Education has in modern times been situated within the nation-state. It has been shaped by the demands within the state to prepare labor for participation in its economy and to prepare citizens to participate in the polity. This approximate congruence of nationstate and formalized education becomes problematic as globalization processes place limits on state autonomy and national sovereignty, affecting education in various ways.
The twentieth century has been marked by the expansion of educational opportunities worldwide. It has been the century of education, and the role of the state in the promotion of public education has been decisive. Yet, at the millennium's turn efforts to diminish the role of the state were rapidly changing education, especially in terms of its role in democracy.
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Olmos, L.E., Torres, C.A. (2009). Theories of the State, Educational Expansion, Development, and Globalizations: Marxian and Critical Approaches. In: Cowen, R., Kazamias, A.M. (eds) International Handbook of Comparative Education. Springer International Handbooks of Education, vol 22. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6403-6_6
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