When we turn our own attention to applying the insights from environmental ethics to issues of risk assessment and management, we need to acknowledge that risk presents a major segment of a larger and wider perspective on how humans transform the natural into a cultural environment with the aims of improving living conditions and serving human wants and needs (Turner et al. 1990). These transformations are performed with a purpose in mind (normally a benefit to those who initiate them). When implementing these changes, intended (or tolerated) and unintended consequences may occur that meet or violate other dimensions of what humans value. Therefore, we need first to determine whether categorical principles are violated. If that is the case, the activity that causes this risk should be avoided at any cost. Most often, however, we are dealing with compensatory, i.e. relative principles and standards. This means that we need to balance the benefits and opportunities with the costs and risks. Balancing pros and cons requires first that we gain the best available knowledge about the likely consequences of our interven- tions and second, that we apply moral principles to judge the relative good or bad associated with these consequences. The first task is performed in the process of risk assessment, the second one in the process of risk treatment. Assessing and treating risk are both components of risk management.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Amy DJ (1983) Environmental Mediation: An Alternative Approach to Policy Stalemates. Policy Sciences 5, 345-365.
Applegate J (1998) Beyond the Usual Suspects: The Use of Citizens Advisory Boards in Environmental Decisionmaking. Indiana Law Journal 73, 903.
Armour A (1995) The Citizen’s Jury Model of Public Participation. In: Renn O, Webler T, Wiedemann P (Eds.), Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation. Evaluating New Models for Environmental Discourse. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 175188.
Baram M (1984) The Right to Know and the Duty to Disclose Hazard Information. American Journal of Public Health 74(4), 385-390.
Barber B (1984) Strong Democracy. Participatory Politics for a New Age. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Beck U (1994) The Reinvention of Politics: Towards a Theory of Reflexive Modernization. In: Beck U, Giddens A, Lash S (Eds.), Reflexive Modernization. Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order. Stanford University Press, Stanford, pp. 1-55.
Beierle TC, Cayford J (2002) Democracy in Practice. Public Participation in Environmental Decisions. Resources for the Future, Washington.
Benz A, Eberlein B (1999) The Europeanization of Regional Policies: Patterns of Multi-Level Governance. Journal of European Public Policy 6(2), 329-348.
Boholm A (1998) Comparative Studies of Risk Perception: A Review of Twenty Years of Research. Journal of Risk Research 1(2), 135-163.
Bradbury JA (1989) The Policy Implications of Differing Concepts of Risk. Science, Technology, and Human Values 14(4), Fall, 380-399.
Brehmer B (1987) The Psychology of Risk. In: Singleton WT, Howden J (Eds.), Risk and Decisions. Wiley, New York, pp. 25-39.
Brown H, Goble R (1990) The Role of Scientists in Risk Assessment. Risk: Issues in Health and Safety VI, 283-311.
Bruijn JA, ten Heuvelhof EF (1999) Scientific Expertise in Complex Decision-Making Processes. Science and Public Policy 26(3), 151-161.
Bunting C, Renn O, Florin M-V, Cantor R (2007) Introduction to the IRGC Risk Governance Framework. The John Liner Review 21(2), 7-26.
Burns WJ, Slovic P, Kasperson RE, Kasperson JX, Renn O, Emani S (1993) Incorporating Structural Models into Research on the Social Amplification of Risk: Implications for Theory Construction and Decision Making. Risk Analysis 13(6), 611-623.
Chess C, Dietz T, Shannon M (1998) Who Should Deliberate When? Human Ecology Review 5 (1),60-68.
Clark W (2001) Research Systems for a Transition Toward Sustainability. GAIA 10(4), 264-266.
Codex Alimentarius Commission (2001) Procedural Manual, twelfth edition. UN Food and Agriculture Organisation, FAO, Rome. Online on Internet: http://www.fao.org/ documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/005/Y2200E/y2200e07.htm (accessed on 2005-08-11).
Coglianese C (1999) The Limits of Consensus. Environment 41(28), 28-33.
Cooke RM (1991) Experts in Uncertainty: Opinion and Subjective Probability in Science. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Covello VT (1983) The Perception of Technological Risks: A Literature Review. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 23, 285-297.
Cross FB (1998) Facts and Values in Risk Assessment. Reliability Engineering and Systems Safety 59, 27-45.
Dienel PC (1989) Contributing to Social Decision Methodology: Citizen Reports on Technological Projects. In: Vlek C, Cvetkovich G (Eds.), Social Decision Methodology for Technological Projects. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 133-151.
Douglas M (1990) Risk as a Forensic Resource. DEADALUS 119(4), Fall, 1-16.
Drottz-Sjöberg BM (1991) Perception of Risk. Studies of Risk Attitudes, Perceptions, and Definitions. Center for Risk Research, Stockholm.
Dryzek JS (1994) Discursive Democracy. Politics, Policy, and Political Science, second edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Durant J, Joss S (1995) Public Participation in Science. Science Museum, London.
Environment Agency (1998) Strategic Risk Assessment. Further Developments and Trials, R&D Report E70. Environment Agency, London.
EU (2000) European Commission/Health & and Consumer Protection Directorate General, Directorate C: Scientific Opinions: First Report on the Harmonisation of Risk Assessment Procedures. EU, Brussels.
EU (2001) European Commission: European Governance. A White Paper. EU, Brussels.
EU (2003) European Commission: Final Report on Setting the Scientific Frame for the Inclusion of New Quality of Life Concerns in the Risk Assessment Process. EU, Brussels.
Fiorino DJ (1990) Citizen Participation and Environmental Risk: A Survey of Institutional Mechanisms. Science, Technology & Human Values 15(2), 226-243.
Fischhoff B (1985) Managing Risk Perceptions. Issues in Science and Technology 2(1), 83-96.
Fischhoff B (1995) Risk Perception and Communication Unplugged: Twenty Years of Process. Risk Analysis 15(2), 137-145.
Fischhoff B, Slovic P, Lichtenstein S, Read S, Combs B (1978) How Safe Is Safe Enough? A Psychometric Study of Attitudes toward Technological Risks and Benefits. Policy Sciences 9, 127-152.
Functowicz SO, Ravetz JR (1992) Three Types of Risk Assessment and the Emergence of Post-Normal Science. In: Krimsky S, Golding D (Eds.), Social Theories of Risk. Praeger, Westport, pp. 251-273.
Goodwin P, Wright G (2004) Decision Analysis for Management Judgement. Wiley, London.
Gosh D, Ray MR (1997) Risk, Ambiguity and Decision Choice: Some Additional Evidence. Decision Sciences 28(1), Winter, 81-104.
Graham JD, Rhomberg L (1996) How Risks are Identified and Assessed. In: Kunreuther H, Slovic P (Eds.), Challenges in Risk Assessment and Risk Management. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp. 15-24.
Graham JD, Wiener JB (1995) Risk vs. Risk. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Greeno JL,
Wilson JS (1995) New Frontiers in Environmental, Health and Safety Management. In: Kolluru R, Bartell S, Pitblade R, Stricoff S (Eds.), Risk Assessment and Management Handbook. For Environmental, Health, and Safety Professionals. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 3.1-2.17.
Gregory RS (2004) Valuing Risk Management Choices. In: McDaniels T, Small MJ (Eds.), Risk Analysis and Society. An Interdisciplinary Characterization of the Field. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 213-250.
Gregory R, McDaniels T, Fields D (2001) Decision Aiding, Not Dispute Resolution: A New Perspective for Environmental Negotiation. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 20 (3),415-432.
Grossi P, Kunreuther H. (Eds.) (2005) Catastrophe Modeling: A New Approach to Managing Risk. Springer, New York.
Hajer M, Wagenaar H (2003) Deliberative Policy Analysis: Understanding Governance in the Network Society. Cambridge University Press, Boston.
Hammond J, Keeney R, Raiffa H (1999) Smart Choices: A Practical Guide to Making Better Decisions. Havard Business School Press, Cambridge.
Hampel J, Renn O (Eds.) (2000) Gentechnik in der Öffentlichkeit. Wahrnehmung und Bewertung einer umstrittenen Technologie, second edition. Campus, Frankfurt/Main.
Hance BJ, Chess C, Sandman PM (1988) Improving Dialogue with Communities: A Risk Communication Manual for Government, Environmental Communication Research Programme. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
Hattis D (2004) The Conception of Variability in Risk Analyses: Developments since 1980. In: McDaniels T, Small MJ (Eds.), Risk Analysis and Society. An Interdisciplinary Characterization of the Field. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 15-45.
Hattis D, Kennedy D (1990) Assessing Risks from Health Hazards: An Imperfect Science. In: Glickman TS, Gough M (Eds.), Readings in Risk. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, pp. 156-163.
Ho JLL, Keller R, Keltyka P (2002) Effects of Probabilistic and Outcome Ambiguity on Managerial Choices. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 24(1), 47-74.
Hohenemser C, Kates RW, Slovic P (1983) The Nature of Technological Hazard. Science 220,378-384.
HSE (2001) Reducing Risk - Protecting People. Health and Safety Executive, London.
Hsee C, Kunreuther H (2000) The Affection Effect in Insurance Decisions. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 20, 141-159.
IAEA (1995) Guidelines for Integrated Risk Assessment and Management in Large Industrial Areas. Technical Document: IAEA-TECDOC PGVI-CIJV. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
IEC (1993) Guidelines for Risk Analysis of Technological Systems. Report IEC-CD (Sec) 381 Issued by the Technical Committee QMS/23. European Community, Brussels.
IPCS and WHO (2004) Risk Assessment Terminology. World Health Organization, Geneva. IRGC (International Risk Governance Council) (2005) Risk Governance: Towards an Integrative Approach. IRGC, Geneva.
Jaeger C, Renn O, Rosa E, Webler T (2001) Risk, Uncertainty and Rational Action. Earthscan, London.
Jasanoff S (1986) Risk Management and Political Culture. Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
Jasanoff S (2004) Ordering Knowledge, Ordering Society. In: Jasanoff S. (Ed.), States of Knowledge: The Co-Production of Science and Social Order. Routledge, London, pp. 31-54.
Kahneman D, Tversky A (1979) Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica 47(2), 263-291.
Kasperson JX, Kasperson RE, Pidgeon NF, Slovic P (2003) The Social Amplification of Risk: Assessing Fifteen Years of Research and Theory. In: Pidgeon NF, Kasperson RK, Slovic P (Eds.), The Social Amplification of Risk. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 13-46.
Kasperson RE, Golding D, Kasperson JX (1999) Risk, Trust and Democratic Theory. In: Cvetkovich G, Löfstedt R (Eds.), Social Trust and the Management of Risk. Earthscan, London, pp. 22-41.
Kasperson RE, Jhaveri N, Kasperson JX (2001) Stigma and the Social Amplification of Risk: Toward a Framework of Analysis. In: Flynn J, Slovic P, Kunreuther H (Eds.), Risk Media and Stigma. Earthscan, London, pp. 9-27.
Kasperson RE, Renn O, Slovic P, Brown HS, Emel J, Goble R, Kasperson JX, Ratick S (1988) The Social Amplification of Risk. A Conceptual Framework. Risk Analysis 8(2), 177-187.
Keeney R (1992) Value-Focused Thinking. A Path to Creative Decision Making. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Keeney R, McDaniels T (2001) A Framework to Guide Thinking and Analysis Regarding Climate Change Policies. Risk Analysis 6, December, 989-1000.
Klinke A, Renn O (1999) Prometheus Unbound. Challenges of Risk Evaluation, Risk Classification, and Risk Management. Report No. 153 of the Center of Technology Assessment. Akademie für Technikfolgenabschätzung, Stuttgart.
Klinke A, Renn O (2002) A New Approach to Risk Evaluation and Management: Risk-Based, Precaution-Based and Discourse-Based Management. Risk Analysis 22(6), December, 1071-1094.
Kolluru RV (1995) Risk Assessment and Management: A Unified Approach. In: Kolluru R, Bartell S, Pitblade R, Stricoff S (Eds.), Risk Assessment and Management Handbook. For Environmental, Health, and Safety Professionals. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 1.3-1.41.
Kunreuther H, Heal G (2003) Interdependent Security. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Special Issue on Terrorist Risks, 26(2/3), March/May, 231-249.
Kunreuther H, Novemsky N, Kahneman D (2001) Making Low Probabilities Useful. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 23, 103-120.
Laudan L (1996) The Pseudo-Science of Science? The Demise of the Demarcation Problem. In: Laudan L. (Ed.), Beyond Positivism and Relativism. Theory, Method and Evidence. Westview Press, Boulder, pp. 166-192.
Lave L (1987) Health and Safety Risk Analyses: Information for Better Decisions. Science 236,291-295.
Leiss W (1996) Three Phases in Risk Communication Practice. In: Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Special Issue. Kunreuther H, Slovic P (Eds.), Challenges in Risk Assessment and Risk Management. Sage: Thousand Oaks, pp. 85-94.
Liberatore A, Funtowicz S (2003) Democratizing Expertise, Expertising Democracy: What Does This Mean, and Why Bother? Science and Public Policy 30(3), 146-150.
Löfstedt RE, Vogel D (2001) The Changing Character of Regulation. A Comparison of Europe and the United States. Risk Analysis 21(3), 393-402.
Loewenstein G, Weber E, Hsee C, Welch E (2001) Risk as Feelings. Psychological Bulletin 127,267-286.
Lundgren RE (1994) Risk Communication: A Handbook for Communicating Environmental, Safety, and Health Risks. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH.
Lyall C, Tait J (2004) Shifting Policy Debates and the Implications for Governance. In: Lyall C, Tait J (Eds.), New Modes of Governance. Developing an Integrated Policy Approach to Science, Technology, Risk and the Environment. Ashgate, Aldershot, pp. 3-17.
Mayo DG, Hollander RD (Eds.) (1991) Acceptable Evidence: Science and Values in Risk Management. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Morgan MG (1990) Choosing and Managing Technology-Induced Risk. In: Glickman TS, Gough M (Eds.), Readings in Risk. Resources for the Future, Washington, pp. 17-28.
Morgan MG, Fischhoff B, Bostrom A, Atman CJ (2002) Risk Communication: A Mental Models Approach. Cambridge University Press, Boston.
Morgan MG, Fischhoff B, Bostrom A, Lave L, Atman C (1992) Communicating Risk to the Public. Environmental Science and Technology 26(11), 2049-2056.
Morgan MG, Henrion M (1990) Uncertainty: A Guide to Dealing with Uncertainty in Quantitative Risk and Policy Analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
National Research Council (1982) Risk and Decision Making: Perspectives and Research. National Research Council, Committee on Risk and Decision Making. National Academy Press, Washington.
National Research Council (1983) Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. National Research Council, Committee on the Institutional Means for Assessment of Risks to Public Health. National Academy of Sciences. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Nye JS, Donahue J (Eds.) (2000) Governance in a Globalising World. Brookings Institution, Washington.
OECD (2002) Guidance Document on Risk Communication for Chemical Risk Management. OECD, Paris.
OECD (2003) Emerging Systemic Risks. Final Report to the OECD Futures Project. OECD, Paris.
OECD (2004) Large-Scale Disasters - Lessons Learned. OECD, Paris.
Olin S, Farland W, Park C, Rhomberg L, Scheuplein R, Starr T, Wilson J (1995) Low Dose Extrapolation of Cancer Risks: Issues and Perspectives. ILSI Press, Washington, DC.
Perritt HH (1986) Negotiated Rulemaking in Practice. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 5, Spring, 482-495.
Petts J (1997) The Public-Expert Interface in Local Waste Management Decisions: Expertise, Credibility, and Process. Public Understanding of Science 6(4), 359-381.
Pidgeon NF (1998) Risk Assessment, Risk Values and the Social Science Programme: Why We Do Need Risk Perception Research. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 59, 5-15.
Pidgeon NF, Hood CC, Jones DKC, Turner BA, Gibson R (1992) Risk Perception. In: Royal Society Study Group (Eds.), Risk Analysis, Perception and Management. The Royal Society, London, pp. 89-134.
Plough A, Krimsky S (1987) The Emergence of Risk Communication Studies: Social and Political Context. Science, Technology, and Human Values 12, 78-85.
Pollard SJT, Duarte-Davidson R, Yearsley R, Twigger-Ross C, Fisher J, Willows R, Irwin J (2000) A Strategic Approach to the Consideration of Environmental Harm. The Environment Agency, Bristol.
Ravetz J (1999) What Is Post-Normal Science. Futures 31(7), 647-653.
Renn O (1997) Three Decades of Risk Research: Accomplishments and New Challenges. Journal of Risk Research 1(1), 49-71.
Renn O (2004a) Perception of Risks. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance 29(1), 102114.
Renn O (2004b) The Challenge of Integrating Deliberation and Expertise: Participation and Discourse in Risk Management. In: MacDaniels TL, Small MJ (Eds.), Risk Analysis and Society: An Interdisciplinary Characterization of the Field. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 289-366.
Renn O, Walker, K (Eds.) (2008) Global Risk Governance. Concept and Practice Using the IRGC Framework. International Risk Governance Council Bookseries 1. Springer, Dordrecht.
Renn O, Schweizer P-J, Dreyer M, Klinke A (2007) Risiko. Eine interdisziplinäre und integrative Sichtweise des gesellschaftlichen Umgangs mit Risiko. ÖKOM, Munich.
Rhodes RAW (1999) The New Governance: Governing without Government. Political Studies 44(4), 652-667.
Rhodes RAW (1997) Understanding Governance: Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability. Open University Press, Buckingham.
Rohrmann B, Renn O (2000) Risk Perception Research - An Introduction. In: Renn O, Rohrmann B (Eds.), Cross-Cultural Risk Perception. A Survey of Empirical Studies. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 11-54.
Rosa EA (1998) Metatheoretical Foundations for Post-Normal Risk. Journal of Risk Research 1,15-44.
Rosenau JN (1992) Governance, Order, and Change in World Politics. In: Rosenau JN, Czempiel EO (Eds.), Governance without Government. Order and Change in World Politics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-29.
Ross LD (1977) The Intuitive Psychologist and His Shortcomings: Distortions in the Attribution Process. In: Berkowitz L. (Eds.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 10. Random House: New York, pp. 173-220.
Rowe G, Frewer L (2000) Public Participation Methods: An Evaluative Review of the Literature. Science, Technology and Human Values 25, 3-29.
Shrader-Frechette KS (1991) Reductionist Approaches to Risk. In: Mayo DG, Hollander RD (Eds.), Acceptable Evidence: Science and Values in Risk Management. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 218-248.
Shrader-Frechette KS (1995) Evaluating the Expertise of Experts. Risk: Health, Safety & Environment 6, 115-126.
Sjöberg L (1999) Risk Perception in Western Europe. Ambio 28(6), 543-549.
Skinner D (1999) Introduction to Decision Analysis, second edition. Probabilistic Publishers, London.
Slovic P (1987) Perception of Risk. Science 236, 280-285.
Slovic P (1992) Perception of Risk: Reflections on the Psychometric Paradigm. In: Krimsky S, Golding D. (Eds.), Social Theories of Risk. Praeger: Westport, pp. 153-178.
Slovic P, Finucane E, Peters D, MacGregor R (2002) The Affect Heuristic. In: Gilovich T, Griffin D, Kahneman D (Eds.), Intuitive Judgment: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge University Press, Boston, pp. 397-420.
Slovic P, Fischhoff B, Lichtenstein S (1982) Why Study Risk Perception? Risk Analysis 2, June, 83-94.
Stern PC, Fineberg V (1996) Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society. National Research Council, Committee on Risk Characterization. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Stirling A (1998) Risk at a Turning Point? Journal of Risk Research 1(2), 97-109.
Stirling A (2003) Risk, Uncertainty and Precaution: Some Instrumental Implications from the Social Sciences. In: Berkhout F, Leach M, Scoones I (Eds.), Negotiating Change. Edward Elgar, London, pp. 33-76.
Stirling A (2004) Opening Up or Closing Down: analysis, participation and power in the social appraisal of technology. In: Leach M, Scoones I, Wynne B (Eds.), Science and Citizens. Globalization and the Challenge of Engagement. Zed, London, pp. 218-231.
Streffer C, Bücker J, Cansier A, Cansier D, Gethmann CF, Guderian R, Hanekamp G, Henschler D, Pöch G, Rehbinder E, Renn O, Slesina M, Wuttke K (2003) Environmental Standards. Combined Exposures and Their Effects on Human Beings and Their Environment. Springer, Berlin.
Stricoff RS (1995) Safety Risk Analysis and Process Safety Management: Principles and Practices. In: Kolluru R, Bartell S, Pitblade R, Stricoff S. (Eds.), Risk Assessment and Management Handbook. For Environmental, Health, and Safety Professionals. McGrawHill, New York, pp. 8.3-8.53
Thompson M, Ellis W, Wildavsky A (1990) Cultural Theory. Westview Press, Boulder.
Trustnet (1999) A New Perspective on Risk Governance. Document of the Trustnet Network. EU, Paris. Online on Internet: www.trustnetgovernance.com (accessed on 2005-08-11).
Turner BL, Clark WC, Kates RW, Richards JF, Mathews JT, Meyer WB (1990) The Earth as Transformed by Human Action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Tversky A, Kahneman D (1974) Judgement under Uncertainty. Heuristics and Biases. Science 85,1124-1131.
Tversky A, Kahneman D (1981) The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice. Science 211, 453-458.
UK Treasury Department (2004) Managing Risks to the Public: Appraisal Guidance. Draft for Consultation. HM Treasury Press, London, October. Online on Internet: www.hm-treasury.gov.uk (accessed on 2005-08-11).
US-EPA Environmental Protection Agency (1997) Exposure Factors Handbook. NTIS PB98-124217. EPA, Washington. Online on Internet: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/ recordisplay.cfm?deid=12464 (accessed on 2005-08-11).
Van Asselt MBA (2000) Perspectives on Uncertainty and Risk. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Van Asselt MBA (2005) The Complex Significance of Uncertainty in a Risk Area. International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management 5(2/3/4), 125-158.
Van der Sluijs JP, Risbey JS, Kloprogge P, Ravetz JR, Funtowicz SO, Corral Quintana S, Guimaraes Pereira A, De Marchi B, Petersen AC, Janssen PHM, Hoppe R, Huijs SWF (2003) RIVM/MNP Guidance for Uncertainty Assessment and Communication. Report No. NWS-E-2003-163. Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation and Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency: Utrecht and Bilthoven.
Van der Sluijs JP, Janssen PHM, Petersen AC, Kloprogge P, Risbey JS, Tuinstra W, Ravetz JR (2004) RIVM/MNP Guidance for Uncertainty Assessment and Communication: Tool Catalogue for Uncertainty Assessment. Report No. NWS-E-2004-37. Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation and Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency: Utrecht and Bilthoven.
Viklund M (2002) Risk Policy: Trust, Risk Perception, and Attitudes. Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm.
Viscusi WK (1994) Risk-Risk Analysis. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 8, 5-18.
Vogel D (2003) Risk Regulation in Europe and in the United States. In: Somsen H (Ed.), Yearbook of European Environmental Law, Volume 3. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Von Winterfeldt D, Edwards W (1984) Patterns of Conflict about Risk Debates. Risk Analysis 4,55-68.
WBGU (Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesregierung Globale Umweltveränderungen) (2000) World in Transition: Strategies for Managing Global Environmental Risks. Springer, Berlin.
Webler T (1995) Right Discourse in Citizen Participation. An Evaluative Yardstick. In: Renn O, Webler T, Wiedemann P (Eds.), Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation. Evaluating New Models for Environmental Discourse. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 35-86.
Webler T (1999) The Craft and Theory of Public Participation: A Dialectical Process. Risk Research 2(1), 55-71.
Webler T, Levine D, Rakel H, Renn O (1991) The Group Delphi: A Novel Attempt at Reducing Uncertainty. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 39, 253-263.
Wiedemann PM, Mertens J, Schütz H (2000) Risikoabschätzung und Erarbeitung von Optionen für mögliche Vorsorgekonzepte für nichtionisierende Strahlung. Arbeiten zur Risiko-Kommunikation, Heft 81. Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich.
Wiener JB (1998) Managing the Iatrogenic Risks of Risk Management. Risk: Health Safety & Environment 9, 39-83.
Wisdon J, Willis R (2004) DEMOS: See-Through Science. Why Public Engagement Needs to Move Upstream, Demos, London.
Wolf KD (2002) Contextualizing Normative Standards for Legitimate Governance beyond the State. In: Grote JR, Gbikpi B (Eds.), Participatory Governance. Political and Societal Implications. Leske und Budrich, Opladen, pp. 35-50.
Wynne B (1992) Risk and Social Learning: Reification to Engagement. In: Krimsky S, Golding D (Eds.), Social Theories of Risk. Praeger, Westport, pp. 275-297.
Wynne B (2002) Risk and Environment as Legitimatory Discourses of Technology: Reflexivity Inside Out? Current Sociology 50(30), 459-477.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Renn, O. (2008). Risk Governance: Combining Facts and Values in Risk Management. In: Bischoff, HJ. (eds) Risks in Modern Society. Topics In Safety, Risk, Reliability And Quality, vol 13. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8289-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8289-4_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-8288-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-8289-4
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)