Agroforestry in the Netherlands

Abstract

Early farming activity migrated originally from forests. A high rate of cultivation led to almost complete degradation of Dutch forests. To conserve them it was necessary to prohibit grazing of forests. Since a few decades, grazing has been used as a measure to improve the natural values of forests. An agroforestry system, which existed for a long period in the Netherlands, was high-growing fruit trees (boguards) with an underlayer of grass, which was mowed or grazed by cows and sheep. Recently there has been an increased interest in combining trees as multipurpose natural elements with agricultural activities. Research and demonstration projects have been established in different parts of the Netherlands. Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is the most widely planted tree species. Density varies between 25 and 100 trees per hectare. Understorey vegetation is mostly grass, which is grazed by sheep, cows or horses/ponies or is mowed and ensiled. Other combinations of tree species with understorey are explored. Some research has been carried out regarding the attitude of modern farmers. Farmers from different regions had different attitudes. The needs of an urbanising countryside seem to favour chances for agroforestry.