Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Zygomycetes

  • Chapter
New Insights in Medical Mycology

The class Zygomycetes is a large group of fungi that comprise two orders of medical interest, the Mucorales and the Entomophthorales. Zygomycoses caused by Entomophthorales are generally chronic infections seen in immunocompetent patients, mostly in tropical areas (Dromer & McGinnis, 2002). General description of Entomophthorales and associated diseases have been reviewed recently (Prabhu & Patel, 2004; Ribes et al., 2000) and as no major advancement has been made recently in the knowledge and management of entomophthoromycosis, these fungi will not be detailed in this chapter. Human pathogens belonging to the order Mucorales are grouped into six families (Table 7.1) and comprise approximately 20 species in approximately 10 genera. The most frequent species responsible for zygomycosis are Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp., Rhizomucor spp., and Absidia spp. (Ribes et al., 2000). Other species such as Cunninghamella bertholletiae, Apophysomyces elegans, and Saksaenea vasiformis have been less frequently reported as etiological agents of zygomycosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abe, A., Oda, Y., Asano, K., & Sone, T. (2006). Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 70:2387–2393.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abe, A., Sone, T., Sujaya, I. N., Saito, K., Oda, Y., Asano, K., & Tomita, F. (2003). Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 67:1725–1731.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barchiesi, F., Spreghini, E., Santinelli, A., Fothergill, A. W., Pisa, E., Giannini, D., Rinaldi, M. G., & Scalise, G. (2007). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 51:73–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barratt, D. M., Van Meter, K., Asmar, P., Nolan, T., Trahan, C., Garcia-Covarrubias, L., & Metzinger, S. E. (2001). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 45:3601–3602.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bialek, R., Konrad, F., Kern, J., Aepinus, C., Cecenas, L., Gonzalez, G. M., Just-Nubling, G., Willinger, B., Presterl, E., Lass-Florl, C., & Rickerts, V. (2005). J. Clin. Pathol., 58:1180–1184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chakrabarti, A., Ghosh, A., Prasad, G. S., David, J. K., Gupta, S., Das, A., Sakhuja, V., Panda, N. K., Singh, S. K., Das, S., & Chakrabarti, T. (2003). J. Clin. Microbiol., 41:783–788.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chamilos, G., Lewis, R. E., & Kontoyiannis, D. P. Fungal Genet. Biol. Published online 2006 Sep 19: doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2006.1007.1011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamilos, G., Lewis, R. E., & Kontoyiannis, D. P. (2006). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 50:96–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chau, A. S., Chen, G., McNicholas, P. M., & Mann, P. A. (2006). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 50:3917–3919.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chayakulkeeree, M., Ghannoum, M. A., & Perfect, J. R. (2006). Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol., Infect. Dis., 25:215–229.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiou, C. C., Mavrogiorgos, N., Tillem, E., Hector, R., & Walsh, T. J. (2001). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 45:3310–3321.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christiaens, G., Hayette, M. P., Jacquemin, D., Melin, P., Mutsers, J., & De Mol, P. (2005). J. Hosp. Infect., 61:88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dannaoui, E. (2006) Animal models for evaluation of antifungal efficacy against filamentous fungi. In: Medical Mycology: Cellular and Molecular Techniques. Kavanagh, K., Ed., Wiley, Bognor Regis, UK, pp. 114–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dannaoui, E., Afeltra, J., Meis, J. F., & Verweij, P. E. (2002a). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 46:2708–2711.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dannaoui, E., Meis, J. F., Mouton, J. W., & Verweij, P. E. (2002b). J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 49:741–744.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dannaoui, E., Mouton, J. W., Meis, J. F., & Verweij, P. E. (2002c). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 46:1953–1959.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dannaoui, E., Meis, J. F., Loebenberg, D., & Verweij, P. E. (2003a). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 47:3647–3650.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dannaoui, E., Meletiadis, J., Mouton, J. W., Meis, J. F., & Verweij, P. E. (2003b). J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 51:45–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dannaoui, E., Rijs, A. J., & Verweij, P. E. (2003c). Mayo Clin. Proc. 78:252–253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Hoog, G. S. & Guarro, J. (Eds.) (2000). Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 2nd edn., Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dromer, F. & McGinnis, M. R. (2002). Zygomycosis. In: Clinical Mycology, Anaissie, E., McGinnis, M. R., & Pfaller, M. A., Eds., Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp. 297–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Espinel-Ingroff, A. (1998a). J. Clin. Microbiol., 36:2950–2956.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Espinel-Ingroff, A. (1998b). J. Clin. Microbiol., 36:198–202.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fung-Tomc, J. C., Huczko, E., Minassian, B., & Bonner, D. P. (1998). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 42:313–318.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gil-Lamaignere, C., Hess, R., Salvenmoser, S., Heyn, K., Kappe, R., & Muller, F. M. (2005). J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 55:1016–1019.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gleissner, B., Schilling, A., Anagnostopolous, I., Siehl, I., & Thiel, E. (2004). Leuk. Lymphoma, 45:1351–1360.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Lopez, A., Cuenca-Estrella, M., Monzon, A., & Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L. (2001). J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 48:919–921.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, R. N., Mullane, K., van Burik, J. A., Raad, I., Abzug, M. J., Anstead, G., Herbrecht, R., Langston, A., Marr, K. A., Schiller, G., Schuster, M., Wingard, J. R., Gonzalez, C. E., Revankar, S. G., Corcoran, G., Kryscio, R. J., & Hare, R. (2006). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 50:126–133.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, R. N., Scott, L. J., Vaughn, H. H., & Ribes, J. A. (2004). Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 17:517–525.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, L., Wohlfiel, S., & Roberts, G. D. (2004). J. Clin. Microbiol., 42:622–626.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, R. T., Qian, X., Procop, G. W., Roberts, G. D., & Lloyd, R. V. (2002). Diagn. Mol. Pathol., 11:119–126.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herbrecht, R., Letscher-Bru, V., Bowden, R. A., Kusne, S., Anaissie, E. J., Graybill, J. R., Noskin, G. A., Oppenheim, Andres, E., & Pietrelli, L. A. (2001). Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 20:460–466.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honda, A., Kamei, K., Unno, H., Hiroshima, K., Kuriyama, T., & Miyaji, M. (1998). Mycopathologia, 144:141–146.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim, A. S., Avanessian, V., Spellberg, B., & Edwards, J. E., Jr. (2003). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 47:3343–3344.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim, A. S., Bowman, J. C., Avanessian, V., Brown, K., Spellberg, B., Edwards, J. E. Jr., & Douglas, C. M. (2005a). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 49:721–727.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim, A. S., Edwards, J. E., Jr., Fu, Y., & Spellberg, B. (2006). J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 58:1070–1073.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim, A. S. & Skory, C. D. (2006). Genetic manipulation of zygomycetes. In: Medical Mycology: Cellular & Molecular Techniques, Kavanagh, K., Ed., Wiley, Bognor Regis, UK, pp. 305–326.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim, A. S., Spellberg, B., Avanessian, V., Fu, Y., & Edwards, J. E., Jr. (2005b). Infect. Immun., 73:778–783.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Imhof, A., Balajee, S. A., Fredricks, D. N., Englund, J. A., & Marr, K. A. (2004). Clin. Infect. Dis., 39:743–746.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iwen, P. C., Freifeld, A. G., Sigler, L., & Tarantolo, S. R. (2005). J. Clin. Microbiol., 43:5819–5821.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jessup, C. J., Ryder, N. S., & Ghannoum, M. A. (2000). Med. Mycol., 38:155–159.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, E. M., Szekely, A., & Warnock, D. W. (1998). J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 42:741–745.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamei, K. (2001). Mycopathologia, 152:5–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman, C. A. (2004). Clin. Infect. Dis., 39:588–590.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, P. M., Cannon, P. F., David, J. C., & Stalpers, J. (2001). Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi, M., Togitani, K., Machida, H., Uemura, Y., Ohtsuki, Y., & Taguchi, H. (2004). Respirology, 9:397–401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kontoyiannis, D. P., Lionakis, M. S., Lewis, R. E., Chamilos, G., Healy, M., Perego, C., Safdar, A., Kantarjian, H., Champlin, R., Walsh, T. J., & Raad, II (2005). J. Infect. Dis., 191: 1350–1360.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kontoyiannis, D. P., Wessel, V. C., Bodey, G. P., & Rolston, K. V. (2000). Clin. Infect. Dis., 30:851–856.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon-Chung, K. J. & Bennett, J. E. (1992). Medical Mycology, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larche, J., Machouart, M., Burton, K., Collomb, J., Biava, M. F., Gerard, A., & Fortier, B. (2005). Clin. Infect. Dis., 41:1362–1365.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lau, A., Chen, S., Sorrell, T., Carter, D., Malik, R., Martin, P., & Halliday, C. (2006). J. Clin. Microbiol.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawley, B., Ripley, S., Bridge, P., & Convey, P. (2004). Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70:5963–5972.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LeMaile-Williams, M., Burwell, L. A., Salisbury, D., Noble-Wang, J., Arduino, M., Lott, T., Brandt, M. E., Iiames, S., Srinivasan, A., & Fridkin, S. K. (2006). Clin. Infect. Dis., 43:e83–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lukacs, G., Papp, T., Nyilasi, I., Nagy, E., & Vagvolgyi, C. (2004). J. Clin. Microbiol., 42:5400–5402.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lumini, E., Ghignone, S., Bianciotto, V., & Bonfante, P. (2006). New Phytol., 170:205–208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Machouart, M., Larche, J., Burton, K., Collomb, J., Maurer, P., Cintrat, A., Biava, M. F., Greciano, S., Kuijpers, A. F., Contet-Audonneau, N., de Hoog, G. S., Gerard, A., & Fortier, B. (2006). J. Clin. Microbiol., 44:805–810.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maravi-Poma, E., Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L., de Jalon, J. G., Manrique-Larralde, A., Torroba, L., Urtasun, J., Salvador, B., Montes, M., Mellado, E., Rodriguez-Albarran, F., & Pueyo-Royo, A. (2004). Intensive Care Med., 30:724–728.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marr, K. A., Carter, R. A., Crippa, F., Wald, A., & Corey, L. (2002). Clin. Infect. Dis., 34:909–917.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marty, F. M., Cosimi, L. A., & Baden, L. R. (2004). N. Engl. J. Med., 350:950–952.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGinnis, M. R., Pasarell, L., Sutton, D. A., Fothergill, A. W., Cooper, C. R., Jr., & Rinaldi, M. G. (1998). Med. Mycol., 36:239–242.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minassian, B., Huczko, E., Washo, T., Bonner, D., & Fung-Tomc, J. (2003). Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 9:1250–1252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monecke, S., Hochauf, K., Gottschlich, B., & Ehricht, R. (2006). Mycoses, 49:139–142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mosquera, J., Warn, P. A., Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L., & Denning, D. W. (2001). J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 48:583–586.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagao, K., Ota, T., Tanikawa, A., Takae, Y., Mori, T., Udagawa, S., & Nishikawa, T. (2005). J. Dermatol. Sci., 39: 23–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nivoix, Y., Zamfir, A., Lutun, P., Kara, F., Remy, V., Lioure, B., Rigolot, J. C., Entz-Werle, N., Letscher-Bru, V., Waller, J., Leveque, D., Koffel, J. C., Beretz, L., & Herbrecht, R. (2006). J. Infect., 52:67–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donnell, K., Lutzoni, F., Ward, T. J., & Benny, G. L. (2001). Mycologia, 93:286–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odds, F. C., Van Gerven, F., Espinel-Ingroff, A., Bartlett, M. S., Ghannoum, M. A., Lancaster, M. V., Pfaller, M. A., Rex, J. H., Rinaldi, M. G., & Walsh, T. J. (1998). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 42:282–288.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, M. R., Van Voorhis, W. C., Boeckh, M., Mattson, D., & Bowden, R. A. (1996). Clin. Infect. Dis., 22:521–524.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oren, I. (2005). Clin. Infect. Dis., 40:770–771.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otcenasek, M. & Buchta, V. (1994). Mycopathologia, 128:135–137.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Partida-Martinez, L. P., de Looss, C. F., Ishida, K., Ishida, M., Roth, M., Buder, K., & Hertweck, C. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. Published online 2006 Nov 22: doi:10.1128/AEM.01784–01706.

    Google Scholar 

  • Partida-Martinez, L. P. & Hertweck, C. (2005). Nature, 437:884–888.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfaller, M. A., Marco, F., Messer, S. A., & Jones, R. N. (1998). Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 30:251–255.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prabhu, R. M. & Patel, R. (2004). Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 10(Suppl. 1):31–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Redman, R. S., Litvintseva, A., Sheehan, K. B., Henson, J. M., & Rodriguez, R. (1999). Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65:5193–5197.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, C., Ibrahim, A., Edwards, J. E., Jr., Walot, I., & Spellberg, B. (2006). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 50:3968–3969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rees, J. R., Pinner, R. W., Hajjeh, R. A., Brandt, M. E., & Reingold, A. L. (1998). Clin. Infect. Dis., 27:1138–1147.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ribes, J. A., Vanover-Sams, C. L., & Baker, D. J. (2000). Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 13:236–301.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rickerts, V., Atta, J., Herrmann, S., Jacobi, V., Lambrecht, E., Bialek, R., & Just-Nubling, G. (2006a). Mycoses, 49(Suppl. 1):27–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rickerts, V., Just-Nubling, G., Konrad, F., Kern, J., Lambrecht, E., Bohme, A., Jacobi, V., & Bialek, R. (2006b). Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 25:8–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roden, M. M., Zaoutis, T. E., Buchanan, W. L., Knudsen, T. A., Sarkisova, T. A., Schaufele, R. L., Sein, M., Sein, T., Chiou, C. C., Chu, J. H., Kontoyiannis, D. P., & Walsh, T. J. (2005). Clin. Infect. Dis., 41:634–653.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabatelli, F., Patel, R., Mann, P. A., Mendrick, C. A., Norris, C. C., Hare, R., Loebenberg, D., Black, T. A., & McNicholas, P. M. (2006). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 50:2009–2015.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saito, K., Saito, A., Ohnishi, M., & Oda, Y. (2004). Arch. Microbiol., 182:30–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scherlach, K., Partida-Martinez, L. P., Dahse, H. M., & Hertweck, C. (2006). J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128:11529–11536.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scholer, H. J., Vanover-Sams, C. L., & Baker, D. J. (1983). Mucorales. In: Fungi Pathogenic for Humans and Animals, Part A. Biology, Howard, D. H., Ed., Marcel Dekker, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, P., Bretagne, S., Gantier, J. C., Garcia-Hermoso, D., Lortholary, O., Dromer, F., & Dannaoui, E. (2006). J. Clin. Microbiol., 44:340–349.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, D. J., Hitchcock, C. A., & Sibley, C. M. (1999). Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 12:40–79.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, J., Rimek, D., & Kappe, R. (2005). Mycoses, 48:246–250.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siwek, G. T., Dodgson, K. J., De Magalhaes-Silverman, M., Bartelt, L. A., Kilborn, S. B., Hoth, P. L., Diekema, D. J., & Pfaller, M. A. (2004). Clin. Infect. Dis., 39:584–587.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spellberg, B., Edwards, J., Jr., & Ibrahim, A. (2005a). Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 18:556–569.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spellberg, B., Fu, Y., Edwards, J. E., Jr., & Ibrahim, A. S. (2005b). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 49:830–832.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, D. A. (2000). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 44:2547–2548.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugar, A. M. & Liu, X. P. (2000). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 44:2004–2006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, Q. N., Fothergill, A. W., McCarthy, D. I., Rinaldi, M. G., & Graybill, J. R. (2002a). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 46:1581–1582.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, Q. N., Najvar, L. K., Bocanegra, R., Loebenberg, D., & Graybill, J. R. (2002b). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 46:2310–2312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tobon, A. M., Arango, M., Fernandez, D., & Restrepo, A. (2003). Clin. Infect. Dis., 36:1488–1491.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vágvölgyi, C., Magyar, K., Papp, T., Palágyi, Z., Ferenczy, L. & Nagy, Á. (1996) Can. J. Microbiol., 42:613–615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Burik, J. A., Hare, R. S., Solomon, H. F., Corrado, M. L., & Kontoyiannis, D. P. (2006). Clin. Infect. Dis., 42:e61–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vastag, M., Papp, T., Kasza, Z., & Vágvölgyi, C. (1998). J. Clin. Microbiol., 36:2153–2156.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez, L., Mateos, J. J., Sanz-Rodriguez, C., Perez, E., Caballero, D., & San Miguel, J. F. (2005). Haematologica, 90: ECR39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vigouroux, S., Morin, O., Moreau, P., Mechinaud, F., Morineau, N., Mahe, B., Chevallier, P., Guillaume, T., Dubruille, V., Harousseau, J. L., & Milpied, N. (2005). Clin. Infect. Dis., 40: e35–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitale, R. G., Afeltra, J., & Dannaoui, E. (2005). Methods Mol. Med., 118:143–152.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voigt, K., Cigelnik, E., & O’Donnell, K. (1999). J. Clin. Microbiol., 37:3957–3964.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voigt, K. & Wostemeyer, J. (2001). Gene, 270:113–120.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voitl, P., Scheibenpflug, C., Weber, T., Janata, O., & Rokitansky, A. M. (2002). Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 21:632–634.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, T. J., Hiemenz, J. W., Seibel, N. L., Perfect, J. R., Horwith, G., Lee, L., Silber, J. L., DiNubile, M. J., Reboli, A., Bow, E., Lister, J., & Anaissie, E. J. (1998). Clin. Infect. Dis., 26:1383–1396.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre National de Référence Mycologie et Antifongiques, Unité de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, 75724, Paris Cedex, France

    Eric Dannaoui & Dea Garcia-Hermoso

Authors
  1. Eric Dannaoui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dea Garcia-Hermoso
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland

    Kevin Kavanagh

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dannaoui, E., Garcia-Hermoso, D. (2007). The Zygomycetes. In: Kavanagh, K. (eds) New Insights in Medical Mycology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6397-8_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation