Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit cyclooxygenase and the formation of cyclooxygenase products, the prostanoids. Chronic use of NSAIDs has been associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer, which may be in part a consequence of reduced tumor-associated angiogenesis. These findings suggest that cyclooxygenase and the prostanoids may regulate angiogenesis. Several potentially blinding retinopathies have angiogenic components, and the putative roles of cyclooxgenase and the prostanoids in this context have been, and are currently, under investigation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
H. R. Herschman, Regulation of prostaglandin synthase-1 and prostaglandin synthase-2. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 3, 241-256 (1994).
B. N. Nandgaonkar, T. Rotschild, K. Yu, and R. D. Higgins, Indomethacin improves oxygen-induced retinopathy in the mouse. Pediatr. Res. 46, 184-188 (1999).
F. Sennlaub, F. Valamanesh, A. Vazquez-Tello, A. M. El-Asrar, D. Checchin, S. Brault, F. Gobeil, M. H. Beauchamp, B. Mwaikambo, Y. Courtois, K. Geboes, D. R. Varma, P. Lachapelle, H. Ong, F. Behar-Cohen, and S. Chemtob, Cyclooxygenase-2 in human and experimental ischemic proliferative retinopathy. Circulation 108, 198-204 (2003).
J. L. Wilkinson-Berka, N. S. Alousis, D. J. Kelly, and R. E. Gilbert, COX-2 inhibition and retinal angiogenesis in a mouse model of retinopathy of prematurity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44, 974-979 (2003).
M. R. Castro, D. Lutz, and J. L. Edelman, Effect of COX inhibitors on VEGF-induced retinal vascular leakage and experimental corneal and choroidal neovascularization. Exp. Eye Res. 79, 275-285 (2004).
G. O. Burr and M. M. Burr, On the nature and role of the fatty acids essential in nutrition. J. Biol. Chem. 86, 587-621 (1930).
R. Kurzrok and C. C. Lieb, Biochemical studies of human semen. II. The action of semen on the human uterus. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 28, 268-722 (1930).
U. S. von Euler, An adrenal-like action in extracts from prostatic and related glands. J. Physiol. 81, 102-12 (1934).
A. R. Brash, (1990) Arachidonate Metabolites. Prostaglandins, Prostacyclin, Thromboxane and Leukotrienes. In: Drugs and Anesthesia: Pharmacology for Anesthesiologists. 2nd edition. pp 631-644. Wood, M. and Wood, A.J.J., Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland.
C. D. Funk, Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid biology. Science 294, 1871-1875 (2001).
J. P. SanGiovanni and E. Y. Chew, The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 24, 87-138 (2005).
C. A. Rouzer and L. J. Marnett, Structural and functional differences between cyclooxygenases: fatty acid oxygenases with a critical role in cell signaling. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 338, 34-44 (2005).
L. J. Marnett, S. W. Rowlinson, D. C. Goodwin, A. S. Kalgutkar, and C. A. Lanzo, Arachidonic acid oxygenation by COX-1 and COX-2. Mechanisms of catalysis and inhibition. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 22903-22906 (1999).
D. L. Simmons, R. M. Botting, and T. Hla, Cyclooxygenase isozymes: the biology of prostaglandin synthesis and inhibition. Pharmacol. Rev. 56, 387-437 (2004).
S. Narumiya, Y. Sugimoto, and F. Ushikubi, Prostanoid receptors: structures, properties, and functions. Physiol. Rev. 79, 1193-1226 (1999).
R. A. Coleman, I. Kennedy, P. P. A. Humphrey, K. Bunce, and P. Lumley, Prostanoids and their receptors. In: Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry. Membranes and Receptors, edited by J.C. Emmett. Oxford, UK: Pergamon, 1990, vol. 3, p. 643-714.
R. A. Coleman, S. P. Grix, S. A. Head, J. B. Louttit, A. Mallett, and R. L. G. Sheldrick, A novel inhibitory receptor in piglet saphenous vein. Prostaglandins 47, 151-168 (1994).
M. Hirata, Y. Hayashi, F. Ushikubi, Y. Yokota, R. Kageyama, S. Nakanishi, and S. Narumiya, Cloning and expression of cDNA fro a human thromboxane A2 receptor. Nature 349, 617-620 (1991).
B. N. Cronstein, Cyclooxygenase-2-selective inhibitors: translating pharmacology into clinical utility. Cleve. Clin. J. Med. 69, Suppl 1: SI13-19 (2002).
L. M. Cryan, G. P. Pidgeon, D. J. Fitzgerald, and C. J. O’Brien, COX-2 protects against thrombosis of the retinal vasculature in a mouse model of proliferative retinopathy. Mol. Vis. 12, 405-414 (2006).
R. S. Bresalier, R. S. Sandler, H. Quan, J. A. Bolognese, B. Oxenius, K. Horgan, C. Lines, R. Riddell, D. Morton, A. Lanas, M. A. Konstam, and J. A. Baron, Adenomatous Polyp Prevention on Vioxx (APPROVe) Trial Investigators. Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib in a colorectal adenoma chemoprevention trial. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 1092-1102 (2005).
G. A. Fitzgerald, Coxibs and cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 1709-1711 (2004).
N. A. Nussmeier, A. A. Whelton, M. T. Brown, R. M. Langford, A. Hoeft, J. L. Parlow, S. W. Boyce, and K. M. Verburg, Complications of the COX-2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib after cardiac surgery. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 1081-1091 (2005).
S. D. Solomon, J. J. McMurray, M. A. Pfeffer, J. Wittes, R. Fowler, P. Finn, W. F. Anderson, A. Zauber, E. Hawk, and M. Bertagnolli, Adenoma Prevention with Celecoxib (APC) Study Investigators. Cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib in a clinical trial for colorectal adenoma prevention. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 1071-1080 (2005).
M. Klagsbrun, Regulators of angiogenesis: stimulators, inhibitors, and extracellular matrix. J. Cell. Biochem. 47, 199-200 (1991).
J. Folkman and Y. Shin, Angiogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 10931-10934 (1992).
J. Folkman and P. A. D’Amore, Blood vessel formation: what is its molecular basis? Cell 87, 1153-1155 (1996).
W. Risau, Mechanisms of angiogenesis. Nature 386, 761-764 (1997).
J. Li, Y. P. Zhang, and R. S. Kirsner, Angiogenesis in wound repair: angiogenic growth factors and the extracellular matrix. Microsc. Res. Tech. 60, 107-114 (2003).
J. Folkman, T. Browder, and J. Palmblad, Angiogenesis research: guidelines for translation to clinical application. Thromb. Haemost. 86, 23-33 (2001).
P. Carmeliet, Angiogenesis in health and disease. Nat. Med. 9, 653-660 (2003).
J. Folkman, Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other diseases. Nat. Med. 1, 27-31 (1995).
R. K. Jain, Molecular regulation of vessel maturation. Nat. Med. 9, 685-693 (2003).
A. Tarnawski, D. Hollander, J. Stachura, et al. Role of angiogenesis in healing of experimental gastric ulcer. 1991. In: Halter F, Garner A, Tytgat GNJ (eds) Mechanisms of peptic ulcer healing. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p. 165-171.
M. K. Jones, R. M. Itani, H. Wang, M. Tomikawa, I. J. Sarfeh, S. Szabo, and A. S. Tarnawski, Activation of VEGF and Ras genes in gastric mucosa during angiogenic response to ethanol injury. Am. J. Physiol. 276, G1345-1355 (1999).
M. K. Jones, M. Tomikawa, B. Mohajer, and A. S. Tarnawski, Gastrointestinal mucosal regeneration: role of growth factors. Front. Biosci. 4, D303-309 (1999).
J. Constant, D. Suh, M. Hussain, et al. 1996. Wound healing angiogenesis: the metabolic basis of repair. In: Maragoudakis ME (ed) Molecular, cell, and clinical aspects of angiogenesis. Plenum, New York, p. 151-159.
P. G. Steinkuller, L. Du, C. Gilbert, et al. Childhood blindness. J. AAPOS 3, 26-32 (1999).
B. Rahmani, J. M. Tielsch, J. Katz, J. Gottsch, H. Quigley, J. Javitt, and A. Sommer, The cause-specific prevalence of visual impairment in an urban population. The Baltimore Eye Survey. Ophthalmology 103, 1721-1726 (1996).
N. M. Bressler and S. B. Bressler, Preventative ophthalmology. Age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 102, 1206-1211 (1995).
P. Lee, C. C. Wang, and A. P. Adamis, Ocular neovascularization: an epidemiologic review. Surv. Ophthalmol. 43, 245-269 (1998).
L. P. Brodell, R. J. Olk, N. P. Arribas, E. Okun, G. P. Johnston, I. Boniuk, R. F. Escoffery, M. G. Grand, D. B. Burgess, and L. H. Schoch, Neovascular glaucoma: a retrospective analysis of treatment with peripheral panretinal cryotherapy. Ophthalmic Surg. 18, 200-206 (1987).
G. C. Brown, L. E. Magargal, A. Schachat, and H. Shah, Neovascular glaucoma. Etiologic considerations. Ophthalmology 91, 315-320 (1984).
A. Chandra, Health aspects of pregnancy and child birth: United States, 1982-88. Vital Health Stat. 18, 50 (1995).
P. Archambault and J. E. Gomolin, Incidence of retinopathy of prematurity among infants weighing 2000 g or less at birth. Can. J. Ophthalmol. 22, 218-220 (1987).
S. R. Chandra, E. S. Gragoudas, E. Friedman, E. M. Van Buskirk, and M. L. Klein, Natural history of disciform degeneration of the macula. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 78, 579-582 (1974).
I. C. Michaelson, The mode of development of the vascular system of the retina with some observations on its significance for certain retinal diseases. Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. UK 68, 137-180 (1948).
N. Ashton, Retinal vascularization in health and disease. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 44, 7-17 (1957).
P. A. D’Amore, Mechanisms of retinal and choroidal angiogenesis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 35, 3974-3979 (1994).
R. Casey and W. W. Li, Factors controlling ocular angiogenesis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 124, 521-529 (1997).
L. P. Aiello, Vascular endothelial growth factor. 20th-century mechanisms, 21st-century therapies. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 38, 1647-1652 (1997).
D. R. Senger, D. T. Connolly, L. Van de Water, J. Feder, and H. F. Dvorak, Purification and NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of guinea pig tumor-secreted vascular permeability factor. Cancer Res. 50, 1774-1778 (1990).
P. J. Keck, S. D. Hauser, G. Krivi, K. Sanzo, T. Warren, J. Feder, and D. T. Connolly, Vascular permeability factor, an endothelial cell mitogen related to PDGF. Science 246, 1309-1312 (1989).
N. Ferrara, K. A. Houck, L. B. Jakeman, J. Winer, and D. W. Leung, The vascular endothelial growth factor family of polypeptides. J. Cell. Biochem. 47, 211-218 (1991).
K. H. Plate, G. Breier, H. A. Weich, W. Risau, Vascular endothelial growth factor is a potential tumour angiogenesis factor in human gliomas in vivo. Nature 359, 845-848 (1992).
N. Ferrara, H.-P. Gerber, and J. LeCourter, The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat. Med. 9, 669-676 (2003).
H. Thieme, L. P. Aiello, H. Takagi, N. Ferrara, and G. L. King, Comparative analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors on retinal and aortic vascular endothelial cells. Diabetes 44, 98-103 (1995).
L. P. Aiello, J. M. Northrup, B. A. Keyt, H. Takagi, and M. A. Iwamoto, Hypoxic regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in retinal cells. Arch. Ophthalmol. 113, 1538-1544 (1995).
L. P. Aiello, E. A. Pierce, E. D. Foley, H. Takagi, H. Chen, L. Riddle, N. Ferrara, G. L. King, and L. E. Smith, Suppression of retinal neovascularization in vivo by inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using soluble VEGF-receptor chimeric proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 10457-10461 (1995).
E. A. Pierce, R. L. Avery, E. D. Foley, L. P. Aiello, and L. E. Smith, Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor expression in a mouse model of retinal neovascularization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 905-909 (1995).
S. G. Robbins, J. R. Conaway, B. L. Ford, K. A. Roberto, and J. S. Penn, Detection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein in vascular and non-vascular cells of the normal and oxygen-injured rat retina. Growth Factors 14, 229-241 (1997).
S. G. Robbins, V. S. Rajaratnam, and J. S. Penn, Evidence for upregulation and redistribution of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors flt-1 and flk-1 in the oxygen-injured rat retina. Growth Factors 16, 1-9 (1998).
A. P. Levy, N. S. Levy, and M. A. Goldberg, Post-transcriptional regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by hypoxia. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 2746-2753 (1996).
H. P. Gerber, F. Condorelli, J. Park, and N. Ferrara, Differential transcriptional regulation of the two vascular endothelial growth factor receptor genes. Flt-1, but not Flk-1/KDR, is up-regulated by hypoxia. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 23659-23667 (1997).
J. A. Forsythe, B.-H. Jiang, E. A. Rue, et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS heterodimer regulated by cellular O2 tension. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 5510-5514 (1995).
C. W. Pugh and P. J. Ratcliffe, Regulation of angiogenesis by hypoxia: role of the HIF system. Nat. Med. 9, 677-684 (2003).
A. P. Adamis, D. T. Shima, M. J. Tolentino, E. S. Gragoudas, N. Ferrara, J. Folkman, P. A. D’Amore, and J. W. Miller, Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor prevents retinal ischemia-associated iris neovascularization in a nonhuman primate. Arch. Ophthalmol. 114, 66-71 (1996).
Y. Saishin, Y. Saishin, K. Takahashi, R. Lima e Silva, D. Hylton, J. S. Rudge, S. J. Wiegand, and P. A. Campochiaro, VEGF-TRAP(R1R2) suppresses choroidal neovascularization and VEGF-induced breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. J. Cell. Physiol. 195, 241-248 (2003).
M. S. Seo, N. Kwak, H. Ozaki, H. Yamada, N. Okamoto, E. Yamada, D. Fabbro, F. Hofmann, J. M. Wood, and P. A. Campochiaro, Dramatic inhibition of retinal and choroidal neovascularization by oral administration of a kinase inhibitor. Am. J. Pathol. 154, 1743-1753 (1999).
H. Ozaki, M. S. Seo, K. Ozaki, H. Yamada, E. Yamada, N. Okamoto, F. Hofmann, J. M. Wood, and P. A. Campochiaro, Blockade of vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor signaling is sufficient to completely prevent retinal neovascularization. Am. J. Pathol. 156, 697-707 (2000).
W. E. Smalley and R. N. DuBois, Colorectal cancer and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Adv. Pharmacol. 39, 1-20 (1997).
T. Kawamori, C. V. Rao, K. Seibert, and B. S. Reddy, Chemopreventive activity of celecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, against colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 58, 409-412 (1998).
C. S. Williams, M. Mann, and R. N. DuBois, The role of cyclooxygenases in inflammation, cancer, and development. Oncogene 18, 7908-7916 (1999).
D. M. Form and R. Auerback, PGE2 and angiogenesis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 172, 214-218 (1983).
M. Ziche, J. Jones, and P. M. Gullino, Role of prostaglandin E1 and copper in angiogenesis. J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 69, 475-482 (1982).
L. Diaz-Flores, R. Gutierrez, and H. Varela, Angiogenesis: an update. Histol. Histopathol. 9, 807-843 (1994).
T. A. Deutsch and W. F. Hughes, Suppressive effects of indomethacin on thermally induced neovascularization of rabbit corneas. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 87, 536-540 (1979).
L. E. Davel, M. M. Miguez, and E. S. de Lustig, Evidence that indomethacin inhibits lymphocyte-induced angiogenesis. Transplantation 39, 564-565 (1985).
M. Tsujii, S. Kawano, S. Tsuji, H. Sawaoka, M. Hori, and R. N. DuBois, Cyclooxygenase regulates angiogenesis induced by colon cancer cells. Cell 93, 705-716 (1998).
M. K. Jones, H. Wang, B. M. Peskar, E. Levin, R. M. Itani, I. J. Sarfeh, and A. S. Tarnawski, Inhibition of angiogenesis by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: insight into mechanisms and implications for cancer growth and ulcer healing. Nat. Med. 5, 1418-1423 (1999).
H. Sawaoka, S. Tsuji, M. Tsujii, E. S. Gunawan, Y. Sasaki, S. Kawano, M. and Hori, Cyclooxygenase inhibitors suppress angiogenesis and reduce tumor growth in vivo. Lab. Invest. 79, 1469-1477 (1999).
M. Yamada, M. Kawai, Y. Kawai, and Y. Mashima, The effect of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor on corneal angiogenesis in the rat. Curr. Eye Res. 19, 300-304 (1999).
J. Masferrer, Approach to angiogenesis inhibition based on cyclooxygenase-2. Cancer J. 7, S144-150 (2001).
T. Cheng, W. Cao, R. Wen, R. H. Steinberg, and M. M. LaVail, Prostaglandin E2 induces vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA expression in cultured rat Muller cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39, 581-591 (1998).
R. Pai, I. L. Szabo, B. A. Soreghan, S. Atay, H. Kawanaka, and A. S. Tarnawski, PGE(2) stimulates VEGF expression in endothelial cells via ERK2/JNK1 signaling pathways. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 286, 923-928 (2001).
S. Murono, H. Inoue, T. Tanabe, I. Joab, T. Yoshizaki, M. Furukawa, and J. S. Pagano, Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 is involved in vascular endothelial growth factor production in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 6905-6910 (2001).
G. L. Hernandez, O. V. Volpert, M. A. Iniguez, E. Lorenzo, S. Martinez-Martinez, R. Grau, M. Fresno, and J. M. Redondo, Selective inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated angiogenesis by cyclosporin A: roles of the nuclear factor of activated T cells and cyclooxygenase 2. J. Exp. Med. 193, 607-620 (2001).
C. Wheeler-Jones, R. Abu-Ghazaleh, R. Cospedal, R. A. Houliston, J. Martin, and I. Zachary, Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates prostacyclin production and activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in endothelial cells via p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase. FEBS Lett. 420, 28-32 (1997).
T. O. Daniel, H. Liu, J. D. Morrow, B. C. Crews, and L. J. Marnett, Thromboxane A2 is a mediator of cyclooxygenase-2-dependent endothelial migration and angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 59, 4574-4577 (1999).
P. Pradono, R. Tazawa, M. Maemondo, M. Tanaka, K. Usui, Y. Saijo, K. Hagiwara, and T. Nukiwa, Gene transfer of thromboxane A(2) synthase and prostaglandin I(2) synthase antithetically altered tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cancer Res. 62, 63-66 (2002).
Y. Gao, R. Yokota, S. Tang, A. W. Ashton, and J. A. Ware, Reversal of angiogenesis in vitro, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of AKT phosphorylation in endothelial cells by thromboxane A(2). Circ. Res. 87, 739-745 (2000).
J. L. Masferrer, K. M. Leahy, A. T. Koki, B. S. Zweifel, S. L. Settle, B. M. Woerner, D. A. Edwards, A. G. Flickinger, R. J. Moore, and K. Seibert, Antiangiogenic and antitumor activities of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Cancer Res. 60, 1306-1311 (2000).
K. M. Leahy, A. T. Koki, and J. L. Masferrer, Role of cyclooxygenases in angiogenesis. Curr. Med. Chem. 7, 1163-1170 (2000).
M. K. Jones, H. Wang, B. M. Peskar, E. Levin, R. M. Itani, I. J. Sarfeh, and A. S. Tarnawski, Inhibition of angiogenesis by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: insight into mechanisms and implications for cancer growth and ulcer healing. Nat. Med. 5, 1418-1423 (1999).
I. Tegeder, J. Pfeilschifter, and G. Geisslinger, Cyclooxygenase-independent actions of cyclooxygenase inhibitors. FASEB J. 15, 2057-2072 (2001).
O. Dormond, A. Foletti, C. Paroz, and C. Ruegg, NSAIDs inhibit alpha V beta 3 integrin-mediated and Cdc42/Rac-dependent endothelial-cell spreading, migration and angiogenesis. Nat. Med. 7, 1041-1047 (2001).
L. S. Price, J. Leng, M. A. Schwartz, et al. Activation of Rac and Cdc42 by integrins mediates cell-spreading. Mol. Biol. Cell. 9, 1863-1871 (1998).
K. Takahashi, Y. Saishin, Y. Saishin, K. Mori, A. Ando, S. Yamamoto, Y. Oshima, H. Nambu, M. B. Melia, D. P. Bingaman, and P. A. Campochiaro, Topical nepafenac inhibits ocular neovascularization. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44, 409-415 (2003).
K. Kashfi and B. Rigas, Non-COX-2 targets and cancer: expanding the molecular target repertoire of chemoprevention. Biochem. Pharmacol. 70, 969-986 (2005).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McCollum, G.W., Penn, J.S. (2008). The Regulation of Retinal Angiogenesis by Cyclooxygenase and the Prostanoids. In: Penn, J. (eds) Retinal and Choroidal Angiogenesis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6780-8_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6780-8_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-6779-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-6780-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)