Abstract
Species of the genus Trichoderma are ubiquitous soil-borne fungi that exhibit antagonism towards a number of economically important plant-pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. This review discusses recent developments in the use of monoclonal antibodies to detect these fungi in their natural soil environments and to quantify their population dynamics during antagonistic interactions with saprotrophic competitors in soil-based systems. Immunological approaches to detection and quantification are examined in relation to conventional plate enrichment techniques and to nucleic acid-based procedures. An example of recent research using a mAb-based assay to quantify the effects of saprotrophic competition on the growth of Trichoderma isolates in mixed species, soil-based, microcosms is presented. Future technological developments in immunoassays for tracking Trichoderma populations in soil are discussed and results presented showing the accurate detection and visualization of a plant growth-promoting isolate of T. hamatum in the rhizosphere of lettuce using mAb-based immunodiagnostic assays.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abbasi, P. A., Miller, S. A., Meulia, T., Hoitink, H. A. J., & Kim, J.-M. (1999). Precise detection and tracing of Trichoderma hamatum 382 in compost-amended potting mixes by using molecular markers. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 5421–5426.
Ahmad, J. S., & Baker, R. (1988). Rhizosphere competence of benomyl tolerant mutants of Trichoderma species. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 34, 694–696.
Bae, Y. S., & Knudsen, G. R. (2000). Co-transformation of Trichoderma harzianum with beta-glucuronidase and green fluorescent protein genes provides a useful tool for monitoring fungal growth and activity in natural soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66, 810–815.
Bok, J. W., Chung, D., Balajee, S. A., Marr, K. A., Andes, D., & Nielsen, K. F., et al. (2006). GliZ, a transcriptional regulator of Gliotxin biosynthesis, contributes to Aspergillus fumigatus virulence. Infection and Immunity, 74, 6761–6768.
Breuil, C., Luck, B. T., Rossignol, L., Little, J., Echeverri, C. J., & Banerjee, S., et al. (1992). Monoclonal antibodies to Gliocladium roseum, a potential biocontrol fungus of sap-staining fungi in wood. Journal of General Microbiology, 138, 2311–2319.
Cramer, R. A., Gamcsik, M. P., Brooking, R. M., Najvar, L. K., Kirkpatrick, W. R., & Patterson, T. F., et al. (2006). Disruption of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase in Aspergillus fumigatus eliminates gliotoxin production. Eukaryotic Cell, 5, 972–980.
Dewey, F. M., & Thornton, C. R. (1995). Detection of plant invading fungi by monoclonal antibodies. In J. H. Skerrit, & R. Appels (Eds.) New diagnostics in crop sciences (pp. 151–171). Oxford, UK: CABI.
Dewey, F. M., Thornton, C. R., & Gilligan, C. A. (1997). Use of monoclonal antibodies to detect, quantify and visualize fungi in soil. Advances in Botanical Research Incorporating Advances in Plant Pathology, 24, 275–308.
Eiland, F. (1985). Determination of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenylate charge (AEC) in soil and use of adenosine nucleotides, as measures of soil microbial biomass and activity. Report no. S1777, Statens Planteavls Specialserie, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Elad, Y., Chet, I., & Henis, Y. (1981). A selective medium for improving quantitative isolation of Trichoderma spp. from soil. Phytoparasitica, 9, 59–67.
Escott, G. M., Hearn, V. M., & Adams, D. J. (1998). Inducible chitinolytic system of Aspergillus fumigatus. Microbiology, 144, 1575–1581.
Green, H., & Jensen, D. F. (1995). A tool for monitoring Trichoderma harzianum. 2. The use of a GUS transformant for ecological studies in the rhizosphere. Phytopathology, 85, 1436–1440.
Harman, G. E., Howell, C. R., Viterbo, A., Chet, I., & Lorito, M. (2004). Trichoderma species—Opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2, 43–56.
Harman, G. E., & Kubicek, C. P. (Eds.) (1998). Trichoderma and Gliocladium: Enzymes, biological control and commercial applications. London: Taylor and Francis.
Hermosa, M. R., Grondona, I., Diaz-Minguez, J. M., Iturriaga, E. A., & Monte, E. (2001). Development of a strain-specific SCAR marker for the detection of Trichoderma atroviride 11, a biological control agent against soil-borne fungal plant pathogens. Current Genetics, 38, 343–350.
Lees, A. K., Cullen, D. W., Sullivan, L., & Nicolson, M. J. (2002). Development of conventional and quantitative real-time PCR assays for the detection and quantification of Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 in potato and soil. Plant Pathology, 51, 293–302.
Lumsden, R. D., Carter, J. P., Whipps, J. M., & Lynch, J. M. (1990). Comparison of biomass and viable propagule measurements in the antagonism of Trichoderma harzianum against Pythium ultimum. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 22, 187–194.
Migheli, Q., Gozalez-Candelas, L., Dealessi, L., Camponogara, A., & Ramon-Vidal, D. (1998). Transformants of Trichoderma longibrachiatum overexpressing the beta-1,4-endoglucanase gene egl1 show enhanced biocontrol of Pythium ultimum on cucumber. Phytopathology, 88, 673–677.
Pe’er, S., Barak, Z., Yarden, O., & Chet, I. (1991). Stability of Trichoderma harzianum amdS transformants in soil and rhizosphere. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 23, 1043–1046.
Seaby, D. A. (1987). Infection of mushroom compost by Trichoderma species. Mushroom Journal, 179, 355–361.
Sreenivasaprasad, S., & Manibhushanrao, K. (1990). Biocontrol potential of fungal antagonists Gliocladium virens and Trichoderma longibrachiatum. Journal of Plant Disease and Protection, 97, 570–579.
Sreenivasaprasad, S., & Manibhushanrao, K. (1993). Efficacy of Gliocladium virens and Trichoderma longibrachiatum as biological control agents of groundnut root and stem rot diseases. International Journal of Pest Management, 39, 167–171.
Thornton, C. R. (2004). An immunological approach to quantifying the saprotrophic growth dynamics of Trichoderma species during antagonistic interactions with Rhizoctonia solani in a soil-less mix. Environmental Microbiology, 6, 323–334.
Thornton, C. R., & Dewey, F. M. (1996). Detection of phialoconidia of Trichoderma harzianum in peat-bran by monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mycological Research, 100, 217–222.
Thornton, C. R., Dewey, F. M., & Gilligan, C. A. (1993). Development of monoclonal antibody-based immunological assays for the detection of live propagules of Rhizoctonia solani in soil. Plant Pathology, 42, 763–773.
Thornton, C. R., Dewey, F. M., & Gilligan, C. A. (1994). Development of a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of live propagules of Trichoderma harzianum in a peat-bran medium. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 26, 909–920.
Thornton, C. R., & Gilligan, C. A. (1999). Quantification of the effect of the hyperparasite Trichoderma harzianum on the saprotrophic growth dynamics of Rhizoctonia solani in compost using a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA. Mycological Research, 103, 443–448.
Thornton, C. R., Groenhof, A. C., Forrest, R., & Lamotte, R. (2004). A one-step, Immunochromatographic lateral flow device specific to Rhizoctonia solani and certain related species, and its use to detect and quantify R. solani in soil. Phytopathology, 94, 280–288.
Thornton, C. R., Pitt, D., Wakley, G. E., & Talbot, N. J. (2002). Production of a monoclonal antibody specific to the genus Trichoderma and closely related fungi, and its use to detect Trichoderma spp. in naturally infested composts. Microbiology, 148, 1263–1279.
Thornton, C. R., & Talbot, N. J. (2006). Immunofluorescence microscopy and immunogold EM for investigating fungal infections of plants. Nature Protocols, 1, 2506–2511.
Thrane, C., Lubeck, M., Green, H., Degefu, Y., Allerup, S., & Thrane, U., et al. (1995). A tool for monitoring Trichoderma harzianum. 1. Transformation with the GUS gene by protoplast technology. Phytopathology, 85, 1428–1435.
Walsh, T. J., & Groll, A. H. (1999). Emerging fungal pathogens: evolving challenges to immunocompromised patients for the twenty-first century. Transplant Infectious Disease, 1, 247–261.
Whipps, J. M. (1997). Developments in the biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens. Advances in Botanical Research, 26, 1–34.
Whipps, J. M. (2001). Microbial interactions and biocontrol in the rhizosphere. Journal of Experimental Botany, 52, 487–511.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 KNPV
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Thornton, C.R. (2007). Tracking fungi in soil with monoclonal antibodies. In: Collinge, D.B., Munk, L., Cooke, B.M. (eds) Sustainable disease management in a European context. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8780-6_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8780-6_14
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-8779-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-8780-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)