Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Lentil-Based Cropping Systems

  • Chapter
Lentil

Abstract

Lentil is a protein-rich winter season pulse crop. Its cultivation is concentrated mostly in semi-arid regions in the Indian sub-continent and dry areas of Middle East. It can be grown under conserved moisture conditions after monsoon rains. The sowing of lentil is popular as mono and sequential cropping, intercropping, mixed cropping, relay cropping and multistorey cropping in various countries. In India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal, rice-lentil system is more common but its cultivation is also done after maize, cotton, sorghum and pearlmillet. It can be intercropped successfully in wheat, barley, mustard and linseed. For mixed/intercropping optimum seeding and planting configuration is very important to achieve higher total productivity. In various experiments lentil+wheat (30%), lentil + mustard 5 : 1 row ratio and lentil+linseed 5 : 1 row ratio showed highest land equivalent ratio than sole lentil. In autumn sugarcane, lentil intercropping revealed higher cane equivalent yield than sole sugarcane. In eastern India, the broadcasting of lentil seed in standing rice about 15 days before the harvest gave significantly higher grain yield than lentil sown after the harvest of rice. The inclusion of lentil in various cropping systems improves physical properties of soil and increases the yield of succeeding cereal crop due to biological nitrogen fixation and other rotational effects. Proper agronomic management, use of bio-fertilizers and mechanical cultivation may not only improvebreak productivity but also help to bring large area under lentil in various cropping systems

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ahmed, A., Rahman, M.A. and Kalley, T.G. 1987. Study on the mixed cropping of wheat and lentil at varying seeding ratios under different levels of fertility. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 12(1), 53–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • AICRP (All India Coordinated Research Project). 1997. All India Coordinated Research Project on Improvement of MULLaRP. Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur.

    Google Scholar 

  • AICRP (All India Coordinated Research Project). 2004. All India Coordinated Research Project on Improvement of MULLaRP. Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur.

    Google Scholar 

  • AICRP (All India Coordinated Research Project). 2006. All India Coordinated Research Project on Improvement of MULLaRP. Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aiyer, A.K.Y.N. 1949. Mixed cropping in India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 19, 439–543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akter, N., Alim, M. A., Islam, M. M., Naher, Z., Rahman, M. and Hossain, A. S. M. I. 2004. Evaluation of mixed cropping and intercropping of lentil and wheat. Journal of Agronomy 3 (1), 48–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali, H., Khan, M. A. and Ahmad, S. 2005a. A case study of competition functions in chickpea based intercropping. Indus Journal of Biological Sciences 2 (3), 357–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali, H., Khan, M. A. and Ahmad, S. 2005b. Quantitative response of chickpea grown in association with different intercrops. Indus Journal of Biological Sciences 2 (3), 371–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali, M. and Kumar, S. 2005. Current status and prospects of pulses production. In : Pulses (eds. Singh, G., Sekhon, H.S. and Kular, J.S.) Agrotech Publishing Academy, Udaipur, pp. 9–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali, M., Saraf, C.S., Singh, P.P., Rewari, R.B. and Ahlawat, I.P.S. 1993. Agronomy of lentil in India. In : Lentil in South Asia (eds. Erskine, W. and Saxena, M.C.). International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria. pp. 103–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badarneh, D. M. D. 2005. Crop nitrogen uptake in a legume-wheat rotation using 15N methodology. Dirasat Agricultural Sciences 32 (2), 229–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahl, P.N., Lal, S. and Sharma, B.M. 1993. An overview of the production and problems of lentil in South Asia. In : Lentil in South Asia (eds. Erskine, W. and Saxena, M.C.). International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria. pp. 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharyya, R., Prakash, V., Kundu, S. and Gupta, H. S. 2006. Effect of tillage and crop rotations on pore size distribution and soil hydraulic conductivity in sandy clay loam soil of the Indian Himalayas. Soil & Tillage Research 86 (2), 129–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brahmachari, K., ySomnath Pal and Mondal, N. N. 2004. Preparation of fishmeal (well decomposed) and its effects on different crops under rice-based cropping system in Coastal Saline Zone of West Bengal. Indian Agriculturist 48 (3/4), 203–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, P.M., Gardner, J.C., Schatz, B.G., Zwinger, S.W. and Guldan, S.J. 1995. Grain yield and weed biomass of a wheat – lentil intercrop. Agronomy Journal 87, 574–579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty, L.N., Sen, S.N., Mandal, S.K., Gupta, S.K. and Mukherjee, D. 1976. Possibility of utilizing rice fallows in West Bengal. Field Crop Abstracts 29, 2382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandra, R. and Pareek, R.P. 2002. Effect of rhizobacteria in urdbean and lentil. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 15(2), 152–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciftci, V. and Ãœlker, M. 2005. Economic benefits of mixed cropping of lentil (Lens culinaris) with wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) at different seeding ratios. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 75 (2), 100–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuberi, J.I. 1981. Origin, taxonomy and domestication. In : Lentil (eds. Walb, C. and Hawtin, G.) Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, England, pp. 15–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwivedi, R. K. and Sharma, R. S. 2005. Nutrient management of utera lentil (Lens culinaris) under rice-based cropping system. Crop Research (Hisar) 29 (2), 179–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAOSTAT 2004. <http://faostat.fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gan, Y. T., Miller, P. R., McConkey, B. G., Zentner, R. P., Stevenson, F. C. and McDonald, C. L. 2003. Influence of diverse cropping sequences on durum wheat yield and protein in the semiarid Northern Great Plains. Agronomy Journal 95 (2), 245–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosheh, H. Z. and El-Shatnawi, M. K. 2006. Influence of volunteer durum wheat (Triticum durum) cultivars and density on lentils (Lens culinaris). Acta Agronomica Hungarica 54 (1), 101–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giri, S. 2005. Influence of different intercrops on the incidence of borer pests, productivity and profitability of autumn planted sugarcane in Gangetic alluvial zone of West Bengal. Indian Sugar 55 (2), 105–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, S. K., Tiwari, R. K. and Khan, R. A. 2003. Economic evaluation of soybean-based cropping system under rainfed conditions of Kymore plateau, Madhya Pradesh. JNKVV Research Journal 37 (1), 102–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmsen, K., Matar, A. E., ySaxena, M. C. and Silim, S. N. 2001. Yield response to phosphorus fertilizer in a wheat-lentil rotation in a Mediterranean environment. NJAS – Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 49 (4), 385–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hossain, G. M. A., Haque, M. A., Mahmud, K., Haque, M. I. and Anam, M. R. 2004. Feasibility study of different intercrops with sugarcane at Chuadanga Region. Journal of Agriculture & Rural Development (Gazipur) 2 (1), 115–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal, M.T. 1989. Performance of mustard and lentil grown in different mixed and intrcrop combinations. M.Sc. Agronomy. Dissertation BAU, Mymensingh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jabbar, A., Ahmad, R., Ehsanullah and Nazir, M. S. 2005. Agro-economic performance of diversified rice-based relay cropping systems at zero and conventional tillage under strip plantation. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 42 (1/2), 18–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, M., Khan, R. U., Muhammad, D. and Rashid, A. 2005. Mutual effect of legume and cereal intercropping under rodkohi rainfed conditions of D.I. Khan. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 21 (4), 629–632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, A. and Nandal, D. P. S. 2004. Performance of winter crops under Eucalyptus tereticornis based agrisilviculture system. Indian Journal of Agroforestry 6 (2), 97–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, R. and Chandra, R. 2005. Effect of adhesives on survival of inoculated Rhizobium leguminosarum on seed and symbiotic performance in lentil under field conditions. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 18(2), 206–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, R., Prakash, O. and Singh, B. P. 2001. Effect of lentil based intercropping on root growth, crop yield, protein and oil production under drylands. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 14 (1), 48–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahrous, M. A., Eisa, M. S. and Abd-alla, A. A. 1998. Effect of intercropping wheat with lentil at varying nitrogen fertilization rates on yield and their components. Annals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor 36 (1), 61–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miah, A.A. and Rahman, M.M. 1993. Agronomy of lentil in Bangladesh. In : Lentil in South Asia (eds. Erskine, W. and Saxena, M.C.). International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, pp. 128–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, P. R., Gan, Y., McConkey, B. G. and McDonald, C. L 2003. Pulse crops for the Northern Great Plains: II. Cropping sequence effects on cereal, oilseed, and pulse crops. Agronomy Journal 95 (4), 980–986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, J. P. and Ali, M. 2002. Effect of intercropping patterns on biological and economic sustainability of linseed (Linum u sitatissimum) with lentil (Lens culinaris) genotypes. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 72 (10), 577–580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Misra, B. N., Singh, B. and Rajput, A. L. 2001. Yield, quality and economics as influenced by winter maize (Zea mays)-based intercropping system in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Indian Journal of Agronomy 46 (3), 425–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nandal, D. P. S. and Singh, R. R. 2001. Productivity of different cropping sequences in Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. based agro-silviculture system. Indian Journal of Forestry 24 (4), 433–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neupane, R.K. and Bharati, M.P. 1993. Agronomy of lentil in Bangladesh. In : Lentil in South Asia (eds. Erskine, W. and Saxena, M.C.) International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, pp. 139–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • NGLRP (National Grain Legume Research) 1990. Report on winter grain legumes research in Nepal. Paper presented in Winter Crops Workshop, NWDP, 10–14 September, 1990. Bhairahawa, Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panwar, K.S., Faroda, A.S., Malik, D.S., Ahlawat, I.P.S., Dhingra, K.K., Rao, M.R., Singh, R.C., Dahiya, D.R., Singh, atar and Sharma, R.P. 1981. A Review on Quarter Century of Research Work on Grain Legumes Agronomy in India. 1955–1980. Published by Indian Society of Agronomy, New Delhi. pp. 176–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pathik, D.S. and Malla, M. 1981. Wheat based intercropping trial. Report presented at Winter Crops Workshop, NWDP, September 1990, Bhairahwa, Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peoples, M.B., Bowman, A.M., Gault, R.R., Herridge, D.F., McCallum, K.M., McCormick, M.H., Norton, R.M., Rochester, I.J., Scammell, G.J. and Schwenke, G.D. 2001. Factors regulating the contributions of fixed nitrogen by pasture and crop legumes to different farming systems of eastern Australia. Plant and Soil 228, 29–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phogat, S.B., Kumar, S., Sangwan, N. and Hooda, R.S. 2003. Effect of herbicides and cultural practices on weed flora in lentil. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 16(2), 119–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prakash, V., Bhattacharya, R. and Srivastva, A. K. 2004. Effect of tillage management on yield and soil properties under soybean (Glycine max)-based cropping system in mid-hills of north-western Himalayas. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 74 (11), 573–577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prakash, V., Ghosh, B. N., Pandey, A. K. and Gupta, H. S. 2002. Effects of preceding winter legumes and nitrogen rates on N uptake, yield attributes and yield of rice, and monetary returns from rotation. Annals of Agricultural Research 23 (3), 402–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prakash, V., Kumar, S. and Bhatnagar, V.K. 1991. Yield and N management in finger millet (Eleusine coracana) as affected by preceding winter legumes. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 4(2), 173–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, R., John, P.S., George, M., Singh, S. and Sharma, S.N. 1990. Effect of lentil residue management on the productivity and NPK removal by lentil-rice double cropping. it LENS Newsletter. 17 (1), 5–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, M.A. and Shamusuddin 1981. Intercropping of lentil and wheat. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 6(2), 27–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rana, N.S., Kumar, S., Saini, S.K. and Panwar, G.S. 2006. Production potential and profitability of autumn sugarcane-based intercropping systems as influenced by intercrops and row spacing. Indian Journal of Agronomy 51(1), 31–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, D. A. and Tyagi, S. K. 2005. Integrated weed management in maize-groundnut sequential cropping system – a review. Agricultural Reviews 26 (4), 235–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy Sharma, R.P., Thakur, H.C., Sharma, H.M., Mishra, S.S. and Thakur, S.S. 1984. Effect of fertilization and inoculation of paira and late sown pure lentil. Indian Journal of Agronomy 29(4), 459–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy Sharma, R.P., Sharma, H.M., and Mishra, S.S. 1997. Pulses in non-traditional areas and cropping systems – Possibilities and future research needs. In : Recent Advances in Pulses Research (eds. Asthana, A.N. and Ali, M.) Kanpur : Directorate of Pulses Research. pp. 547–566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar, B. and Pal, A. K. 2005. Water use and yield of rapeseed (Brassica campestris var yellow sarson) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) grown as sole crop and as inter crop. Journal of Interacademicia 9 (1), 10–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar, R. K., yMalik, G. C. and Pal, P. K. 2004. Effect of intercropping lentil (Lens culinaris) and linseed (Linum usitatissimum) under varying plant density and row arrangement on productivity and advantages in system under rainfed upland. Indian Journal of Agronomy 49 (4), 241–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar, S., Singh, S. R. and Singh, R. P. 2003. The effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil physical condition and the productivity of a rice-lentil cropping sequence in India. Journal of Agricultural Science 140 (4), 419–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarker, A., Bayaa, B. and Erskine, W. 2005. Combating lentil diseases through host-plant resistance. In Proceedings of the 1st International Edible Legume Conference in conjunction with the IVth World Cowpea Congress, Durban, South Africa, 17–21 April 2005, pp. 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sayadian, K. and Taliee, A. A. 2001. Investigation to determine a suitable rotation for rain-fed wheat in Kermanshah. Seed and Plant 16 (4), 495–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidtke, K., Neumann, A., Hof, C. and Rauber, R. 2004. Soil and atmospheric nitrogen uptake by lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. nudum L.) as monocrops and intercrops. Field Crops Research 87 (2/3), 245–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Semwal, R. L., Maikhuri, R. K., Rao, K. S., Singh, K. and Saxena, K. G. 2002. Crop productivity under differently lopped canopies of multipurpose trees in Central Himalaya, India. Agroforestry Systems 56 (1), 57–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, Z., Shah, S. H., Peoples, M. B., Schwenke, G. D. and Herridge, D. F. 2003. Crop residue and fertilizer N effects on nitrogen fixation and yields of legume-cereal rotations and soil organic fertility. Field Crops Research 83 (1), 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, D.P. and Rajput, A.L. 1996. Evaluation of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) varieties in association with lentil (Lens culinaris). Indian Journal of Agronomy. 41(1), 27–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, D.P., Rajput, A.L. and Singh, S.K. 1998. Productivity and economics of lentil (Lens culinaris) – based cropping system. Indian Journal of Agronomy 43(4), 588–590.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, G. Wade, L.J., Singh, B.B., Singh, R.K. and Singh, V.P. 2001a. Nutrient management in semi-deep water (30–50 cm) rice (Oryza sativa) and its effect on succeeding lentil (Lens culinaris) crop. Indian Journal of Agronomy 46(1), 12–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, G., Singh, B.B., Agarwal, R.L. and Nayak, R. 2000a. Effect of herbicidal weed management in direct–seeded rice (Oryza sativa) and its residual effect on succeeding lentil (Lens culinaris). Indian Journal of Agronomy 45(3), 470–476

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, M.K., Thakur, R., Pal, S.K., Verma, U.N. and Upasani, R.R. 2000b. Plant density and row arrangement of lentil (Lens culinaris) and mustard (Brassica juncea) intercropping for higher productivity under Bihar plateau. Indian Journal of Agronomy 45(2), 284–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, O.N., Sharma, M. and Dash, R. 2003. Effect of seed rate, phosphorus and FYM application on growth and yield of bold seeded lentil. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 16(2), 116–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, S.K., Varma, S.C. and Singh, R.P. 2001b. Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield, nutrient uptake and changes in soil fertility under rice (Oryza sativa) – lentil (Lens culinaris) cropping system. Indian Journal of Agronomy 46(2), 191–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava, S.C. 1975. Performance of legumes as intercrops in sugarcane. Indian Journal of Genetics 35, 269–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suman, A., Lal, M., Singh, A. K. and Gaur, A. 2006. Microbial biomass turnover in Indian subtropical soils under different sugarcane intercropping systems. Agronomy Journal 98 (3), 698–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tickoo, J.L., Sharma, B., Mishra, S.K. and Dikshit, H.K. 2005. Lentil (Lens culinaris) in India : Present status and future perspectives. it Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 75 (9), 532–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari, V.N. and Misra, S.K. 2000. Studies on nitrogen and bio-inoculants on biological nitrogen fixation and productivity of lentil. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 13(2), 39–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomar, S.K., Tripathi, P. and Rajput, A.L. 2000. Effect of genotype, seeding method and ammonium phosphate on yield and protein and nutrient uptake by lentil (Lens culinaris). Indian Journal of Agronomy 45(1), 148–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Unkovich, M.J. and Pate, J.S. 2000. An appraisal of recent field measurements of symbiotic N2 fixation by annual legumes. Field Crops Research 65, 211–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wani, A. H. 2005. Effect of cropping sequences and ploughing on plant parasitic nematodes and plant growth in field. Indian Journal of Nematology 35 (1), 63–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yau, S. K. 2004. Safflower agronomic characters, yield and economic revenue in comparison with other rain-fed crops in a high-elevation, semi-arid Mediterranean environment. Experimental Agriculture 40 (4), 453–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

    H.S. Sekhon, Guriqbal Singh & Hari Ram

Authors
  1. H.S. Sekhon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Guriqbal Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hari Ram
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

    Shyam S. Yadav

  2. University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia

    David L. McNeil

  3. Natural Resource Institute, Kent, and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U.K

    Philip C. Stevenson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sekhon, H., Singh, G., Ram, H. (2007). Lentil-Based Cropping Systems. In: Yadav, S.S., McNeil, D.L., Stevenson, P.C. (eds) Lentil. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6313-8_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation