Diagnosis of cancer is often viewed by the general population as a life changing event that will inevitably lead to an early death after treatment with unpleasant and noxious side effects. Whilst there have been improvements in treatment and prolonged survival in many types of cancers in recent years, cancer has remained common. It has been estimated that one in three people develop some form of cancer at some point during their life and one in four will die as a result of it (Seddon and Workman, 2003). The overall number of patients will inevitably rise as the overall world population not only increases in number but becomes more aged. This is borne out by the fact that in the year 2000 ~10 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed worldwide, and this number is expected to rise to 15 million by the year 2020 (Stewart and Kleihuer, 2003). Table 2.1 gives the estimated figures for the number of patients who will develop the major cancers and Table 2.2 the estimated number of patients who will die of various cancers in the United States during 2006 (NCI, Common Cancer types, 2006; American Cancer Society, 2006). The best chance of long term survival is early detection of disease when a curative procedure can be undertaken, usually by complete surgical excision, though curative chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy are effective in some situations such as early stage Hodgkin's lymphoma and seminoma of the testis.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Agress, H., and Cooper, B.Z. 2004. Detection of clinically unexpected malignant and prema-lignant tumors with whole body FDG PET: histopathologic comparison.Radiology 230: 417–422
Al-Okaili, R.N., Krejza, J., Wang, S., Woo, J.H., and Melhem, E.R. 2006. Advanced MR imaging techniques in the diagnosis of intra-axial brain tumors in adults.Radiographics 26: S173– S189
American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts and Figures. 2006. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2006. Accessed online at: www.cancer. org/downloads/stt/CAFF06EsCsMcLd.pdf. Last accessed 29 Oct 2006
Antoch, G., Stattaus, J., Nemat, T., Marnitz, S., Beyer, T., Kuehl, H., Bockisch, A., Debatin, J.F., and Freudenberg, L.S. 2003. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: dual-modality PET/CT in preop-erative staging.Radiology 229: 526–533
Beets-Tan, R.G.H., and Beets, G.L. 2004. Rectal cancer: review with emphasis on MR imaging.Radiology 232: 335–346
Bipat, S., van Leeuwen, M.S., Comans, E.F.I., Pijl, M.E.J., Bossuyt, P.M.M., Zwinderman, A.H., and Stoker, J. 2005. Colorectal liver metastases: CT, MR imaging and PET for diagnosis — meta-analysis.Radiology 237: 123–131
Chae, E.J., Kim, J.K., Kim, S.H., Bae, S.J., and Cho, K.S. 2005. Renal cell carcinoma: analysis of postoperative recurrence patterns.Radiology 234: 189–196
Coakley, F.V., Choi, P.H., Gougoutas, C.A., Pothuri, B., Venkatramen, E., Chi, D., Bergman, A., and Hricak, H. 2002. Peritoneal metastases: Detection with spiral CT in patients with ovarian cancer. Radiology 223: 495–499
Coakley, F.V., The, H.J., Qayyum, A., Swanson, M.G., Lu, Y., Roach, M., Pickett, B., Shinohara, K., Vigeron, D.B., and Kurhanewicz, J. 2004. Endorectal MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging for locally recurrent prostate cancer after external beam radiation therapy: Preliminary experience.Radiology 233: 441–448
Deserno, W.M.L.L.G., Harisinghani, M.G., Taupitz, M., Jager, G.J., Witjes, J.A., Mulder, P.F., Hulsberger, van de Kaa, C.A., Kaufmann, D., and Barentsz, J.O. 2004. Urinary bladder cancer: preoperative nodal staging with ferumoxtran-10-enhanced MR imaging.Radiology 233: 449–456
Fukai, M.B., Blodgett, T.M., Snyderman, C.H., Johnson, J.J., Myers, E.N., Townsend, D.W., and Meltzer, C.C., 2005. Combined PET-CT in the head and neck.Radiographics 25: 913–930
Gayed, I., Vu, T., Johnson, M., Macapinlac, H., and Podoloff, D. 2003. Comparison of bone and 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography in the evaluation of bony metastases in lung cancer.Mol. Imaging Biol. 5: 26–31
Grigsby, P.W., Siegel, B.A., Dehdashti, F., Rader, J., and Zoberi, I. 2004. Posttherapy [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in carcinoma of the cervix: response and outcome.J. Clin. Oncol. 22: 2167–2171
Hellwig, D., Groschel, A., Graeter, T.P., Hellwig, A., and Nestle, U. 2006. Diagnostic performance and prognostic impact of FDG-PET in suspected recurrence of surgically treated non-small cell lung cancer.Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 33: 13–21
Helvie, M.A., Bailey, J.E., Roubidoux, M.A., Pass, H.A., Chang, A.E., Pierce, L.J., and Wilkins, E.G. 2002. Mammographic screening of TRAM flap breast reconstruction for detection of nonpalpable recurrent cancer.Radiology 224: 211–216
Hicks, R.J., Kalff, V., MacManus, M.P., Ware, R.E., McKenzie, A.F., Matthews, J.P., and Ball, D.L. 2001.The utility of [18] F-FDG PET for suspected recurrent non-small cell lung cancer after potentially curative therapy: impact on management and prognostic stratification.J. Nucl. Med. 42: 1605–1613
Jeong, Y.Y., Kang, H.K., Chung, T.W., Seo, J.J., and Park, J.G. 2003. Uterine cervical carcinoma after therapy: CT and MR Imaging after therapy.Radiographics 23: 969–981
Jing, J.J., Kim, H.H., Park, S.H., Song, S.W., Chung, M.H., Kim, H.S., Kim, K.J., Ahm, M.I., Seo, S.B., and Hahn, S.T. 2004. Thoracic manifestations of breast cancer and its therapy.Radiographics 24: 269–1285
Kang, D.E., White, R.L. Jr., Zuger, J.H., Sasser, H.C., and Teigland, C.M. 2004. Clinical use of fluorodeoxyglucose F 18 positron emission tomography for detection of renal cell carcinoma.J. Urol. 171: 1806–1809
Kazama, T., Faria, S.C., Varavithya, V., PhongkitKarun, S., Ito, H., and Macapinlac, H.A. 2005. FDG PET in the evaluation of treatment for lymphoma: clinical usefulness and pitfalls.Radiographics 25: 191–207
King, A.D., Tse, G.M.K., Ahuya, A.T., Yuen, E.H.Y., Vlantis, A.C., To, E.W.H., and van Hasselt, A.C. 2004. Necrosis in metastatic neck nodes: diagnostic accuracy of CT MR imaging and US.Radiology 230: 720–726
Kostakoglu, L., Agress, H., and Goldsmith, J. 2003. Clinical role of FDG PET in evaluation of cancer patients.Radiographics 23: 315–340
Kuhl, C.K., Mielcareck, P., Klaschik, S., Leutner, C., Wardelman, E., Gieseke, J., and Schild, H.H. 1999. Dynamic breast MR imaging: are signal intensity time course data useful for differential diagnosis of enhancing lesions?Radiology 211: 101–110
Lin, W.C., Hung, Y.C., Yeh, L.S., Kao, C.H., Yen, R.F., and Shen, Y.Y. 2003. Usefulness of [18]F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to detect para-aortic lymph nodal metastasis in advanced cervical cancer with negative computed tomography findings.Gynecol. Oncol. 89: 73–76
Low, R.N., Duggan, B., Barone, R.M., Saleh, F., and Song, S.Y.T. 2005. Treated ovarian cancer: MR imaging, laparotomy reassessment and serum CA-125 values compared with clinical outcome at 1 year.Radiology 235: 918–926
Lowe, V., Dunphy, F., Varvares, M., Kim, H., Wittry, M., Dunphy, C.H., Dunleavy, T., McDonough, E., Minster, J., Fletcher, J.W., and Boyd, J.H. 1997. Evaluation of chemotherapy response in patients with advanced head and neck cancer using [F-18] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography.Head Neck 19: 666–674
MacManus, M.P., Hicks, R.J., Matthews, J.P., Wirth, A., Rischin, D., and Ball, D.L. 2005. Metabolic (FDG-PET) response after radical radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer correlates with patterns of failure.Lung Cancer 49: 95–108
Nahas, Z., Goldenberg, D., Fakhry, C., Ewertz, M., Zeiger, M., Ladenson, P.W., Wahl, R., and Tufano, R.P. 2005. The role of positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the management of recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma.Laryngoscope 115: 237–243
National Cancer Institute: Common Cancer Types. 2006. Washington. Accessed online at: www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/commoncancers. Last accessed 29 Oct 2006
Pannu, H.K., Bristow, R.E., Montz, F.J., and Fishman, E.K. 2003. Multidetector CT of peritoneal carcinomatosis from ovarian cancer.Radiographics 23: 681–701
Pannu, H.K., Bristow, R.E., Cohade, C., Fishman, E.K., and Wahl, R.L. 2004. PET-CT in recurrent ovarian cancer: initial observations.Radiographics 24: 209–223
Provenzale, J.M., Mukundan, S., and Barboriak, D.P. 2006. Diffusion-weighted and perfusion MR imaging for brain tumor characterization and assessment of treatment response.Radiology 239: 632–649
Roberts, K.B., MacManus, M.P., and Hicks, R.J. 2005. PET imaging for suspected residual tumour or thoracic recurrence of non-small cell lung cancer after pneumonectomy.Lung Cancer 47: 49–57
Saga, T., Higashi, T., Ishimori, T., Mamede, M., Nakamoto, Y., Mukai, T., Fujita, T., Togashi, K., Yura, S., Higuchi, T., Kita, M., Fujii, S., and Konishi, J. 2003. Clinical value of FDG-PET in the follow up of post-operative patients with endome-trial cancer.Ann. Nucl. Med. 17: 197–203
Schaefer, N.G., Hany, T.F., Taverne, C., Seifert, B., Stumpe, K.D.M., von Schulthess, G.K., and Goerres, G.W. 2004. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Hodgkin Disease: Coregistered FDG-PET and CT at stagging and Ristaging: Do we need contrast-enhanced CT?Radiology 232: 823–829
Schmid, D.T., John, H., Zweiful, R., Cservenyak, T., Westera, G., Goerres, G.W., von Schulthess, G.K., and Hany, T.F. 2005. Fluorocholine PET/ CT in patients with prostate cancer: initial experience.Radiology 235: 623–628
Schoder, H., Yeung, H.W.D., Gonen, M., Kraus, D., and Larson, S.M. 2004. Head and neck cancer: clinical usefulness and accuracy of PET/CT image fusion.Radiology 231: 65–72
Seddon, B.M., and Workman, P. 2003. The role of functional and molecular imaging in cancer drug discovery and development.Brit. J. Radiol. 76: S128–38
Sironi, S., Messa, C., Mangili, G., Zangheri, B., Aletti, G., Garavaglia, E., Vigano, R., Picchio, M., Taccagni, G., Del Maschio, A., and Fazio, F. 2004. Integrated FDG PET-CT in patients with persistent ovarian cancer: correlation with histologic findings.Radiology 233: 433–440
Spaepen, K., Stroobants, S., Dupont, P., van Steenweghen, S., Thomas, J., Vandenberghe, P., Vanuytsel, L., Bormans, G., Balzarini, J., deWolf-Peeters, C., Mortelmans, L., and Verhoef, G. 2001. Prognostic value of positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglu-cose ([18F]FDG) after first-line chemotherapy in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: is [18F]FDG-PET a valid alternative to conventional diagnostic methods?J. Clin. Oncol. 19: 414–419
Stewart, B.W., and Kleihuer, P. 2003.World Cancer Report. World Health Organisation.International Agency for Research on Cancer
Subhas, N., Patel, P.V., Pannu, H.K., Jacene, H.A., Fishman, E.K., and Wahl, R.L. 2005. Imaging of pelvic malignancies with in-line FDG PET-CT: case examples and common pitfalls of FDG PET.Radiographics 25: 1031–1043
van Laarhoven, H.W.M., de Guis-Oei, L-F., Wiering, B., Lok, J., Rijpkema, M., Kaanders, J.H.A.M., Krabbe, P.F.M., Ruers, T., Punt, C.J.A., van der Kogel, A.J., Oyen, W.J.G., and Heerschap, A. 2005. Gadopentate dimeglumine and FDG uptake in liver metastases of colorectal carcinoma determined with MR imaging and PET.Radiology 237: 181–188
van Overhagen, H., Brakel, K., Heijenbok, M.W., van Kasteran, J.H.L.M., van de Moosdijk, C.N.F., Roldaan, A.C., van Gils, A.P., and Hansen, B.E. 2004. Metastases in supraclavicular lymph nodes in lung cancer: assessment with palpation US and CT.Radiology 232: 75–80
von Schulthess, G.K., Steinert, H.C., and Hany, T.I. 2006. Integrated PET/CT: current applications and future directions.Radiology 238: 405–422
Westerterp, M., von Westreenen, H.L., Reitsma, J.B., Hoekstra, O.S., Stoker, J., Fockens, P., Jager, P.L., Van Eck-Smit, B.L.F., Plukker, J.T.M., van Lanschott, J.J.B., and Sloof, G.W. 2005. Esophageal cancer: CT, endoscopic US, and FDG PET for assessment of response to neoad-juvant therapy-systematic review.Radiology 236: 841–851
Wong, R.J., Lin, D.T., Schoder, H., Patel, S.G., Gronen, M., Wolden, S., Pfister, D.G., Shah, J.P., Larson, S.M., and Kraus, D.H. 2002. Diagnostic and prognostic value of ([18]F) fluorodeoxyglu-cose positron emission tomography for recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.J. Clin. Oncol. 20: 4199–4208
Wong, T.Z., Jones, E.L., and Coleman, R.E. 2004. Positron emission tomography with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose for evaluating local and distant disease in patients with cervical cancer.Mol. Imaging Biol. 6: 55–62
Wong-You-Cheong, J.J., Woodward, P.J., Manning, M.A., and Sesterhenm, I.A. 2006. Neoplasms of the urinary bladder: radiologic pathologic correlation.Radiographics 26: 553–580
Yeh, L.S., Hung, Y.C., Shen, Y.Y., Kao, C.H., Lin, C.C., and Lee, C.C. 2002. Detecting para-aortic lymph nodal metastasis by positron emission tomography of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in advanced cervical cancer with negative magnetic resonance imaging findings.Oncol. Rep. 9: 1289–1292
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gwyther, S.J. (2008). Detection of Recurrent Cancer by Radiological Imaging. In: Hayat, M.A. (eds) General Methods and Overviews, Lung Carcinoma and Prostate Carcinoma. Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8442-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8442-3_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-8441-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-8442-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)