursor cells blocks tumor angiogenesis and growth. Nat Med. 2001; 7: 1194–01.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma FX, Zhou B, Chen Z, Ren Q, Lu SH, Sawamura T, Han ZC. Oxidized low density lipoprotein impairs endothelial progenitor cells by regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Lipid Res. 2006; 47: 1227–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahadev K, Wu X, Donnelly S, Ouedraogo R, Eckhart AD, Goldstein BJ. Adiponectin inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-induced migration of human coronary artery endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res. 2008; 78: 376–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto T, Mifune Y, Kawamoto A, Kuroda R, Shoji T, Iwasaki H, Suzuki T, Oyamada A, Horii M, Yokoyama A, Nishimura H, Lee SY, Miwa M, Doita M, Kurosaka M, Asahara T. Fracture induced mobilization and incorporation of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells for bone healing. J Cell Physiol. 2008; 215: 234–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michowitz Y, Goldstein E, Wexler D, Sheps D, Keren G, George J. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and clinical outcome in patients with congestive heart failure. Heart. 2007; 93: 1046–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Min TQ, Zhu CJ, Xiang WX, Hui ZJ, Peng SY. Improvement in endothelial progenitor cells from peripheral blood by ramipril therapy in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2004; 18: 203–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naik RP, Jin D, Chuang E, Gold EG, Tousimis EA, Moore AL, Christos PJ, de Dalmas T, Donovan D, Rafii S, Vahdat LT. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells correlate to stage in patients with invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008; 107: 133–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakagami H, Kaneda Y, Ogihara T, Morishita R. Endothelial dysfunction in hyperglycemia as a trigger of atherosclerosis. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2005; 1: 59–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nonaka-Sarukawa M, Yamamoto K, Aoki H, Nishimura Y, Tomizawa H, Ichida M, Eizawa T, Muroi K, Ikeda U, Shimada K. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells in congestive heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2007; 119: 344–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel SB, Reams GP, Spear RM, Freeman RH, Villarreal D. Leptin: linking obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2008; 10: 131–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peichev M, Naiyer AJ, Pereira D, et al. Expression of VEGFR-2 and AC133 by circulating human CD34(+) cells identifies a population of functional endothelial precursors. Blood. 2000; 95: 952–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perticone F, Ceravolo R, Pujia A, Ventura G, Iacopino S, Scozzafava A, et al. Prognostic significance of endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive patients. Circulation. 2001; 104:191–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters BA, Diaz LA, Polyak K, Meszler L, Romans K, Guinan EC, Antin JH, Myerson D, Hamilton SR, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, Lengauer C. Contribution of bone marrow-derived endothelial cells to human tumor vasculature. Nat Med. 2005; 11: 261–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pircher A, Köhler CM, Skvortsov S, Dlaska M, Kawaguchi G, Schmid T, Gunsilius E, Hilbe W. Increased numbers of endothelial progenitor cells in peripheral blood and tumor specimens in non-small cell lung cancer: a methodological challenge and an ongoing debate on the clinical relevance. Oncol Rep. 2008; 19: 345–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pirro M, Schillaci G, Menecali C, Bagaglia F, Paltriccia R, Vaudo G, Mannarino MR, Mannarino E. Reduced number of circulating endothelial progenitors and HOXA9 expression in CD34+ cells of hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2007; 25: 2093–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pistrosch F, Herbrig K, Oelschlaegel U, Richter S, Passauer J, Fischer S, Gross P. PPARgamma-agonist rosiglitazone increases number and migratory activity of cultured endothelial progenitor cells. Atherosclerosis. 2005; 183: 163–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rafii S. Circulating endothelial precursors: mystery, reality, and promise. J Clin Invest. 2000; 105: 17–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ribatti D, Conconi MT, Nussdorfer GG. Nonclassic endogenous novel regulators of angiogenesis. Pharmacol Rev. 2007; 59: 185–05.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Risau W, Flamme I. Vasculogenesis. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 1995; 11: 73–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Risau W. Mechanisms of angiogenesis. Nature. 1997; 386: 671–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satoh M, Ishikawa Y, Takahashi Y, Itoh T, Minami Y, Nakamura M. Association between oxidative DNA damage and telomere shortening in circulating endothelial progenitor cells obtained from metabolic syndrome patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 2008; 198:347–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schiffrin EL. A critical review of the role of endothelial factors in the pathogenesis of hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2001; 38: S3–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt-Lucke C, Rossig L, Fichtlscherer S, Vasa M, Britten M, Kamper U, Dimmeler S, Zeiher AM. Reduced number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells predicts future cardiovascular events: proof of concept for the clinical importance of endogenous vascular repair. Circulation. 2005; 111: 2981–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoonjans K, Auwerx J. Thiazolidinediones: an update. Lancet. 2000; 355: 1008–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sepùlveda P, Martinez-León J, García-Verdugo JM. Neoangiogenesis with endothelial precursors for the treatment of ischemia. Transplant Proc. 2007; 39: 2089–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shantsila E, Watson T, Lip GY. Endothelial progenitor cells in cardiovascular disorders. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 49: 741–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi Q, Rafii S, Wu MH, Wijelath ES, Yu C, Ishida A, Fujita Y, Kothari S, Mohle R, Sauvage LR, Moore MA, Storb RF, Hammond WP. Evidence for circulating bone marrow-derived endothelial cells. Blood. 1998; 92: 362–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shibata R, Skurk C, Ouchi N, Galasso G, Kondo K, Ohashi T, Shimano M, Kihara S, Murohara T, Walsh K. Adiponectin promotes endothelial progenitor cell number and function. FEBS Lett. 2008; 582: 1607–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shintani S, Murohara T, Ikeda H, Ueno T, Honma T, Katoh A, Sasaki K, Shimada T, Oike Y, Imaizumi T. Mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2001; 103: 2776–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shmelkov SV, Butler JM, Hooper AT, Hormigo A, Kushner J, Milde T, St Clair R, Baljevic M, White I, Jin DK, Chadburn A, Murphy AJ, Valenzuela DM, Gale NW, Thurston G, Yancopoulos GD, D’Angelica M, Kemeny N, Lyden D, Rafii S. CD133 expression is not restricted to stem cells, and both CD133+ and CD133- metastatic colon cancer cells initiate tumors. J Clin Invest. 2008; 118: 2111–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silha JV, Krsek M, Sucharda P, Murphy LJ. Angiogenic factors are elevated in overweight and obese individuals. Int J Obes. 2005; 29: 1308–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smythe J, Fox A, Fisher N, Frith E, Harris AL, Watt SM. Measuring angiogenic cytokines, circulating endothelial cells, and endothelial progenitor cells in peripheral blood and cord blood: VEGF and CXCL12 correlate with the number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in peripheral blood. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2008; 14: 59–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soares R, Costa C. Angiogenesis and inflammatory diseases: current concepts and therapeutic perspectives. In: Maragoudakis ME; Papadimitriou E (ed.) Angiogenesis. Basic science and clinical applications, 1st edn. Transworld Research Network. 2007; 511–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorrentino SA, Bahlmann FH, Besler C, Müller M, Schulz S, Kirchhoff N, Doerries C, Horváth T, Limbourg A, Limbourg F, Fliser D, Haller H, Drexler H, Landmesser U. Oxidant stress impairs in vivo reendothelialization capacity of endothelial progenitor cells from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: restoration by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist rosiglitazone. Circulation. 2007; 116: 163–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spieker LE, Noll G, Ruschitzka FT, Maier W, Luscher TF. Working under pressure: the vascular endothelium in arterial hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2000; 14: 617–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki T, Hirata K, Elkind MS, Jin Z, Rundek T, Miyake Y, Boden-Albala B, Di Tullio MR, Sacco R, Homma S. Metabolic syndrome, endothelial dysfunction, and risk of cardiovascular events: the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS). Am Heart J. 2008; 156: 405–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi T, Kalka C, Masuda H, Chen D, Silver M, Kearney M, Magner M, Isner JM, Asahara T. Ischemia- and cytokine-induced mobilization of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells for neovascularization. Nat Med. 1999; 5: 434–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tepper OM, Galiano RD, Capla JM, Kalka C, Gagne PJ, Jacobowitz GR, Levine JP, Gurtner GC. Human endothelial progenitor cells from type II diabetics exhibit impaired proliferation, adhesion, and incorporation into vascular structures. Circulation. 2002; 106: 2781–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Touyz RM, Schiffrin EL. Reactive oxygen species in vascular biology: implications in hypertension. Histochem Cell Biol. 2004; 122: 339–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vasa M, Fichtlscherer S, Aicher A, Adler K, Urbich C, Martin H, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Number and migratory activity of circulating endothelial progenitor cells inversely correlate with risk factors for coronary artery disease. Circ Res. 2001; 89: E1–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walter DH, Rittig K, Bahlmann FH, Kirchmair R, Silver M, Murayama T, et al. Statin therapy accelerates reendothelialization: a novel effect involving mobilization and incorporation of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells. Circulation. 2002; 105: 3017–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang CH, Ciliberti N, Li SH, Szmitko PE, Weisel RD, Fedak PW, Al-Omran M, Cherng WJ, Li RK, Stanford WL, Verma S. Rosiglitazone facilitates angiogenic progenitor cell differentiation toward endothelial lineage: a new paradigm in glitazone pleiotropy. Circulation. 2004a; 109: 1392–00.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang CH, Ting MK, Verma S, Kuo LT, Yang NI, Hsieh IC, Wang SY, Hung A, Cherng WJ. Pioglitazone increases the numbers and improves the functional capacity of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am Heart J. 2006; 152: 1051.e1–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Chen J, Tao Q, Zhu J, Shang Y. Effects of ox-LDL on number and activity of circulating endothelial progenitor cells. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2004b; 27: 243–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson T, Goon PK, Lip GY. Endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress in hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2008; 10: 1079–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Werner C, Kamani CH, Gensch C, Böhm M, Laufs U. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist pioglitazone increases number and function of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with coronary artery disease and normal glucose tolerance. Diabetes. 2007; 56: 2609–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Werner N, Kosiol S, Schiegl T, et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and cardiovascular outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353: 999–07.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Werner N, Nickenig G. Influence of cardiovascular risk factors on endothelial progenitor cells: limitations for therapy? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006; 26: 257–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead JP, Richards AA, Hickman IJ, Macdonald GA, Prins JB. Adiponectin- a key adipokine in the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2006; 8: 264–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolk R, Deb A, Caplice NM, Somers VK. Leptin receptor and functional effects of leptin in human endothelial progenitor cells. Atherosclerosis. 2005; 183: 131–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanai H, Tomono Y, Ito K, Furutani N, Yoshida H, Tada N. The underlying mechanisms for development of hypertension in the metabolic syndrome. Nutr J. 2008; 7: 10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yao EH, Yu Y, Fukuda N. Oxidative stress on progenitor and stem cells in cardiovascular diseases. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2006; 7: 101–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yao EH, Fukuda N, Matsumoto T, Kobayashi N, Katakawa M, Yamamoto C, Tsunemi A, Suzuki R, Ueno T, Matsumoto K. Losartan improves the impaired function of endothelial progenitor cells in hypertension via an antioxidant effect. Hypertens Res. 2007; 30:1119–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoder MC, Mead LE, Prater D, Krier TR, Mroueh KN, Li F, Krasich R, Temm CJ, Prchal JT, Ingram DA. Redefining endothelial progenitor cells via clonal analysis and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell principals. Blood. 2007; 109: 1801–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoon CH, Hur J, Park KW, Kim JH, Lee CS, Oh IY, Kim TY, Cho HJ, Kang HJ, Chae IH, Yang HK, Oh BH, Park YB, Kim HS. Synergistic neovascularization by mixed transplantation of early endothelial progenitor cells and late outgrowth endothelial cells: the role of angiogenic cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. Circulation. 2005; 112: 1618–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • You T, Nicklas BJ, Ding J, Penninx BW, Goodpaster BH, Bauer DC, Tylavsky FA, Harris TB, Kritchevsky SB. The metabolic syndrome is associated with circulating adipokines in older adults across a wide range of adiposity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008a; 63: 414–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • You D, Cochain C, Loinard C, Vilar J, Mees B, Duriez M, Lévy BI, Silvestre JS. Hypertension impairs postnatal vasculogenesis: role of antihypertensive agents. Hypertension. 2008b; 51: 1537–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Shaw J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature. 2001; 414: b782–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry (U38/FCT) and Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal

    Carla Costa

Authors
  1. Carla Costa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry (U38/CFT) Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Al. Prof. Hernani Monteiro, 4200-319 Postage, Portugal

    Raquel Soares (Dr) (Dr)

  2. Department of Biochemistry (U38/CFT) Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Al. Prof. Hernani Monteiro, 4200-319 Postage, Portugal

    Carla Costa (Dr) (Dr)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Costa, C. (2009). Role of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in the Metabolic Syndrome. In: Soares, R., Costa, C. (eds) Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Angiogenesis in the Metabolic Syndrome. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9701-0_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation